Prosperity is the flourishing, thriving, good fortune and successful social status.[1] Prosperity often produces profuse wealth including other factors which can be profusely wealthy in all degrees, such as happiness and health.
Competing notions of prosperity
editEconomic notions of prosperity often compete or interact negatively with health, happiness, or spiritual notions of prosperity. For example, longer hours of work might result in an increase in certain measures of economic prosperity, but at the expense of driving people away from their preferences for shorter work hours.[2] In Buddhism, prosperity is viewed with an emphasis on collectivism and spirituality. This perspective can be at odds with capitalistic notions of prosperity, due to the latter's association with greed.[3] Data from social surveys show that an increase in income does not result in a lasting increase in happiness; one proposed explanation to this is due to hedonic adaptation and social comparison, and a failure to anticipate these factors, resulting in people not allocating enough energy to non-financial goals such as family life and health.[4]
The World Bank's "Voices of the Poor", based on research with over 20,000 poor people in 23 countries, identifies a range of factors which poor people identify as part of poverty. These include abuse by those in power, disempowering institutions, excluded locations, gender relationships, lack of security, limited capabilities, physical limitations, precarious livelihoods, problems in social relationships, weak community organizations and discrimination.
Debate under economic growth
editEconomic growth is often seen as essential for economic prosperity, and indeed is one of the factors that is used as a measure of prosperity. The Rocky Mountain Institute, among others, has put forth an alternative point of view, that prosperity does not require growth, claiming instead that many of the problems facing communities are actually a result of growth, and that sustainable development requires abandoning the idea that growth is required for prosperity.[5][6] The debate over whether economic growth is necessary for, or at odds with, human prosperity, has been active at least since the publication of Our Common Future in 1987, and has been pointed to as reflecting two opposing worldviews.[7]
In 1996, the British ecological economist Tim Jackson outlined the conflicting relationship between human wellbeing and economic growth in his book Material Concerns.[8] Prosperity without Growth then, first published as a report[9] to the UK Sustainable Development Commission in 2008, comprehensively expanded on the arguments and policy recommendations.[10]
Internationally organised, the Degrowth movement is taking a similar position and argue that overconsumption lies at the root of long-term environmental issues and social inequalities, advocating for the down-scaling of production and consumption.[11] In the 2021 Review on the Economics of Biodiversity commissioned by the UK Treasury, Partha Dasgupta argues prosperity has come at a "devastating" cost to biodiversity, and that sustainable economic growth will require abandoning GDP as a measure for economic progress.[12]
Synergistic notions of prosperity
editMany distinct notions of prosperity, such as economic prosperity, health, and happiness, are correlated or even have causal effects on each other. Economic prosperity and health are well-established to have a positive correlation, but the extent to which health has a causal effect on economic prosperity is unclear.
There is evidence that happiness is a cause of good health, both directly through influencing behavior and the immune system, and indirectly through social relationships, work, and other factors.[13] One study which advances a holistic definition of prosperity is the Legatum Prosperity Index (an annual report by the Legatum Institute, a UK-based independent educational charity founded by Legatum), which uses data from 56 separate sources, including the World Health Organization, Global slavery Index and World Bank, to rank 169 nations in an index which goes beyond GDP as a measurement of national prosperity.[14][15][16]
Ecological perspectives
editIn ecology, prosperity can refer to the extent to which a species flourishes under certain circumstances.[17][18]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Definition of Prosperity". Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary. Random House. February 2009. Retrieved 1 July 2009.
- ^ Cowling, Keith (July 2006). "Prosperity, Depression and Modern Capitalism". Kyklos. 59 (3): 369–381. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6435.2006.00337.x. S2CID 153790728. Archived from the original on 5 January 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2009.
- ^ Gottlieb, Roger S. (2003). Liberating Faith. Rowman and Littlefield. p. 288. ISBN 978-0-7425-2535-1.
- ^ Easterlin, Roger A. (September 2003). "Explaining happiness". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 100 (19): 11176–83. doi:10.1073/pnas.1633144100. PMC 196947. PMID 12958207.
- ^ Kinsley, Michael J. (1997). "Sustainable development: Prosperity without growth" (PDF). Rocky Mountain Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 March 2009.
- ^ Kinsley, Michael J.; Lovins, L. Hunter. "Paying for Growth, Prospering from Development". Rocky Mountain Institute. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 31 December 2014.
- ^ Verstegen, S. W.; Hanekamp, J. C. (December 2005). "The sustainability debate: Idealism versus conformism—the controversy over economic growth". Globalizations. 2 (3): 349–362. doi:10.1080/14747730500367843. S2CID 144638267.
- ^ Jackson, Tim (1996). Material Concerns — Pollution, Profit and Quality of Life. Routledge. pp. 177–193.
- ^ Prosperity Without Growth? Archived 5 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine The Transition to a Sustainable Economy | Report to the UK Sustainable Development Commission, 2008.
- ^ Jackson, Tim (2009). Prosperity Without Growth. Routledge.
- ^ Demaria, Federico (27 March 2018). "The rise - and future - of the degrowth movement". The Ecologist. Retrieved 21 April 2018.
- ^ Briggs, Helen (2 February 2021). "Prosperity comes at 'devastating' cost to nature". BBC. Retrieved 9 February 2021.
- ^ Argyle, Michael (December 1997). "Is happiness a cause of health?". Psychology & Health. 12 (6): 769–781. doi:10.1080/08870449708406738.
- ^ "Economic wellbeing masks UK's unravelling social fabric". The Times. 24 November 2019. Retrieved 17 January 2020.
- ^ "Tolerance towards LGBT+ people seen rising globally". Reuters. 25 November 2019. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
- ^ "The world is doing much better than the bad news makes us think". Washington Post. 2 December 2019. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
- ^ Klimes, F.; Turek, F. (February 1984). "The prosperity and stability of clovers in intensive grassland at higher altitudes (Lathyrus pratensis, species composition, fertilization)". Plant Ecology. 30 (2): 177. ISSN 0035-8371.
- ^ Davis, J. S.; Lipkin, Y. (September 1986). "Lamprothamnium prosperity in permanently hypersaline water". Swiss Journal of Hydrology. 48 (2): 240–246. doi:10.1007/BF02560200. ISSN 1420-9055. S2CID 20307043.
External links
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