Wikipedia

Pink tax

The pink tax refers to the tendency for products marketed specifically toward women to be more expensive than those marketed toward men. This phenomenon is often attributed to gender-based price discrimination, however research shows that the primary cause is women sorting into goods with higher marginal costs.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] The name stems from the observation that many of the affected products are pink.

Gender-based price difference between Byly deodorants for women (50 mL) vs men (75 mL). Both are sold for $5.99 CAD at Uniprix in Quebec, Canada.

Background

edit

A 2015 study by the New York City Department of Consumer Affairs on the cost of being a female consumer concluded that women's products are typically more expensive than men's without reasonable cause.[3] It concluded that products marketed specifically toward women cost on average 7% more than products marketed toward men. This discrepancy applies to apparel, toys, and healthcare products, among other things. In the toy sector, girls' toys cost on average 7% more than boys' toys. The study showed a side-by-side comparison of a Radio Flyer scooter where the red scooter costs $24.99 and a pink scooter, identical in all ways but color, costs $49. In children's apparel, girls' clothes were 4% more expensive than boys'. Women's clothing was 8% more expensive than men's clothing. The largest discrepancy came to personal care/hygiene products, where women's products cost 13% more than men's.[3]

International prevalence

edit

Other countries where the pink tax has been investigated include Argentina,[8] France, Germany, the UK,[9] Australia, and Italy.[10][11] In the UK, women and girls were being charged on average 37 per cent more for toys, cosmetics and clothes than their male counterparts.[12] The UK also faces the Pink Tax in school uniforms. Girls' school uniforms are 12 percent more expensive than boys' uniforms. This goes for both primary and secondary school-age children that must face this problem.[13] In Singapore, a check by The Sunday Times on ten companies found that women pay more for some products and services, like dry cleaning and razors, offered by about half of these companies.[14] Additionally, women in Singapore have to pay more premiums for Careshield Life, a national long-term care insurance scheme introduced by the government.[14] In recent times Argentina women pay 12 percent more than men for the same products. In 2021 the gap was at 11 percent and went up the following year in 2022.[citation needed]

Pink tax causes

edit

There are many reasons why the pink tax exists, including tariffs, product discrimination, and product differentiation. There are many suggested causes of this discrepancy, including price elasticity and the belief that women are more prepared than men to pay higher prices for their purchases.[3][6][15][16] Other reports suggest that marketing _targets women to pay higher prices as ethical consumers.[17] Certain types of clothing, footwear, and gloves made for women and men are taxed at different levels when first entering the United States.[15] While some tariffs are higher for men's clothing, others are higher for women's.

According to The Washington Post article[18] women are more likely to spend more money on improving their appearance, because not doing so is associated with the risk of losing revenue. Some studies showed that attractive people tend to earn higher salaries,[19][20] receive higher grades in school,[21] receive shorter prison sentences,[22] and are more likely to be hired and promoted in the workplace.[23]

Some people argue that product differentiation can account for a portion of the difference between the prices of men's goods and women's goods. Products like the Radio Flyer scooter[24] may cost more due to the cost of slightly changing the product. For example, a pink scooter may cost more than a red scooter because it is more expensive to paint a scooter pink than red, assuming such a large difference for this reason of production would be because the red scooters are the larger production, and pink scooters are in the minority. However, there has never been any evidence presented, for example, that pink paint costs more than red paint or blue paint, thereby creating cost differentials in color-coded items geared toward different genders. The Pink Tax also arises in services like haircuts or dry cleaning. Likewise, in dry cleaning, some people argue that men's clothing tends to be more uniform while women's clothing tends to have a lot of variabilities which can make it harder to clean. They also argue that pressing machines, normally made for men's clothing, are more difficult to use on women's clothes, which results in the dry-cleaners resorting to hand-pressing the clothing.[25]

