The Penny Hedge is an ancient tradition in the English coastal town of Whitby in Yorkshire.[1]
The legend dates back to 1159, when the Abbot of Whitby imposed a penance on three hunters, and on their descendants for all time, for murdering a hermit at Eskdale.[2]
The hunters were following a wild boar near Whitby. When the boar took refuge in a hermitage at Eskdale, the nobles set upon the monk living there, who had closed the door on the hounds. Before he died, the monk consented to forgive them and spare their lives if they and their descendants would enact a penance.[3]
Each year, on the eve of Ascension Day, on the east bank of the River Esk in Whitby, they had to construct a short hedge from stakes woven together, able to withstand three tides. The instructions stipulated that a knife "of a penny price" was to be used.[6]
The ceremony is still performed in Whitby every year on Ascension Eve, by the occupiers of the land formerly owned by the Abbot. A horn is sounded and followed by the cry "Out on ye! Out on ye! Out on ye!" or "Out on ye - for the heinous crime on ye".[7] The date of the ceremony on Ascension Eve, has been taken as being 38 days from Easter Sunday.[3] With this, it was easy to predict that the tides would be low by 9:00 am each morning as Easter Sunday is decided and regulated by the moon and the moon dictates the tides also.[8] However, in its 858 year history, the ceremony could not be completed in 1981, due to the tide being too high. Apart from 1981, the ceremony has been carried out each year (according to available documents).[9]
The tradition is said to have dated back to a ritual known as Horngarth. This was a requirement of tenants to maintain the hedges that divided their lands, otherwise they would forfeit them to the Abbot of Whitby. The folk-tale about the death of the hermit, has led many writers and historians to believe this was just a story attached to the tradition of the upkeep of hedges and hedgerows.[10]
In literature
editThe Penny Hedge legend is a major plot point in the children's book The Whitby Child by Robin Jarvis.
References
edit- ^ "The Ceremony of the Horngarth or Planting of the Penny Hedge". Whitby Museum. Retrieved 15 May 2023.
- ^ Winn, Christopher (2010). I never knew that about Yorkshire. London: Ebury. p. 86. ISBN 978-0-09-193313-5.
- ^ a b "York: folklore of the North York Moors". The Telegraph. 7 April 2011. Retrieved 21 September 2017.
- ^ Ward, Sheila (17 May 2021). "Whitby Walk with Heritage Trail". VisitWhitby.com. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
- ^ "The Whitby Sculpture Trail". Emma Stothard Sculpture. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
- ^ "The murder of the Eskdale Hermit and the origins of the Penny Hedge". Whitby Uncovered. 24 November 2016. Retrieved 21 September 2017.
- ^ Peach, Howard (2003). Curious tales of old North Yorkshire. Wilmslow: Sigma Leisure. p. 51. ISBN 1-85058-793-0.
- ^ Young, George (1817). A history of Whitby, and Streoneshalh Abbey : with a statistical survey of the vicinity to the distance of twenty-five miles. Whitby: Clark & Medd. p. 314. OCLC 228663507.
- ^ "Town pays homage to its oldest tradition". The Whitby Gazette. 12 May 2015. Retrieved 21 September 2017.
- ^ Elvidge, Heather (7 May 2015). "Penny Hedge is a ceremony of penance". The Scarborough News. Retrieved 21 September 2017.