Same-sex marriage is legally recognized and performed throughout Mexico since 2022.[1] On 10 August 2010 the Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation ruled that same-sex marriages performed anywhere within Mexico must be recognized by the 31 states without exception, and fundamental spousal rights except for adoption (such as alimony payments, inheritance rights, and the coverage of spouses by the federal social security system) have also applied to same-sex couples across the country.[2] Mexico was the fifth country in North America[a] and the 33rd worldwide to allow same-sex couples to marry nationwide.[3]

Only civil marriages are recognized by Mexican law, and all proceedings fall under state legislation.[4] On 12 June 2015, the Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation ruled that state bans on same-sex marriage violate the federal constitution. The court's ruling is considered a "jurisprudential thesis" and did not invalidate any state laws, but required judges and courts throughout Mexico to approve all applications for same-sex marriages, and any marriage law that was changed and did not recognize same-sex marriage would be declared unconstitutional and invalidated.[5]

By October 2022, Mexico City and all Mexican states had legalized same-sex marriage, either by legislation, executive action, or Supreme Court order.[1][6] However, marital rights are not necessarily equal when it comes to adoption: only 22 of the 31 Mexican states, plus Mexico City, have civil codes that allow same-sex couples to adopt, though in other states same-sex couples can adopt through the court system under jurisprudence established by the Supreme Court. In 4 of the 31 Mexican states, marriage licenses are issued to same-sex couples despite not being allowed under state law; they may take more time to process or be more expensive than licenses for opposite-sex couples, and there is a possibility that future administrations might stop issuing licensees.

Same-sex civil unions (Spanish: sociedad de convivencia, pronounced [sosjeˈðað ðe kombiˈβensja])[b] are legally performed in Mexico City and in the states of Campeche,[8] Coahuila, Michoacán,[9] Tlaxcala and Veracruz.[10] From 2013 to 2016, they were also performed in the state of Colima, but were replaced by same-sex marriage legislation.[11] They were also performed in Jalisco beginning in 2014, but the law was struck down on procedural grounds in 2018.

Equality of same-sex marriage in Mexican states
  Legal equality of marriages of same-sex and opposite-sex couples
  Marriage licenses are issued to same-sex couples despite not being allowed under state law; they may take more time to process or be more expensive than licenses for opposite-sex couples
  Inequality of marriage: married same-sex couples do not qualify as married when it comes to the adoption of children

History

edit

On 9 November 2006, after several years of consideration, the Legislative Assembly of Mexico City approved a civil union law called Ley de Sociedades de Convivencia. It was the first such law in Mexico, soon followed by the northern state of Coahuila in January 2007.

In late November 2009, the leading party in the Legislative Assembly of Mexico City, the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD), announced that it was introducing an amendment to the Civil Code to legalize same-sex marriage in Mexico City, a project endorsed by the local Head of Government, Marcelo Ebrard, but strongly opposed by the second-largest political force in the country, the right-of-center National Action Party (PAN) and the Roman Catholic Church. The bill found support from over 600 non-governmental organizations, including the International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association (ILGA) and Amnesty International. On 21 December 2009, Mexico City became the first Latin American jurisdiction to legalize same-sex marriage. The law became effective on 4 March 2010.[12] On 5 August 2010, the Supreme Court voted 8–2 to uphold the constitutionality of Mexico City's same-sex marriage law.[13] The Court later ruled on 10 August 2010 that Mexico City marriages are valid throughout the entire country.[14]

On 28 November 2011, the first two same-sex marriages occurred in Quintana Roo after discovering that the state's Civil Code did not explicitly prohibit same-sex marriage,[15] but these marriages were later annulled by the Governor of Quintana Roo in April 2012.[16] In May 2012, the Secretary of State of Quintana Roo reversed the annulments and allowed for future same-sex marriages to be performed in the state.[17]

A 2012 Oaxaca case was pivotal in opening the door to legal same-sex marriage in every state in Mexico, through the recurso de amparo process. Using international decisions, whose verdicts serve as legal precedent in Mexican courts, such as the protections in the Atala Riffo and Daughters v. Chile case,[18] the U.S. cases Loving v. Virginia and Brown v. Board of Education and Mexico's own anti-discrimination laws,[19] the Supreme Court ruled on 5 December 2012 that: 1) Laws limiting marriage to one man and one woman, or for the purposes of perpetuating the species, violate federal law requiring that they "correspond to all persons without any distinction" and 2) That such laws are unconstitutional on the basis of discrimination by sexual orientation and usurpation of the right, not only of the individual but also the couple's right, to form a family.[20][21] The ruling did not directly overturn the impugned laws, but established that marriages obtained by injunction (amparo) can be performed in any state, regardless of whether the state Civil Code has been changed.[22]