The reason those who campaign against the pink tax claim it to be so problematic is that higher prices for goods and services arise from gender alone, with no underlying economic justification such as higher costs of production in goods. Women's and men's razors are essentially the same, and distinguishing between them is simply a marketing strategy.[25][26] People who have a greater need to buy a product are often willing to pay much more, leading to price discrimination.[27] Women are often subjected to this in the tampon and menstrual pad market creating a marginalized group among women who are "period poor".[27][28]

One significant cause is the gendered segmentation of consumer markets, where products are specifically marketed towards either men or women. Which are often packaged and branded distinctly to the directed gender. This segmentation allows companies to justify charging higher prices for products marketed towards women, exploiting the perception of femineity as a marketable attribute. Additionally, historical gender roles and expectations regarding personal care and hygiene contribute to the pink tax, women are often expected to invest more in grooming and appearance maintenance. Following this, the lack of transparency in pricing and limited competition in certain product categories also enable companies to implement the pink tax. Overall, the pink tax reflects much bigger systematic issues of gender inequality and discrimination in consumer markets. [29]

Criticism

edit

Criticism of the pink tax includes the principle that the idea robs women of agency and choice by suggesting that women are so easily brainwashed by marketing that they are prevented from choosing the lesser-priced but otherwise "identical" male-marketed alternative. Instead, critics have attributed the pricing disparity to market forces,[30] and stated that if women continue to buy a more expensive pink razor, it is because they see some utility or additional aesthetic that they are willing to pay for.[31] Substantive differences in price may indicate differences in the marketability of different products. Critics argue that although seemingly identical products and services may be differently priced, the emotional experiences and perceived value are different.[32]

A more recent study pointed out methodological flaws in the influential 2015 study from the New York City Department of Consumer Affairs: "First, the products considered in the report account for less than 6% of category sales and were not selected at random. Second, while the sample was constructed by subjectively pairing men’s and women’s products, we find that most pairs in the sample differ in their ingredients."[33] They argue that a systematic analysis of the evidence reveals when comparing products made by the same company with the same leading ingredients, men's products were more expensive in 3 out of 5 categories. "These findings do not support the existence of a systematic price premium for women’s products."[33]

Economic impact

edit

Activists and politicians argue that the economic impact of the pink tax is that women have less purchasing power, especially paired with the gender-based pay gap.[26] Wage gaps and pension gaps already put women at a disadvantage when it comes to purchasing power. Women currently make a statistical average 89 cents for every $1 a man earns in the United States, meaning women statistically, on average, have less income to spend on goods and services.[34] This alone gives men more money and, ultimately, more buying power. The pink tax further contributes to the economic inequality between men and women. It is also argued that paying more for goods and services marketed to women while women earn less than men means men hold the majority of the purchasing power in the economy.[34] Taxes on feminine hygiene products that men do not need further contribute to this discrepancy.[35]

By putting higher prices on essential products like menstrual products, personal care products, and overall increases the cost of living for women compared to men. This added financial burden exacerbates existing gender inequalities, as women already earn about 20% less than men on average. More so, the pink tax contributes to the phenomenon of "period poverty" where many women struggle to afford basic menstrual products which can affect social, emotional, and physical health. Studies have shown that women can pay thousands of dollars more over their lifetimes because of the pink tax, which furthers the wealth gap between genders. Efforts to address the pink tax, such as state-level bans and campaigns aim to alleviate some of these economic burdens faced by women, but a federal solution is still lacking. Therefore, the economic impact of the pink tax highlights the urgent need for comprehensive measures to promote gender equity and financial empowerment for all. [36]

US legislation

edit

Congresswoman Jackie Speier

edit

Representative Jackie Speier was a member of the California State Senate from 1998 to 2006. In 2008, she was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives, representing California's 12th Electoral District until 2013 and California's 14th Electoral District from 2013 to 2023. Speier, a Democrat, is a member of the House Committee on Energy and Commerce.[37] She also speaks out for equal rights and LGBTQ rights, and involves herself in many related organizations.[38]

