Raoul Salomon Meyer (30 June 1892 in Villefranche-sur-Saône – 14 June 1970 in Neuilly-sur-Seine), was a French businessman and anti-Nazi resistance fighter who directed the Galeries Lafayette group.
Biography
editRaoul Meyer was the son-in-law of Théophile Bader, the head of Galeries Lafayette, whose eldest daughter Yvonne he married. After participating in the Resistance and the Liberation of Paris, he took charge of Galeries Lafayette on September 20, 1944, until 1970. He is the grandfather of Rabbi David Meyer.
Raoul Meyer and his wife had an adopted daughter Léone-Noëlle Meyer, whose biological family was murdered in the Holocaust.[1] She became the mother of Rabbi David Meyer.
Nazi era
editDuring the Nazi occupation of France in 1940, Les Galeries Lafayette underwent a process of "Aryanization", that is the removal of Jewish owners and their replacement by non-Jewish owners.[2][3] Théophile Bader, Raoul Meyer, Max Heilbronn, the store's administrators and 129 Jewish employees were forced to resign.[4] The property of Bader, Meyer and Heilbronn families was taken.
The Galeries Lafayette group was transferred to non-Jewish owners: the Swiss Aubert and the French industrialist Harlachol.[5]
The Meyers hid their art collection in a bank vault in southern France. But the Nazis accessed the vault a year later in 1941 and seized the collection, which also included Camille Pissarro's Bergère rentrant des moutons at least three Renoirs and a Derain.[6]
Meyer's daughter attempts to recover looted Pissarro
editIn 2014, Raoul Meyer's daughter Léone-Noëlle Meyer sued the University of Oklahoma and the Fred Jones Jr. Museum for the return of the Pissarro painting Shepherdess Bringing in Sheep (La Bergère Rentrant des Moutons) the Nazis had seized.[7] The refusal of the Fred Jones Jr. Museum caused Oklahoma's Republican state representative Mike Reynolds to call on the American Association of Museums to review the museum's accredidation status for violating ethical bylaws.[8] After a long legal battle a settlement was reached in 2016 which specified that the painting be returned to France for five years,[9] after which it was to rotate between France and the Fred Jones Museums every three years.[10] In 2020 Meyers contested the agreement as unworkable, initiating a legal action in a French court.[11] The Fred Jones Jr Museum sued Meyers, demanding that she be fined "$3.5m in the US and face penalties of up to $100,000 a day for contempt of court if she does not halt proceedings in France in which she is seeking full ownership of the impressionist work".[12] On 1 June 2021, Meyer abandoned the fight for her father's painting, relinquishing ownership of the Pissarro to the University of Oklahoma.[13]
Honors
edit
See also
edit
- Galeries Lafayette
- La Bergère rentrant des moutons (Camille Pissarro)
- Aryanization
References
edit- ^ Conference, Claims (2016-03-03). "Claims Conference site Helps Survivor Recover Lost Pissarro". Claims Conference. Retrieved 2021-11-06.
Ms. Meyer was a young girl in Vichy France when her entire biological family was deported to Auschwitz, where they were murdered. Young Léone was saved by a family friend and after the war was adopted by Raoul Meyer and his wife.
- ^ "82 Famous Jewish Concerns Get 'temporary Managers' in Occupied France". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 1941-02-24. Retrieved 2021-11-14.
- ^ O'Connor, Clare. "High Fashion, Nazi Plunder And Family Feuds: Retail's Newest Billionaire Has Quite A Story". Forbes. Retrieved 2021-11-14.
- ^ Staff, Par Times of Israel. "La saga juive des Galeries Lafayette". fr.timesofisrael.com (in French). Retrieved 2021-11-14.
Mais la guerre approche et sonne le glas de la richesse de Théophile Bader : les Galeries Lafayette sont « aryanisées », et les administrateurs contraints de démissionner, ainsi que 129 employés juifs. Les familles Bader, Meyer et Heilbronn, qui dirigeaient le magasin, sont dépossédées de leurs biens, et le groupe passe sous la direction suisse.
- ^ Staff, Par Times of Israel. "La saga juive des Galeries Lafayette". fr.timesofisrael.com (in French). Retrieved 2021-11-14.
Théophile Bader décède en 1942, paralysé et spolié : il ne verra pas le retour de Meyer qui, en 1944, parvient à reprendre le magasin des mains du Suisse Aubert et de l'industriel français Harlachol, qui étaient protégés par les Allemands.
- ^ Kutner, Max (2016-10-04). "How a painting stolen by the Nazis ended up at the University of Oklahoma". Newsweek. Retrieved 2021-11-14.
- ^ "French Woman Sues University of Oklahoma to Recover Nazi-Looted Art". www.lootedart.com. Retrieved 2021-11-14.
- ^ Alex; Forbes, er (2014-11-13). "American Association of Museums Goes Easy on Nazi Loot". Artnet News. Retrieved 2021-11-14.
- ^ Writers, World's Editorial (25 February 2016). "Tulsa World Editorial: OU finally to return Nazi loot to rightful owner". Tulsa World. Archived from the original on 2021-11-14. Retrieved 2021-11-14.
Ownership of the painting now will return to Meyer and it will be displayed at a French museum for five years starting this summer. After that, it will return to OU's Fred Jones Jr. Museum of Art for three years, and then rotate between France and Oklahoma on a three-year cycle.
- ^ "A painting stolen by Nazis returns to Paris almost 80 years later". Newsweek. 2017-04-26. Retrieved 2021-11-14.
- ^ Carvajal, Doreen (2020-12-17). "Will a Looted Pissarro End Up in Oklahoma, or France?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-11-14.
- ^ "French woman faces court threat in 'quest' to win back Nazi-looted Pissarro". the Guardian. 2021-02-08. Retrieved 2021-11-14.
- ^ "French Woman Ends Legal Fight to Reclaim Nazi-Looted Pissarro Painting - June 2, 2021". Daily News Brief. 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2021-11-14.