A landmark decision, issued on 29 January 2014, was the first injunction for marriage recognition in Puebla. The case involved a same-sex couple who legally married in Mexico City in 2012 and filed for spousal benefits with the Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS) in the state of Puebla, but were denied.[23] Because the complainant died during the injunction process, a lower court had dismissed the case, but the Supreme Court granted the injunction and ordered recognition of the marriage by both the state of Puebla and the IMSS. The injunction required IMSS to extend benefits it offered to married heterosexual couples to same-sex couples anywhere in Mexico who are married or in civil unions.[24][25]

 
The Supreme Court's Tesis jurisprudencial 1a./J. 43/2015 (10a.) stated that state bans on same-sex marriage violate Articles 1 and 4 of the Constitution of Mexico

A ruling by the Supreme Court on 12 June 2015 stated that state bans on same-sex marriage violate Articles 1 and 4 of the Constitution of Mexico. The court's ruling is considered a "jurisprudential thesis" and did not invalidate any state laws, meaning same-sex couples denied the right to wed would still have to seek individual injunctions in court. The ruling standardized the procedures for judges and courts throughout Mexico to approve all applications for same-sex marriages,[26][27] and made the approval mandatory.[28] The ruling was published in the country's Judicial Gazette on 19 June 2015 and became binding on 22 June 2015.[29] Some have suggested the ruling "effectively legalizes" same-sex marriage in Mexico,[30][31] though without legislative change, civil registrars are still bound to follow state laws.[32][33][34] Indeed, the Supreme Court does not have the legal power to strike down all the states' same-sex marriage bans. It can only do so one at a time and under specific circumstances.

The ruling states:

"Marriage. The law of any federative entity that, on the one hand, considers that the purpose of it [marriage] is procreation and/or that defines it as that which is celebrated between a man and a woman, is unconstitutional." (Matrimonio. La ley de cualquier entidad federativa que, por un lado, considere que la finalidad de aquél es la procreación y/o que lo defina como el que se celebra entre un hombre y una mujer, es inconstitucional.)

On 20 December 2015, the National Human Rights Commission submitted a general recommendation to all state executive and legislative bodies, requesting them to allow same-sex marriages in their jurisdictions.[35] The Commission considers differentiated marriage constructions for same-sex couples (such as civil unions) to be discriminatory.

On 17 May 2016, President Enrique Peña Nieto announced he had signed an initiative to amend Article 4 of the Constitution to legalize same-sex marriage nationwide. Any amendment to the Constitution requires support of at least a two-thirds majority in Congress and ratification by a simple majority of the 31 states.[36][37] He also submitted a bill to make appropriate changes in the Civil Code.[38] Chairman of the Committee on Constitutional Issues of the Chamber of Deputies, Daniel Ordoñez Hernández, announced in June 2016 that the President's initiative would be debated by the committee later in the year. Ordoñez also said that 47,000 letters expressing opposition to the initiative were received though none of them were signed.[39] On 9 November 2016, the committee rejected the initiative by 19 votes to 8.[40]

On 30 November 2016, the Supreme Court unanimously declared that six articles of the Law of the Institute of Social Security and Social Services of State Workers (ISSSTE; Ley del Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado) were unconstitutional because they discriminated against same-sex couples. The Court found that the wording of articles 6, 39, 40, 131 and 135, and sections I and II of the ISSSTE Act violated the rights of same-sex couples to affiliate as beneficiaries of the institute, and thus, those articles violate the principle of equality and non-discrimination established in Articles 1 and 123 of the Constitution.[41] A further ruling issued by the Supreme Court holding that same-sex couples in Mexico have a nationwide right to establish and maintain a family life, whether through procreation, adoption or other means derived from scientific advances, took effect on 30 January 2017.[42]