Pink Tax Repeal Act

edit

On July 8, 2016, Speier introduced H.R. 5686, Pink Tax Repeal Act, to the House floor. The overall intention of the Pink Tax Repeal Act is to end gender-based price discrimination. She was the bill's primary sponsor. This was widely considered an early version of the bill.[39]

On April 10, 2018, Speier introduced a revised version of the Pink Tax Repeal Act, H.R.5464. The 115th Congress (2017–2019) was expected to review the 2018 version. Skopos Labs, a technology company that predicts risks and opportunities, gave the bill a 1% chance of being enacted.[39][40] The Pink Tax Repeal Act would mandate that any comparable products that are marketed toward men and women must be priced equally. Additionally, this bill was meant to _target public policy as well as gendered marketing initiatives.[41] A 2015 study done on U.S. tariff rates found that on average, even tariffs paid for women's goods are higher than those for men.[42] Even average imported clothing taxes for men were 11.9% compared to 15.1% for women.[42] These discrepancies were also included in the bill.[41] Although Speier said she did not expect the bill to pass, she tried to push forward the conversation about gender-based price discrimination.

The effects of increasing women representation are substantial. A 10% gain in seat share decreases the pink tax by approximately 0.44%.[43]

In June 2021, Speier reintroduced the Pink Tax Repeal Act, a bipartisan bill that pursues to end gender discrimination in the pricing of goods and services.[44]

Gender Tax Repeal Act

edit

While in the California State Assembly, Speier introduced Assembly Bill No. 1088, also known as the Gender Tax Repeal Act, in 1995. It was similar to the Pink Tax Repeal Act, except it focused on gender-based price discrimination in services. The bill stated that businesses such as tailors, barbers, hair stylists, dry cleaners and laundries would not be permitted to discriminate for "standard services" due to a person's gender or the gender the clothing is intended for, without a valid, prominently placed written justification.[45][46] The bill passed in 2001 and remains in effect.[47] The Equal Gender Pricing Bill was proposed in 2016 aimed at consumer goods, specifically prohibiting businesses from gender biased pricing.[48] The main opposition argument was that a bill proposed on goods would lead to litigation, especially since the process of identifying gendered pricing remains ambiguous and subjective.[49]

Senator Ben Hueso (D-San Diego)

edit

Democratic California State Sen. Ben Hueso of San Diego proposed a new version of the Gender Tax Repeal Act, SB-899, in 2016, but withdrew the bill after pushback from the California Retailers Association.[50] It would have banned businesses in California from charging customers different prices for similar goods on the basis of gender.[50]

Delegate Jennifer Boysko, (D-Fairfax)

edit

Jennifer Boysko, a Democrat of the Virginia House of Delegates, in 2018 submitted HB 24,[51] which would exempt menstrual supplies from sales and use taxes,[clarification needed] in response to the Tampon Tax in Virginia.[35]

New York legislation

edit

On September 30, 2020, a new law went into effect in New York State as a part of the FY 2021 budget that prohibited businesses from charging different prices for "substantially similar" consumer goods or services that are marketed to different genders. It was a key element of Governor Andrew M. Cuomo's 2020 Women's Agenda.[52][53]

United Kingdom

edit

England

edit

In England, the UK Government is funding free period products to be accessed in schools, councils and public buildings.[54]

Gender-Based Pricing (Prohibition) Bill

edit

An Early day motion directly citing the Pink tax was raised in the UK parliament by Scottish Liberal Democrat Christine Jardine in 2020 to highlight MPs concerns that women and girls pay more for basic products (including toiletries, clothes, and haircuts) than men do.[55][56] Jardine proposed The Gender-Based Pricing (Prohibition) Bill .[57] Jardine highlights that in the UK "women on average pay £200 more annually than men for the same every-day consumer goods and services" and that in some cases the only difference is the color of the item.[58][26]

Period Products (Free Provision) Bill [

edit

A private member's bill to make period products freely available was introduced by Baroness Boycott, but it died on the order paper.Boycott, Rosie (2020-02-04). "Period Products (Free Provision) Bill [HL]". UK Parliament. Retrieved 2024-08-15. A Bill to provide for the provision of free period products

