Pavement dwellers refers to informal housing built on the footpaths/pavements of city streets. The structures use the walls or fences which separate properties from the pavement and street outside. Materials include cloth, corrugated iron, cardboard, wood, plastic, and sometimes also bricks or cement.[1]
Mumbai
editAccording to Sheela Patel of the Society for the Promotion of Area Resource Centers (SPARC), pavement dwellers are primarily first generation migrants who moved to Mumbai as early as the 1940s, and who have lived on the pavement of public roadways ever since.[2] They are completely invisible as far as local, state, and national policies are concerned.[3] People who sleep on or near pavements often pay to keep their belongings in shops, kiosks, or other buildings.[4]
SPARC conducted a study in 1985 called We the Invisible based on a census of about 6,000 households. It showed approximately half of the pavement dwellers to be from the poorest districts in the state of Maharashtra, with the other half from the poorest parts of wider India. Many came as victims of drought, famine, earthquakes, religious persecution or riots. Others came as a result of a complete breakdown in their livelihoods where they had been living. Pavement dwellers migrate to Mumbai hoping to capitalize on the wealth and job opportunities that the city offers. They are typically forward-thinking, seeking to build lives in the city that give the next generation better opportunities than would have been possible in the village.[5]
1985 eviction crisis
editIn 1985, the Supreme Court of India granted the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai authority to demolish household structures on the sidewalks of Mumbai. With the aid of SPARC, the rights of Mumbai's pavement dwellers were recognised and coexistence was successfully negotiated.[6]
South Africa
editThe Symphony Way Pavement Dwellers were a group of evicted families who lived on a main road in Delft, South Africa, from February 2008 till late 2009, until they were evicted by court order to the Blikkiesdorp resettlement zone.[7]
Paris
editFollowing the eviction of the Calais Jungle in 2016, African migrants began living on the pavements of Paris. The encampments would grow over a period of weeks and the police would evict them.[8]
References
edit- ^ Sundar Burra & Liz Riley (1999). "Electricity to pavement dwellers in Mumbai" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 September 2016.
- ^ "We, the Invisible: A Census of Pavement Dwellers" (PDF). SPARC. 1985. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
- ^ Patel, Sheela (1990). "Street Children, hotel boys and children of pavement dwellers and construction workers in Bombay - how they meet their daily needs". Environment and Urbanization. 2 (2): 9–26. doi:10.1177/095624789000200203. ISSN 0956-2478. S2CID 153522987.
- ^ Appadurai, Arjun (2013). "Spectral Housing and Urban Cleansing: Notes on Millennial Mumbai". In del Pilar Blanco, María; Peeren, Esther (eds.). The Spectralities Reader. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-4411-3860-6.
- ^ Development Gateway Foundation: Urban Development: Empowering Slum Dwellers: Interview with Sheela Patel Archived 28 July 2006 at the Wayback Machine, 7 September 2004
- ^ University College London: Department for International Development: Urban Government: Capacity Building: SPARC: Demolitions to Dialogue: Mahila Milan - learning to talk to its city and municipality
- ^ "CT to evict pavement dwellers". News 24. 19 October 2009. Retrieved 24 April 2019.
- ^ Nossiter, Adam (3 November 2016). "Paris Is the New Calais, With Scores of Migrants Arriving Daily". New York Times. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