The 2018 general elections resulted in the National Regeneration Movement (MORENA), a left-wing party that supports same-sex marriage, winning the majority or plurality of legislative seats in 13 states where same-sex marriage was not legal at the time. MORENA along with the Labor Party also won an absolute majority in the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate.[43][44] In October 2018, shortly after the beginning of the new legislative term, PRD Senator Juan Zepeda Hernández introduced a draft proposal to legalize same-sex marriage nationwide in Mexico.[45] On 18 December 2019, the ruling party introduced a constitutional amendment to legalize same-sex marriage at the federal level, upgrade civil unions to marriage, and require all states to adjust their laws correspondingly within three months of passage.[46]

In September 2018, MORENA Senator Germán Martínez introduced a draft proposal to codify certain court rulings pertaining to the legal rights of same-sex couples into law, namely social security benefits and the right to a widow or widower's pension.[47] On 6 November 2018, the Senate unanimously (110–0) approved the bill,[48] and it unanimously (415–0) passed the Chamber of Deputies later that month.[49] The bill was gazetted on 29 November 2018.[50]

On 19 October 2018, a federal court ruled that Mexico must recognize same-sex marriages performed in Mexican consulates and embassies abroad as long as one partner is a Mexican citizen.[51] The plaintiffs in the case, activist Daniel Berezowsky Ramirez and Jaime Chavez Alor, married at the Mexican consulate in New York City on 26 November.[52] In late November, Senator Ricardo Monreal introduced a bill to Congress to allow same-sex marriages in Mexican consulates without the need for couples to obtain a court injunction.[53] On 16 May 2019, the Secretary of Foreign Relations issued a decree authorizing same-sex marriages in Mexican consulates.[54]

Constitutional wording

edit

The Constitution of Mexico does not explicitly define nor ban same-sex marriage. The Constitution does contain various articles protecting the "integrity of the family" and the "fraternity and equality of rights of all" and forbidding "any form of discrimination, based on [...] sexual orientation, marital status, [...] which violates the human dignity or seeks to annul or diminish the rights and freedoms of the people". For these reasons, the Supreme Court has ruled that banning same-sex marriage is unconstitutional.

Article 4 provides that men and women have an equal right to marry,[55][56] and states that "the law shall protect the organization and development of the family."[c]

México Igualitario Project

edit

The activist group México Igualitario is pursuing a legal strategy to win same-sex marriage state-by-state through court action. When a court in Mexico rules that an existing law is unconstitutional in five separate and consecutive amparos, using identical language in each ruling, this creates jurisprudence against that law and bounds the state legislatures to change the law. This process is called recurso de amparo. When a same-sex couple is denied the right to marry, they can file an amparo with a court to request that they be allowed to legally marry. Since 2015, the courts have been obliged to rule in favor of same-sex couples seeking marriage certificates. An amparo may be invoked when a person feels their rights have been violated. The process is not expensive, but is "time-consuming". The English word "injunction" can be used to refer to amparos.[57] Despite the legal requirement for the states to legalize same-sex marriage after 5 amparo rulings, this has often not been followed through. In Chihuahua, prior to the legalization of same-sex marriage there in 2015, almost 20 injunctions were carried out. Same-sex marriages by amparo have occurred in every state.

Actions of unconstitutionality

edit
 
The Supreme Court (Spanish: Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación) directly reviews actions of unconstitutionality.

An "action of unconstitutionality" (Spanish: acción de inconstitucionalidad) is a lawsuit seeking to determine if a certain law is unconstitutional. In Mexico, they can only be filed within 30 days after the law has come into force. As many state marriage laws in Mexico are decades-old, LGBT groups cannot file an action of unconstitutionality against these laws. However, if these laws are modified by the state legislatures, then this qualifies for an action of unconstitutionality. For instance, in 2016, the Congress of Puebla modified its marriage laws, but left intact provisions outlawing same-sex marriages. LGBT groups quickly filed an action of unconstitutionality. Actions of unconstitutionality are reviewed by the full bench of the Supreme Court. The Court decides whether these laws are constitutional, and if they are not, they are struck down and thereafter null and void. As of June 2022, six states (Aguascalientes, Chiapas, Jalisco, Nuevo León, Puebla, and Veracruz) have had their same-sex marriage bans struck down in this way.