Scotland

edit

The Scottish Government is funding a scheme to put free period products in public places like schools, colleges, universities, youth club and pharmacies.[59]

Under the Period Products (Free Provision) (Scotland) Act 2021, people can access period products freely through the premises of any local council.[60]

Wales

edit

In Wales, the UK Government is funding free period products to be accessed in schools, colleges, hospitals, and the premises of councils.[61][62]

Northern Ireland

edit

The Northern Ireland Executive is funding a scheme to put free period products in schools and colleges.[63]

In Northern Ireland, under the Period Products (Free Provision) Act (Northern Ireland) 2022, period products have been made accessible through the premises of public buildings.[64]

Crown Dependencies

edit

Jersey

edit

Period products are not exempt from GST, but are freely available at 14 locations on the island.[65]

Guernsey

edit

Period products are exempt from GST, but there is no plan to freely provide period products at public places - the only schemes so far have been through charitable donations.[65][66][67]

Isle of Man

edit

Period products are exempt from GST.[65]

Currently, Tynwald bill is going to be introduced to make period products freely accessible.[68]

Tampon tax

edit
Main article: Tampon tax

In the United States, there is no specialized tax on tampons or similar menstrual products. In states where sales taxes are collected, tampons and other menstrual products are taxed in much the same way as most other non-exempt items (such as toilet paper and toothpaste). There has been a recent push to carve out a special tax-exempt status for tampons and other menstrual products, and the tax on such items may be referred to as a type of pink tax called a "tampon tax".[69] As of 2020, 30 states collect sales tax from tampons.[70] Women leading the movement against the tampon tax are calling the tax a form of "regulatory discrimination", saying that menstruation is out of their control and that the government should not tax something that is imminent for approximately half the population.[71] Similarly, this puts an even greater strain onto poverty-stricken households and results in a large percentage of women and young girls being unable to afford them. For instance, in a 2015 Scotland study, it was discovered that "45% of girls" had used "toilet paper, socks and newspaper to replace menstrual products" because they were unable to afford them.[72]

Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom have voted on legislation to create special tax exemptions for tampons, but none have become laws,[73] until January 2019, when Australia made the decision to remove their tax on feminine products.[74]

Scotland made period products free for all in 2020[75] and established a legal duty on local authorities to ensure that free items such as tampons and sanitary pads are available to "anyone who needs them".[76] The rest of the UK followed suit in 2021.[77][78]

The “Tampon Tax” refers to the sales tax imposed on menstrual hygiene products like mentioned previously. This additional tax further burdens women financially, which contributes to the wider issue of period poverty, where estimated one in four women and girls cannot afford menstrual products. Studies show that the pink tax or tampon tax on menstrual products can be as high as 13%. This disparity contributes to what is known as the tampon tax, where women are ending up having to pay thousands of dollars more over their lifetimes due to this discriminatory pricing practice. Efforts such as the “Tampon Tax Back” campaign seek to alleviate this burden by advocating for the elimination of the sales tax on all period products in various different states. However, despite progress in some areas, the Tampon tax remains a large barrier to menstrual health and financial equality for women. [79]

India has recently scrapped their tampon tax.[80] Colombia also abolished their tax on feminine hygiene products in November 2018 to help further push for gender equality.[74] Germany's feminine products previously had a luxury tax, though at the start of 2020, they lowered the tax from 19% to the normal 7%.[74]

In November 2019, the largest sales tax protest took place against the 33 US states still implementing the tampon tax.[81]

In 2022 CVS dropped its taxes on women's hygiene products such as tampons and announced they will be covering the sales tax on these products in the U.S. states that allow them to do so.[82]

Recent developments

edit

Recent developments in technology, big data, and online consumerism research have found potential gender biased IT algorithms.[83] A research study published in 2020 done at the University of Bamberg, Germany investigated gender specific differences in recommender systems in fashion. This study concluded that there were significant differences in price recommendations depending on which gender was being _targeted, an online reflection of gender-based price discrimination.[84] Overall, product recommendations for women generally show a 5% higher premium compared to male counterparts.[84] Further research is being pursued on digital gender-based price discrimination.

