The Ras Koh Range: i [1][2] (popularized as Ras Koh Test Site: 270 [3][4]) is a granite mountain range and a reservation of the Ministry of Defense located between the districts of Chagai and Kharan of Balochistan in Pakistan.: 53 [5]: 183
| Ras Koh Range | |
|---|---|
| Chagai and Kharan District in Balochistan, Pakistan Near Dalbandin, Balochistan in Pakistan | |
 Aerial picture of Ras Koh Range provided by ISS Mission in 2014. | |
  Ras Koh Range Location within Pakistan | |
| Coordinates | 28°49′42.71″N 65°11′41.83″E / 28.8285306°N 65.1949528°E |
| Type | Nuclear Weapons Research Complex |
| Area | 994.98 km2 (384.16 sq mi) |
| Height | 10,000 ft (3,000 m) |
| Length | 140 mi (230 km) |
| Site information | |
| Owner | Ministry of Defense |
| Operator | Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) (Main contractor) |
| Controlled by | Strategic Plans Division Force (Security contractor) |
| Open to the public | No |
| Status | Active |
| Defining authority | Geological Survey of Pakistan (GSP) |
| Site history | |
| Built | 1976 |
| Built by | Pakistan Army Corps of Engineers |
| In use | 1976–present |
| Test information | |
| Subcritical tests | N/A |
| Nuclear tests | 6 |
| Thermonuclear tests | 6 |
The site was acquired as Ministry of Defense (MoD) range to conduct testing of nuclear devices, and it covers mostly desert and mountainous terrain.: 183 [3] Since 1998, only six nuclear testing took place when Pakistan put a unilateral moratorium on a full-scale testing.[6]
The site is managed and operated by the civilian contractors under contract with the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) overseeing its management and operations while the Strategic Plans Division Force oversees its security on behalf of the National Command Authority (NCA).: 183 [3]
Overview
editEtymology
editThe word "Ras" means "gateway" and the word "Koh" means "mountain" in Urdu; therefore, it means "Gateway to the Mountains."[7]
Topography and geology
editThe Ras Koh Hills range is expanded between the districts of Chagai and Kharan,: 136 and is about 140 mi (230 km) in length, according to the survey conducted by the former British Indian Army in 1910.: 136 [8]: 8 [9] The length of the Ras Koh Range is also confirmed by the Geological Survey of Pakistan and the Survey of Pakistan which measured to be exact at 140 mi (230 km).: 13 [10]
The highest peak in Ras Koh Hills range is measured to be 10,000 ft (3,000 m), with average hills are measured at 600 ft (180 m).: 8 [9] Furthermore, its topographical geolocation lies between the much larger and difficult Sulaiman Mountains range to the northeast and the Kirthar Mountains range to its southeast.: 112 [11]
The famous Chagai Hills are located on the northwest of Ras Koh but usually contains in its range of study of geology with the Ras Koh Hills.[12] The Ras Koh Range is actually separated by a larger structural depression between the open flood flats of the Chagai Hills and the Ras Koh Hills— they are widely divided by the desert terrain.: 112 [11]
In 1963, the British geologist Dr. E. R. Gee, working for and leading the Geological Survey of Pakistan (GSP), conducted investigative scientific studies on ground water conditions, and discovered the deposits of Chromite.: 4–9 [13] The sedimentary rock formations in the range are mostly granite, limestone and conglomerate.: 63 [14] The GPS also discovered the deposits of the diorites in Ras Koh Range in its records.: 12 [15] In Ras Koh Range, GSP also recorded the few alluvial fans in its 1970 reports but the area is mostly desert and rocky terrain.[16]
The township, Dalbandin, is the closest town near the site, which is about 50 mi (80 km) from the range.: 1–4 [17] Accessibility to the test site is only through the N-40, which is located on the eastern part of the range.: 3 [2]
Unlike the Toba Kakar Range to the north-east, which has scattered juniper, tamarisk and pistachio trees, the Ras Koh Hills are largely barren and devoid of vegetation— the local people have avoided the area due to its remoteness, lack of water, harsh climatic environment, and difficult rocky terrains.: 3 [2]
Environment
editClimate and wildlife
editThe Ras Koh Range lies in an arid zone, which is outside the monsoon season. The Ras Koh Range receives only scarce and an irregular rainfall, with an average of 100 mm (3.9 in) annually.[4] The weather is reportedly very extreme in Ras Koh and is one of Pakistan's extreme places with very hot in summer and very cold in winter.[4] The minimum temperature in Ras Koh Range in 1997 is recorded at 2.4 °C (36.3 °F) in January, and the average maximum at 42.5 °C (108.5 °F) in July.[4]
In 1962, the Government of Pakistan designated the area for Wildlife sanctuary, which covers an area of 994.98 km2 (384.16 sq mi).[18]
Nuclear testings