2018 Inter-American Court of Human Rights advisory opinion

edit

On 9 January 2018, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights issued an advisory opinion that states party to the American Convention on Human Rights should grant same-sex couples accession to all existing domestic legal systems of family registration, including marriage, along with all rights that derive from marriage.[58] LGBT advocacy groups in Mexico urged the government to abide by the advisory opinion, and fully legalize same-sex marriage.[59]

By state

edit
How same-sex marriage was legalized in each state
Federal entity Date of enactment/ruling Date effective Date of codification

(if different)

Adoption rights Legalization method Details
  Aguascalientes 2 April 2019 16 August 2019[d] TBD   Yes Judicial decree Ruling of the Supreme Court
  Baja California 3 November 2017 3 November 2017 16 June 2021   Yes Governmental decree, legislative statute and constitutional amendment Governmental decree. Later codified by the Congress of Baja California and ratified by a majority of the state's municipalities
  Baja California Sur 27 June 2019 29 June 2019   No

(Law passed November 2022, vetoed March 2024)[60]

Legislative statute Passed by the Congress of Baja California Sur
  Campeche 10 May 2016 20 May 2016   Yes Legislative statute Passed by the Congress of Campeche
  Chiapas 11 July 2017 11 May 2018[d] TBD   Yes Judicial decree Ruling of the Supreme Court
  Chihuahua 11 June 2015 12 June 2015 TBD   Yes Gubernatorial decree. Continued by new governor in 2021.
  Coahuila 1 September 2014 17 September 2014   Yes Legislative statute Passed by the Congress of Coahuila
  Colima 25 May 2016 12 June 2016   Yes Legislative statute Passed by the Congress of Colima
  Durango 16 September 2022 19 September 2022 10 October 2022   Yes Gubernatorial decree and legislative statute Issued by the Governor of Durango. Later codified by the Congress of Durango
  Guanajuato 20 December 2021 20 December 2021 TBD   No Governmental decree and gubernatorial decree Directive issued by the state's Secretary General of Government, followed by Governor's decree. The directive expired on 26 September 2024; current situation unknown.
  Guerrero 25 October 2022 31 December 2022[citation needed]   No Legislative statute Passed by the Congress of Guerrero, previously performed only in some municipalities
  Hidalgo 24 May 2019 11 June 2019   Yes Legislative statute Passed by the Congress of Hidalgo
  Jalisco 26 January 2016 21 April 2016[d] 9 April 2022   Yes Judicial decree and legislative statute Ruling of the Supreme Court. Later codified by the Congress of Jalisco
  Mexico 11 October 2022 2 November 2022   No

Law has not been updated, but adoptions are allowed.[61]

Legislative statute Passed by the Congress of the State of Mexico
  Mexico City 29 December 2009 4 March 2010   Yes Legislative statute and constitutional amendment Passed by the Legislative Assembly of Mexico City
  Michoacán 18 May 2016 23 June 2016   Yes Legislative statute Passed by the Congress of Michoacán
  Morelos 18 May 2016 5 July 2016   Yes Legislative statute and constitutional amendment Passed by the Congress of Morelos and ratified by a majority of the state's municipalities
  Nayarit 17 December 2015 23 December 2015   Yes

(Since 2022)[62]

Legislative statute Passed by the Congress of Nayarit
  Nuevo León 19 February 2019 31 May 2019[d] 14 June 2023[63]   Yes Judicial decree and legislative statute Ruling of the Supreme Court. Later codified by the Congress of Nuevo León
  Oaxaca 26 August 2018 26 August 2018 5 October 2019   No Administrative decision and legislative statute Order of the State Director of the Civil Registry. Later codified by the Congress of Oaxaca
  Puebla 1 August 2017 16 February 2018[d] 11 November 2020   Yes Judicial decree and legislative statute Ruling of the Supreme Court. Later codified by the Congress of Puebla
  Querétaro 22 September 2021 12 November 2021   Yes Legislative statute Passed by the Congress of Querétaro
  Quintana Roo 3 May 2012 3 May 2012   Yes Administrative decision Decision by the state's Secretary of State
  San Luis Potosí 17 May 2019 21 May 2019   Yes Legislative statute Passed by the Congress of San Luis Potosí
  Sinaloa 15 June 2021 30 June 2021   No Legislative statute Passed by the Congress of Sinaloa as ordered by a federal court
  Sonora 23 September 2021 22 October 2021   No

Law has not been updated, but adoptions are allowed.[64]

Legislative statute Passed by the Congress of Sonora
  Tabasco 19 October 2022 27 October 2022   Yes (Since April 2024)[65] Legislative statute Passed by the Congress of Tabasco
  Tamaulipas 26 October 2022 19 November 2022   Yes Legislative statute Passed by the Congress of Tamaulipas
  Tlaxcala 8 December 2020 24 December 2020   No