In recent news coming from the United States, New York state made into law the first prohibition on the pink tax, which went into effect in September 2020. Followed by California which has also introduced similar legislation.[85]

Opposition to the Pink Tax Repeal Act came from retailers and manufacturers of women's products and clothing.[50] The main argument is that the Pink Tax Repeal Act would be difficult to enforce and lawsuits would follow. The difference between men's and women's products is not always easy to see, they argue, so removing the pink tax would be subjective.[86] They also alleged that the bill was unfriendly to domestic manufacturing jobs and that lowering the prices for women's products could lead to employee layoffs.[50]

Republican opposition for a recall of the tampon tax in Virginia argued that tax discrimination against products for women needed to be sorted out by changing the general tax code. They added that they supported the elimination of sales taxes overall.[35]

As a charity campaign for the political organization EMILY's List (a political action committee which supports the election of Democratic women who are in favor of abortion rights), the satirical card game Cards Against Humanity parodied the pink tax with a "For Her" edition of its base set, which had pink packaging and was $5 more expensive.[87]

The consumer goods giant, Procter & Gamble, planned to take over the women's razor startup company Billie that provides women razors at a comparable price to men. However, the Federal Trade commission filed a complaint against the acquisition, claiming that it eliminates market competition.[88]

References

edit
  1. ^ Barnes, Kayleigh; Brounstein, Jakob (November 4, 2022). "The Pink Tax: Why Do Women Pay More?". doi:10.2139/ssrn.4269217. S2CID 253833427. SSRN 4269217 – via Social Science Research Network. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  2. ^ Moshary, Sarah; Tuchman, Anna; Bhatia Vajravelu, Natasha (December 16, 2021). "Gender-Based Pricing in Consumer Packaged Goods: A Pink Tax?". doi:10.2139/ssrn.3882214. S2CID 243416921. SSRN 3882214 – via Social Science Research Network. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  3. ^ a b c d Bessendorf, Anna. "From Cradle to Cane: The Cost of Being A Female Consumer" (PDF). NYC DCA.
  4. ^ "Pink Tax". Investopedia. Retrieved 2021-11-13.
  5. ^ Hoffman, Meredith. "The Pink Tax: How Women Pay More for Pink". Bankrate. Retrieved 2021-12-30.
  6. ^ a b Hill, Catey. "6 times it's more expensive to be a woman". MarketWatch. Retrieved 2018-05-23.
  7. ^ Maloney, Carolyn (December 2016). "The Pink Tax -- How Gender Based Price Discrimination Hurts Women's Buying Power" (PDF).
  8. ^ "Pink tax: why women pay more for the same products". CE Noticias Financieras. 5 June 2022. ProQuest 2673557175.[unreliable source?]
  9. ^ "Putting the 'pink tax' on toiletries to the test". BBC News. Retrieved 2021-11-13.
  10. ^ Claire, Marie (2016-01-27). "Tampon Tax Around The World". Marie Claire UK. Retrieved 2021-04-20.
  11. ^ "Pink Tax Across the Globe". pink.tax. Retrieved 2021-04-20.
  12. ^ Devaney, Susan (5 March 2019). "How Pink Tax Is Being Challenged In The UK To Financially Help Women In 2019". British Vogue.
  13. ^ Platt, P (September 8, 2021). "Girls' school uniforms are more expensive than boys' outfits due to the 'pink tax'". The Telegraph.
  14. ^ a b What is the pink tax all about? | Aly Says | The Straits Times, 16 August 2018, retrieved 2021-11-29
