Prosvita (Ukrainian: просвіта, 'enlightenment') is an enlightenment society aimed to preserve and develop Ukrainian culture, education and science, that was created in the nineteenth century in Austria-Hungary's Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria.
According to the declaration of its founders, the movement was created as a counterbalance to anti-Ukrainian colonial and Russophile trends in the Ukrainian society of the period.
History
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Prosvita was founded in 1868 in Lviv by 65 delegates from different regions and groups of intellectuals, mostly from the same city. Anatole Vakhnianyn was elected the first head of the Prosvita Society. By the end of 1913, Prosvita had 77 affiliate societies and 2,648 reading rooms.
After the First Russian Revolution, local branches of the society were also opened in the Russian-ruled areas populated by Ukrainians: in Katerynoslav and Odesa (1905), Kyiv (1906), Kamianets-Podilskyi, Zhytomyr, Chernihiv, Mykolaiv, Melitopol, Katerynodar and other cities. However, all of Prosvita societies in the Russian Empire were closed before the start of the First World War, as they were accused of promoting separatism by imperial authorities.
A new wave of Prosvita's development started after the Russian Revolution of 1917, when its branches were restored in Dnieper Ukraine, Volhynia and Polissia, as well as in Kuban and the Far East. However, most of them were once again closed down by the Soviet and Polish authorities in the 1920s and 1930s. Similarly, the Zakarpattian branch of Prosvita established in 1920 was closed down by the Hungarian government in 1939.[1]
After the end of the First World War, Prosvita continued to develop in Galicia. In 1936 alone, when Western Ukraine with the city of Lviv were part of the Second Polish Republic, the society opened over 500 new outlets with full-time professional staff.[2] By the end of the interwar period, Prosvita had grown to include 83 affiliates, 3,210 reading rooms, 1,207 premises, 3,209 libraries (with 688,186 books), 2,185 theater clubs, 1,115 choirs, 138 orchestras, and 550 study groups.[2]
In 1939 the society was shut down and banned by the newly arrived Soviet rulers. Prosvita operated only in Western Europe and America up to 1988.[3] The first Prosvita society established in the United States was in Shenandoah, Pennsylvania in 1887.[4]
The Prosvita Society was renewed in Ukraine during the Soviet period of Glasnost of 1988–89 as the Shevchenko Association of Ukrainian Language, and since then has taken an active part in social life of independent Ukraine. In modern times it was headed by Dmytro Pavlychko and Pavlo Movchan (present head).
Currently, almost all higher education institutions in Ukraine have Prosvita affiliations with teachers and students as members. Also active are the Young Prosvita youth organizations.[5]
During the 2014 pro-Russian conflict in Ukraine two Prosvita members were kidnapped and one was murdered by pro-Russian separatists in the Donetsk and Luhansk provinces.[6][7]
Tasks
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Official goals of the Prosvita Society:
- Promoting Ukrainian language as the only state language in Ukraine
- Maintaining principles of humanity, mutual understanding, religious and civil consent in society
- Contributing to building and strengthening of Ukrainian state and its economic development
- Propagating economic, legal and other kind of knowledge
- Contributing to raising of Ukrainian language and culture authority abroad
- Preserving and revitalizing natural environment and biodiversity
Leaders
editKingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
edit- 1868–???? Anatole Vakhnianyn
- 1906-1906 Yevhen Olesnytsky
- 1906–1910 Petro Ohonovsky
- 1910–1922 Ivan Kyvelyuk
Poland
edit- 1922–1923 Ivan Bryk
- 1923–1931 Mykhailo Halushchynsky
- 1931–1939 Ivan Bryk
Chernigov Governorate
edit- 1906–1911 Mykhailo Kotsyubynsky
Kharkov Governorate
edit- 1912–???? (as Kvitka-Osnovianenko Association)
Yekaterinoslav Governorate
edit- 1905–???? (as Ukrainian Association of Literature and Arts)
Podole Governorate
edit- ?
Don Host Oblast
edit- 1907–1913 Zakhar Barabash
Ukraine
edit- 1989–1990 Dmytro Pavlychko (as Shevchenko Association of Ukrainian Language)
- 1990–present Pavlo Movchan (originally as Shevchenko Association of Ukrainian Language and since 1991 – Prosvita)
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Prosvita at the Encyclopedia of Ukraine
- ^ a b Prosvita at the Encyclopedia of Ukraine, vol. 3 (1993).
- ^ "Celebration of 90th Anniversary of "Prosvita"", Quebec – Ukraine Portal
- ^ Prosvita at the Encyclopedia of Ukraine
- ^ "Rol vuzivskih oseredkiv prosvity u vprovadzhenni ukrainskoi movy yak derzhavnoy u VNZ", Savoyska Svitlana, Institute of Ukrainian Studies
- ^ (in Ukrainian) In Luhansk kidnapped university historian, Ukrayinska Pravda (24 June 2014)
- ^ (in Ukrainian) Caught by militants died in Luhansk historian, leader of the "Prosvita", Ukrayinska Pravda (1 July 2014)