Law has not been updated, but adoptions are allowed.[66]

Legislative statute Passed by the Congress of Tlaxcala
  Veracruz 30 May 2022 13 June 2022   Yes Judicial decree and legislative statute Ruling of the Supreme Court. Later codified by the Congress of Veracruz.
  Yucatán 1 March 2022 4 March 2022   Yes

The Law on Adoption is written in a gender-neutral fashion.[67][68]

Constitutional amendment and legislative statute Passed by the Congress of Yucatán
  Zacatecas 14 December 2021 30 December 2021   No

Law has not been updated, but adoptions are allowed.[69]

Legislative statute Passed by the Congress of Zacatecas

Mexico City

edit
Civil unions
 
States performing civil unions in Mexico
  Gender-neutral civil unions.
  Former civil unions for same-sex couples, replaced by marriage.
  Civil unions never performed.

Being the seat of the Powers of the Union, Mexico City did not belong to any particular state but to all. After years of demanding greater political autonomy, residents were given the right to directly elect the Head of Government of Mexico City and the representatives of the unicameral Legislative Assembly by popular vote in 1997. For the following two decades, the center-left Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD) controlled both political powers.

In the early 2000s, Enoé Uranga, an openly lesbian politician and activist, unsuccessfully pushed a bill that would have legalized same-sex civil unions in Mexico City under the name Ley de Sociedades de Convivencia (LSC).[70] Despite being passed four times by legislative commissions, the bill repeatedly got stuck in plenary voting for its sensitive nature, which could be attributed to the widespread opposition from right-wing groups and then Head of Government Andrés Manuel López Obrador's ambiguity concerning the bill.[71] Nonetheless, since new left-wing Head of Government Marcelo Ebrard was expected to take power in December 2006, the Assembly decided to take up the bill and approved it in a 43–17 vote on 9 November.[71]

The law was well received by feminist and LGBT groups, including Emilio Álvarez Icaza, then-chairman of Mexico City's Human Rights Commission, who declared that "the law was not a threat to anyone in particular and that it will be a matter of time before it shows positive consequences for different social groups." It was strongly opposed by conservative groups such as the National Parents' Union and the Roman Catholic Church, which labeled the assemblymen who voted for the law as "sinners" and complained it was "vengeance against the Catholic Church from the more radical groups from the left, who felt it was a demand for justice."[71] The law officially took effect on 16 March 2007.[72] Mexico City's first same-sex civil union was between Jorge Cerpa, a 31-year-old economist, and Antonio Medina, a 38-year-old journalist.[72] By December 2009, 736 same-sex civil unions had taken place in the city, of which 24 had been annulled (3%).[73]

In early September 2014, modifications to the civil union agreement were drafted to eliminate discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and dissolution support. In essence, the law had provided that upon termination, domestic partners were only allowed support for a period equal to half the length of the partnership. The Supreme Court ruled that the provision was discriminatory as it accorded differential treatment in cases of partnership for cohabitation, marriage or concubinage.[74]

Year Unions Annulled
2007 257 10
2008 268 14
2009 211
Total 736 24
Marriage

On 24 November 2009, PRD Assemblyman David Razú proposed a bill to legalize same-sex marriage in Mexico City.[75] Luis González Plascencia, chairman of the Human Rights Commission of Mexico City, backed the bill and said that it was up to the Legislative Assembly to consider LGBT adoption.[76] The International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association (ILGA), Amnesty International, the AIDS Healthcare Foundation and over 600 non-governmental organizations supported the legalization of same-sex marriage in Mexico City.[77] The conservative National Action Party (PAN) announced it would either go to the courts to appeal the law or demand a referendum.[78][79] However, a referendum on same-sex marriage was rejected by the Legislative Assembly in a 36–22 vote on 18 December 2009.[80] On 21 December 2009, the Legislative Assembly legalized same-sex marriage (39–20) in Mexico City. The bill changed the definition of marriage in the city's Civil Code from "a free union between a man and a woman" to "a free union between two people."[81] The law grants same-sex couples the same rights as opposite-sex couples, including adopting children.[82] PAN vowed to challenge the law in the courts.[82] On 29 December 2009, Head of Government Marcelo Ebrard signed the bill into law, which became effective on 4 March 2010.[12][83] On 5 August, the Supreme Court voted 8–2 to uphold the constitutionality of Mexico City's same-sex marriage law.[13] The Court further ruled on 10 August 2010 that Mexico City marriages are valid throughout the country.[84]