  15. ^ a b Barbaro, Michael (28 April 2007). "In Apparel, All Tariffs Aren't Created Equal". The New York Times.
  16. ^ "'Pink tax' has women paying 43% more for their toiletries than men". Financial Post. 2016-04-26. Retrieved 2018-06-07.
  17. ^ Norris, Susanne (2021-06-14). "The Pink Tax: what you need to know". Red Online. Retrieved 2021-11-13.
  18. ^ Ana Swanson (19 May 2016). "The real reason that so many women have to spend so much time getting ready". The Washington Post. Retrieved 22 November 2022.
  19. ^ Jaclyn S. Wong; Andrew M. Penner (2016), "Gender and the returns to attractiveness", Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 44: 113–123, doi:10.1016/j.rssm.2016.04.002
  20. ^ Daniel S. Hamermesh; Jeff E. Biddle (1994), "Beauty and the Labor Market", The American Economic Review, 84 (5): 1174–1194, JSTOR 2117767
  21. ^ Margaret M. Clifford; Elaine Walster (1973), "The Effect of Physical Attractiveness on Teacher Expectations", Sociology of Education, 46 (2): 248–258, doi:10.2307/2112099, JSTOR 2112099
  22. ^ Angela S. Ahola; Sven Å. Christianson; Å. Hellström (2009), "Justice Needs a Blindfold: Effects of Gender and Attractiveness on Prison Sentences and Attributions of Personal Characteristics in a Judicial Process", Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 16: S90–S100, doi:10.1080/13218710802242011, S2CID 144896854
  23. ^ Lucy M. Watkins; Lucy Johnston (2000), "Screening Job Applicants: The Impact of Physical Attractiveness and Application Quality", International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 8 (2): 76–84, doi:10.1111/1468-2389.00135
  24. ^ Wylie, Melissa (23 December 2015). "New study shows price discrimination is alive and well". Columbus Business First.
  25. ^ a b "'Pink Tax' forces women to pay more than men". USA Today. Retrieved 2018-05-16.
  26. ^ a b c "'Sexist' shopping tax _targeted by Lib Dem MP's bill". BBC News. 2019-03-05. Retrieved 2021-11-13.
  27. ^ a b Zraick, Karen (22 July 2018). "It's Not Just the Tampon Tax: Why Periods Are Political". The New York Times.
  28. ^ "Period Poverty: Everything You Need to Know". Global Citizen. Retrieved 2021-04-21.
  29. ^ "The pink tax: The price war on American women". 22 February 2023.
  30. ^ Brown, Elizabeth Nolan (5 January 2016). "The 'Pink Tax' Is a Myth". Reason.
  31. ^ Worstall, Tim (13 November 2014). "The Pink Tax Is Nothing To Do With Public Policy, Women Can Solve It For Themselves". Forbes.
  32. ^ Georgeson, Hunter. "The Pink Tax is a myth". Adam Smith Institute.[self-published source?]
  33. ^ a b Bhatia, Natasha; Moshary, Sarah; Tuchman, Anna (2021). "Investigating the Pink Tax: Evidence Against a Systematic Price Premium for Women in CPG". SSRN 3882214.
  34. ^ a b "The narrowing, but persistent, gender gap in pay". Pew Research Center. 2018-04-09. Retrieved 2018-05-24.
  35. ^ a b c Mosby, Tianna. "Bill to remove 'Tampon Tax' in Virginia clears first hurdle". Retrieved 2018-06-06.
  36. ^ "Pink Tax: What Does Price Discrimination Cost Women?". 8 March 2023.
  37. ^ "SPEIER, Karen Lorraine Jacqueline (Jackie) - Biographical Information". bioguide.congress.gov. Retrieved 2018-05-31.
  38. ^ "About Jackie". Congresswoman Jackie Speier. Retrieved 2022-10-16.
  39. ^ a b "Pink Tax Repeal Act (H.R. 5464)". GovTrack.us. Retrieved 2018-05-25.
  40. ^ "Pink Tax Repeal Act (H.R. 5464)". GovTrack.us. Retrieved 2018-05-25.