editPlans to conduct nuclear weapon testing began in 1975–76 with the Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's administration when the Ras Koh Range was acquired as a test site.: 180–184 [3] Logistical and construction support came from the Pakistan Army Corps of Engineers after the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC), under contract with the Ministry of Defense (MoD), selected a 185 m (607 ft)-base-to-summit high granite "bone-dry" mountain in 1976.[7] The Geological Survey of Pakistan (GSP) conducted several tests on ground water and several other geology tests before the corps of engineers constructed and built a horizontal shaft where the devices were to be detonated.: 182–183 [3]
In 1981, Pakistan's weapon testing laboratories began a series of subcritical testing of different nuclear weapon designs at the Ras Koh Range despite being a primary venue of nuclear weapon testing.: 184 [3]
Another testing area for vertical L-shaped shaft was built by the army engineers at the Kharan Desert region about 15 km (9.3 mi) west of H-shaped iron-steel tunnel first prepared in Ras Koh Test Site.: 183 [3] The second testing area is located in a rolling sandy desert valley lined with sand ridges between the north of the Ras Koh Test Site and the Siahan Range to the south.[7]
The construction of the shafts were completed in 1980, but the nuclear testings were conducted in 1998 at the Ras Koh Test Site under series: Chagai-I and Chagai-II tests.[19] Since 1998, Pakistani administrations have put a moratorium on nuclear weapons testing but there is unknown numbers of subcritical testing conducting to determine the viability of Pakistan's aging nuclear devices.: 305–306 [3][20]
| Sites | Location | Length | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Koh Kambaran | Chagai District | Mountain at 185 m (607 ft) height | Underground nuclear testing area where Chagai-I was conducted |
| Kharan Dunes | North Ras Koh Range in Kharan District | Underground with 1,000 m (3,300 ft) deep L-shaft | Underground nuclear testing area where Chagai-II was conducted. |
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Pakistan (Pakistan), West (1966). West Pakistan District Gazetteers. Printed at the West Pakistan Government Press. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
- ^ a b c Bakr, M. Abu (1964). Geology of the Western Ras Koh Range: Chagai and Kharan Districts, Quetta and Kalat Divisions, West Pakistan. Manager of Publications. Retrieved 10 February 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Khan, Feroz (7 November 2012). Eating Grass: The Making of the Pakistani Bomb. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-8480-1. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
- ^ a b c d "Ras Koh - Pakistan Special Weapons Facilities". nuke.fas.org.
- ^ Hseham, Amrahs (6 February 2024). Cryptogram Pakistan Puzzles: The Puzzles that Sharp the Brain. Mahesh Dutt Sharma. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
- ^ Sayed, Mushahid Hussain (14 August 2022). "Stealth, conviction and the bomb". DAWN.COM. Dawn Newspapers. Dawn Newspapers. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
- ^ a b c Azam, Rai Muhammad Saleh (2000). When the Mountains Move - The Story of Chagai, Defence Journal, 1 June 2000.
- ^ Journal of Central Asia. Centre for the Study of the Civilizations of Central Asia, Quaid-i-Azam University. 1991. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
- ^ a b Branch, India Army Intelligence (1910). Frontier and Overseas Expeditions from India: Baluchistan and the first Afghan war. Government Monotype Press. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
- ^ Beg, Hamid Ali (1970). Baluchistan: An Introduction. Directorate of Information, Government of Baluchistan.
- ^ a b Valdiya, K. S.; Sanwal, Jaishri (16 November 2017). Neotectonism in the Indian Subcontinent: Landscape Evolution. Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-444-63972-1. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
- ^ London, Geological Society of (1897). "The Quarterly journal of the Geological Society of London". Geological Society of London. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
- ^ Pakistan Geographical Review. Pakistan Geographical Review. 1963. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
- ^ Eggermont, Pierre Herman Leonard (1975). Alexander's Campaigns in Sind and Baluchistan and the Siege of the Brahmin Town of Harmatelia. Peeters Publishers. ISBN 978-90-6186-037-2.
- ^ Pakistan, Geological Survey of. Records. Manager of Publications. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
- ^ Pakistan, Geological Survey of (1970). Records of the Geological Survey of Pakistan. Government Publications. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
- ^ Pakistan Journal of Scientific Research. Pakistan Association for the Advancement of Science. 1964. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
- ^ UNEP-WCMC (2022). Protected Area Profile for Ras Koh from the World Database of Protected Areas. Accessed 30 January 2022. https://www.protectedplanet.net/6807
- ^ The Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO). 28 May 1998 - Pakistan Nuclear Tests. https://www.ctbto.org/specials/testing-times/28-may-1998-pakistan-nuclear-testings[permanent dead link]
- ^ Hassan, Mir, Chagai still active but no radioactivity, Jang Newspaper, 2010.