In early January 2017, the Constituent Assembly of Mexico City voted, in its plenary session, 68–11 to fully enshrine same-sex marriage in the Mexico City Constitution.[85]

Aguascalientes

edit

From 2014 onwards, multiple same-sex marriage, concubinage and civil union bills were proposed in Aguascalientes, though all of them stalled in Congress due to opposition from the ruling National Action Party.[86][87][88][89][90]

An action of unconstitutionality was filed in 2018 by the State Human Rights Commission of Aguascalientes, challenging articles 143, 144 and 313bis of the Civil Code, which limited marriage to opposite-sex couples to "perpetuate the species". On 2 April 2019, the full bench of the Supreme Court ruled unanimously that the state's same-sex marriage ban was discriminatory against same-sex couples and unconstitutional.[91][92] The ruling went into effect upon publication in the Official Gazette of the Federation on 16 August 2019,[93] though the Civil Registry had already begun issuing same-sex marriage certificates prior to this date. Nevertheless, the text of the law still refers to marriage as between a man and a woman.[94]

Baja California

edit

On 23 August 2010, shortly after the ruling of the Supreme Court requiring all states to recognise same-sex marriages validly performed in other states, state legislators introduced an amendment to article 7 of the Constitution of Baja California, adding the definition of marriage as being "the union of a man and a woman". On 29 September 2010, the Congress of Baja California voted 18–1 in favor of the amendment, and after approval by municipalities, it was published on 27 May 2011.[95] On 13 November 2014, the Supreme Court of Mexico ruled that the state's ban on same-sex marriage was unconstitutional.[96][97]

A bill was introduced to the Baja California Congress on 12 February 2015 to legalize same-sex marriage in the state by changing article 7 of the state Constitution.[95][98][99][100] However, the legislation was stalled for years by opponents of same-sex marriage.

On 3 November 2017, the Government of Baja California announced that it would cease to enforce its same-sex marriage ban and that the Civil Registry will begin accepting applications for marriage licenses by same-sex couples.[101][102]

The Congress of Baja California passed a bill legalizing same-sex marriage by a vote of 18–4 on 16 June 2021. The bill modified the Constitution to remove the ban on same-sex marriage added back in 2011. The amendment entered into force on 17 July 2021 after three of Baja California's six municipalities ratified it and the three others were deemed to have accepted it by taking no action ahead of the 30-day time period to consider the amendment.[103] The amendment took effect on 9 August, one day after being published in the government gazette.[104]

Baja California Sur

edit

A same-sex marriage bill was first proposed in Baja California Sur on 9 April 2010 by the organization La Comunidad Sudcaliforniana en Diversidad Sexual.[105] No action was taken by the state Congress.[106][107] The July 2018 elections resulted in the National Regeneration Movement and other supportive parties winning a majority of legislative seats in Congress.[43] On 27 June 2019, the state Congress approved a bill to legalize same-sex marriage in a 14–5 vote with one abstention.[108][109] It was signed by Governor Carlos Mendoza Davis the same day and published in the official journal on 28 June 2019. The law took effect the following day.[110][111][112] The congress of Baja California Sur passed a bill allowing same-sex couples to adopt on 16 November 2022, but it was vetoed in March 2024.[113] In June 2023, the Baja California Sur congress approved a citizen initiated bill that expands the recognition of concubinage to same-sex couples.[114]

Campeche

edit

In April 2016, Campeche Governor Alejandro Moreno Cárdenas submitted a same-sex marriage bill to Congress, which was approved on 10 May 2016. The law was published in the official state gazette on 16 May 2016 and came into effect on 20 May 2016.[115] Campeche became the seventh state to allow same-sex marriage without the need for a court order.[116]

Chiapas

edit

On 6 April 2016, an action of unconstitutionality was filed with the Supreme Court.[117][118][119] The Supreme Court ruled, in a 9–2 decision, on 11 July 2017 that the heterosexual definition of marriage in the Civil Code was unconstitutional, legalizing same-sex marriage in Chiapas and eliminating the need for a court injunction.[120][121] The ruling came into effect upon publication in the Official Gazette of the Federation on 11 May 2018.[122] Nonetheless, the Civil Registry began accepting marriage applications from same-sex couples from 30 October 2017, and same-sex couples have been able to marry since that date.[123]