  41. ^ a b Fried, Carla (11 July 2016). "Pink Tax Repeal Act Aims to Make Pricing Fair to Women". Consumer Reports. Retrieved 2021-04-20.
  42. ^ a b Taylor, Lori L.; Dar, Jawad (March 2015). "Fairer Trade, Removing Gender Bias in US Import Taxes". The Takeaway. Vol. 6, no. 3. hdl:1969.1/153774. S2CID 155166994.
  43. ^ Betz, Timm; Fortunato, David; O’Brien, Diana Z. (19 October 2020). "Women's Descriptive Representation and Gendered Import Tax Discrimination". American Political Science Review. 115: 307–315. doi:10.1017/S0003055420000799.
  44. ^ "The Pink Tax: A Litigation and Legislation Update". JD Supra. Retrieved 2022-10-16.
  45. ^ "Bill Text - AB-1088 Civil rights: gender discrimination". leginfo.legislature.ca.gov. Retrieved 2018-05-31.
  46. ^ "Pink Tax Repeal Act Aims to Make Pricing Fair to Women". Consumer Reports. Retrieved 2018-05-31.
  47. ^ "Bill Text - AB-1088 Civil rights: gender discrimination". leginfo.legislature.ca.gov. Retrieved 2021-04-20.
  48. ^ "Senator Hueso Introduces "Equal Gender Pricing Bill"". Senator Ben Hueso. 2016-01-25. Retrieved 2021-04-20.
  49. ^ "Summary of H.R. 2048 (116th): Pink Tax Repeal Act". GovTrack.us. Retrieved 2021-04-20.
  50. ^ a b c d "'Pink tax' bill dies: You'll still pay more for products marketed to women". Orange County Register. 2016-06-30. Retrieved 2018-06-06.
  51. ^ "LIS > Bill Tracking > HB24 > 2018 session". lis.virginia.gov. Retrieved 2019-04-17.
  52. ^ IMPORTANT GUIDANCE REGARDING GENDER-NEUTRAL PRICING AND SERVICES
  53. ^ Former Governor Cuomo Reminds New Yorkers "Pink Tax" Ban Goes into Effect Today
  54. ^ Coates, Chelsea (2024-04-12). "Period poverty: Call to continue free period products in schools". BBC News. London. Retrieved 2024-08-15.
  55. ^ "Pink Tax - Early Day Motions - UK Parliament". Parliament of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 2021-11-13.
  56. ^ "'Pink tax' on women's products _targeted by Liberal Democrat MP in new bill". The Independent. 2019-03-05. Retrieved 2021-11-13.
  57. ^ "Gender-based Pricing (Prohibition) Bill - Parliamentary Bills - UK Parliament". Parliament of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 2021-11-13.
  58. ^ "International Women's Day: Why it's clear fight for gender equality has long way to go – Christine Jardine". The Scotsman. 9 March 2020. Retrieved 2021-11-13.
  59. ^ Mitchell, Hillary (2020-11-25). "How to get free sanitary products Scotland: full guide to new Scottish anti-period poverty scheme". Edinburgh Live. Edinburgh. Retrieved 2024-08-15.
  60. ^ Diamond, Claire (2022-08-15). "Period poverty: Scotland first in world to make period products free". BBC News. London. Retrieved 2024-08-15.
  61. ^ "Patients in Wales to be offered free tampons". London. 2019-03-11. Retrieved 2024-08-15.
  62. ^ "All Welsh schools to get free sanitary products". BBC News. London. 2019-04-19. Retrieved 2024-08-15.
  63. ^ Meredith, Robbie (2022-05-21). "Period products: NI schools to get £400k grant". BBC News. London. Retrieved 2024-08-15.
  64. ^ Meredith, Robbie (2022-05-21). "Period products: NI schools to get £400k grant". BBC News. London. Retrieved 2024-08-15.
  65. ^ a b c Barnes, Georgina (2023-08-17). "Tampon tax: Calls for Jersey to make period products tax free". BBC News. London. Retrieved 2024-08-15.
  66. ^ "Free period products scheme receives £30k donation". BBC News. London. 2022-12-16. Retrieved 2024-08-15.
