The Manubaran languages are a small family of Trans–New Guinea languages spoken around Mount Brown in the "Bird's Tail" (southeastern peninsula) of New Guinea. They are classified within the Southeast Papuan branch of Trans–New Guinea.
| Manubaran | |
|---|---|
| Mount Brown | |
| Geographic distribution | Mount Brown, southeastern peninsula of Papua New Guinea: Central Province |
| Linguistic classification | Trans–New Guinea
|
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | manu1261 |
Languages
editThe languages are Doromu and Maria, and are 63% lexically similar.
Proto-language
editPhonemes
editUsher (2020) reconstructs the consonant inventory as follows:[2]
*m *n *p *t *k *ʔ *b *d *g *s [*h] *w *ɾ *j
Vowels are *a *e *i *o *u.
Pronouns
editUsher (2020) reconstructs the pronouns as:[2]
sg pl 1 *na *[o/u]na 2 *ja 3 *ina
Basic vocabulary
editUsher (2020)
editSome lexical reconstructions of Proto-Mount Brown and Proto-Doromu-Koki, as well as Proto-Gebi and Proto-Maria, by Usher (2020) are:[2]
gloss Proto-Mount Brown Proto-Doromu-Koki Proto-Gebi Proto-Maria head *ada *ada ada *ada hair/feather(s) *u[w]e[t/k]a *u[w]eta uweta *u[w]eʔa ear *anema *anema anema *anema eye *ne *ne ne-una ne[ʔ]una nose *uɾuma *uɾuma uruma *uɾuma tooth *gade *gade gadi *gade tongue *api[j]e *aɸi[j]e api *aɸi[j]e blood *daweʔa *dawaʔa dawa *daweʔa bone *nena *nena nena *nena skin/bark *ɾoʔo *ɾoʔo lo-o *ɾoʔo breast *sisu *sisu sisu *hihu louse *gu[w]e *gu[w]e gu-e *gu[w]e dog *auna *auna auna *auna pig *dona *dona dona *dona bird *eɾena *eɾena eerma *eɾena egg *unema *unema unema *unema tree *jabo *jabo iabo *jabo man/husband *ami[j]e *ami[j]e amie *ami[j]e woman/wife *ɾema *ɾema lema sun *me[i]daʔa *me[i]daʔa meda *me[i]daʔa moon *ejoʔa *ejoʔo e-io *ejoʔa water/river *koɾu *koɾu oru ≈ koro- *ʔoɾu fire *ita *ita ita *iha stone *waʔiga waiga *waʔiga path *ida *ida ida name *ɾoka *ɾoka *ɾoʔa eat/drink *iɾi- *iɾi- *iɾi- one *jokohi *jokoi jokio *joʔohi two *[ɾ/j]ema *[ɾ]ema lema *jema
Ross (2014)
editThe following basic vocabulary words of Proto-Manubaran and lower-level reconstructions by Malcolm Ross (2014)[3][4][5] are from the Trans-New Guinea database:[6]
gloss Proto-Manubaran Proto-Doromu Proto-Maria head *ada *ada *ada hair *weʔia *ue-ta *ueʔa ear *ane-ma *ane-ma *ane-ma eye *ne(u) *ne(-) *ne- nose *uru-ma *uru-ma *uru-ma tooth *gade *gade *gade tongue *afie *afie *ahie leg *[n,y]u-ka *yu-ka *nu-ʔa; *one-ʔa louse *gue *gue *gue dog *auna *auna *auna pig *Dona *dona *tona bird *erena *erena *erena egg *une-ma *une-ma *une-ma blood *tava *tae(k,ʔ)a bone *nena *nena *nena skin *roʔ(o,a) *ro(a) *roʔ(o,a) tree *yabo *yabo *yabo man *amie *amie *amie woman *rema *oue sky *gure *gure *gure sun *maida(ka) *meida(ka) *maidaʔa moon *e(y)oʔa; *mohe- (?) *eoʔa water *koru *koru *ʔoru fire *ita *ita *ita stone *fore *vaʔiga name *roka *roka *roʔa-ba eat *iri- *iri *iri- one *yokohi *yokoima *yoʔohi two *(ye)(ka)ma[nu] *re-manu *ye-ma
Evolution
editMaria reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea (pTNG) etyma are:[7]
- ama ‘mother’ < *am(a,i)
- baba(e) ‘father’ < *mbapa
- kuyau ‘cassowary’ < *ku(y)a
- ita(isa) ‘tree’ < *inda
References
edit- ^ New Guinea World, Owen Stanley Range
- ^ a b c New Guinea World, Mount Brown
- ^ Ross, Malcolm. 2014. Proto-Manubaran. TransNewGuinea.org.
- ^ Ross, Malcolm. 2014. Proto-Maria. TransNewGuinea.org.
- ^ Ross, Malcolm. 2014. Proto-Doromu. TransNewGuinea.org.
- ^ Greenhill, Simon (2016). "TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea". Retrieved 2020-11-05.
- ^ Pawley, Andrew; Hammarström, Harald (2018). "The Trans New Guinea family". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 21–196. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.
Further reading
edit- Ross, Malcolm. 2014. Proto-Manubaran. TransNewGuinea.org.
- Ross, Malcolm. 2014. Proto-Maria. TransNewGuinea.org.
- Ross, Malcolm. 2014. Proto-Doromu. TransNewGuinea.org.
External links
edit- Timothy Usher, New Guinea World, Owen Stanley Range
- (ibid.) Proto–Mount Brown