  67. ^ "Free period products scheme receives £30k donation". Bailiwick Express. Guernsey. 2022-12-16. Retrieved 2024-08-15.
  68. ^ Evans, Rhian (2024-05-09). "Move to provide free period products on the Isle of Man a step closer after vote". Isle of Man Today. Isle of Man. Retrieved 2024-08-15.
  69. ^ White, Jeremy B. (4 January 2016). "Time for tax-free tampons? California lawmaker thinks so". The Sacramento Bee. Archived from the original on 7 January 2016.
  70. ^ Bland, Roxanne. "Taking Down The Tampon Tax". Forbes. Retrieved 2021-11-22.
  71. ^ "The 'tampon tax,' explained". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2018-12-10.
  72. ^ Chair, Martha Canning, _target Health Education (September 8, 2019). "Menstrual Health and the Problem with Menstrual Stigma". www.fawco.org.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  73. ^ "'Sexist' tampon tax to stay despite Senate saying GST should not apply to sanitary products". ABC News. 2018-06-18. Retrieved 2018-08-21.
  74. ^ a b c Habbal, Hajar (April 27, 2020). "An Economic Analysis on the Pink Tax". Lake Forest College Publications: 59.
  75. ^ "Period Products (Free Provision) (Scotland) Bill". archive2021.parliament.scot. 2021-11-04. Retrieved 2021-11-13.
  76. ^ "Period poverty: Scotland first in world to make period products free". BBC News. 2020-11-24. Retrieved 2021-11-13.
  77. ^ "Tampon tax abolished from today". GOV.UK. Retrieved 2021-11-13.
  78. ^ Morales, Christina (1 January 2021). "U.K. Eliminates Tax on Tampons and Other Sanitary Products". The New York Times.
  79. ^ "The Tampon Tax: Everything You Need to Know". 28 June 2021.
  80. ^ "India scraps tampon tax after campaign". BBC News. 2018-07-21. Retrieved 2018-09-27.
  81. ^ "State Sales Tax Practices Prompt Tampon Tax Advocacy". americanbar.org. Retrieved 2021-04-20.
  82. ^ Meyersohn, Nathaniel (2022-10-12). "CVS drops prices on its tampons and will pay the 'pink tax' | CNN Business". CNN. Retrieved 2023-03-06.
  83. ^ Wihbey, John (2015-01-14). "The possibilities of digital discrimination: Research on e-commerce, algorithms and big data". The Journalist's Resource. Retrieved 2021-04-20.
  84. ^ a b Brand, Alexander; Gross, Tom (2020). "Paying the Pink Tax on a Blue Dress - Exploring Gender-Based Price-Premiums in Fashion Recommendations" (PDF). Human-Centered Software Engineering. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 12481. pp. 190–198. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-64266-2_12. ISBN 978-3-030-64265-5. S2CID 227173171.
  85. ^ Guittar, Stephanie Gonzalez; Grauerholz, Liz; Kidder, Erin N.; Daye, Shameika D.; McLaughlin, Megan (March 2022). "Beyond the Pink Tax: Gender-Based Pricing and Differentiation of Personal Care Products". Gender Issues. 39 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1007/s12147-021-09280-9. S2CID 236570470.
  86. ^ Ulloa, Jazmine (29 June 2016). "Bill to end gender disparity in retail pricing is withdrawn after pushback from industry lobbyists". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2018-06-06.
  87. ^ Sarkar, Samit (July 11, 2017). "Cards Against Humanity takes on the pink tax with 'for Her' box". Polygon. Retrieved July 12, 2017.
  88. ^ "P&G Scraps Deal to Buy Billie Razor Startup". Legal Monitor Worldwide. 8 January 2021. Gale A647761129.

Further reading

edit
edit
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pink_tax&oldid=1262594493"
  NODES
Association 1
Idea 1
idea 1
INTERN 4
Note 2