As of June 2022, a bill to codify same-sex marriage into the state Civil Code is pending in the state congress.[124]

Chihuahua

edit

On 11 June 2015, Governor César Duarte Jáquez announced the state would no longer prevent same-sex marriages, making Chihuahua the fourth jurisdiction to legalize same-sex marriage.[125] Duarte Jáquez announced that licenses would be available by 12 June 2015.[126] On 16 June 2015, the president of the state Congress announced that it would debate the legal codification of the executive decision. Additionally, according to the state National System for Integral Family Development, same-sex couples are allowed to adopt jointly in Chihuahua.[127]

In February 2017, the Supreme Court ruled that the state's Civil Code was unconstitutional because it has not yet been modified to reflect the legalization of same-sex marriage. The Supreme Court ordered the state Congress to change its Civil Code within 90 days.[128] However, the Congress refused to do so. In October 2018, the 10th District Court ruled that should the Congress fail to update its laws "soon", it would hold legislators in contempt and order their dismissal from office.[129]

Coahuila

edit

The legalization of same-sex civil unions in Coahuila had started to be discussed as early as November 2006, simultaneously with the discussion then ongoing in Mexico City.[130] On 11 January 2007, the state Congress legalized same-sex civil unions under the name pacto civil de solidaridad, which gave property and inheritance rights to same-sex couples.[131][132] Twenty days after the law had passed, the country's first same-sex civil union took place in Saltillo. It was between 29-year-olds Karina Almaguer and Karla Lopez, a lesbian couple from Tamaulipas.[133]

On 5 March 2013, Congressman Samuel Acevedo Flores, from the Social Democratic Party, introduced a bill to the Congress of Coahuila to legalize same-sex marriages and adoption by same-sex couples.[134] On 11 February 2014, Congress approved the adoption bill and passed the same-sex marriage bill on 1 September 2014.[135][136] It took effect on 17 September,[137] and the first couple married on 20 September.[138]

Colima

edit

In July 2009, the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD) introduced a formal initiative to legalize civil unions in the western state of Colima.[139] Nevertheless, the following month, the local Congress decided not to take up the initiative, following widespread opposition from right-wing groups.[140] In December 2009, Governor Mario Anguiano Moreno agreed to discuss the legalization of civil unions and adoption by same-sex couples.[141]

On 4 July 2013, the state Congress approved a new form of union called enlace conyugal (conjugal bond) for same-sex couples, which according to Deputy Martín Flores Castañeda grants the same rights and obligations as marriage.[142]

A bill to legalize same-sex marriage in the state was unanimously approved by the Congress of Colima on 25 May 2016.[143][144] The bill was passed 24 to 0.[145][non-primary source needed] The existing same-sex civil union law was repealed simultaneously.[146] The same-sex marriage law was published in the state's official gazette on 11 June 2016 and came into effect on 12 June 2016. The new law allows couples who previously contracted civil unions before the legislation was repealed to have them recognized by the state or converted to a marriage.[147] It also allows same-sex couples to adopt children jointly.[148]

Durango

edit

Same-sex marriage became legal in Durango state on 19 September 2022, with a decree from the state governor.[149]

In September 2013, PRD Deputy Israel Soto Peña introduced a bill to legalize same sex marriage in the state. On 10 April 2014, the bill was rejected on the basis that it would not sufficiently address the legal changes necessary to correct the Civil Code.[150] In May, Soto Peña announced that he would revamp the initiative and resubmit it,[151] which he did on 1 November 2014.[152]

On 10 February 2016, the Justice Commission of the Congress of Durango approved a draft bill to legalize same-sex marriage in the state.[153] However, the bill's plenary discussion was postponed for 6 months to organize discussions on the matter and to inform legislators on the subject before a vote.[154] On 31 January 2017, Congress rejected the bill, in a 15–4 vote with 4 abstentions. The bill proposed by PAN was supported by both the PRD and PAN, but was opposed by the PRI.[155]

The July 2018 elections resulted in MORENA, PRD and the Labor Party, pro-same-sex marriage parties, winning the majority of legislative seats in Durango.[43][156]

In July 2022 a federal judge ordered the Durango Congress to consider an abandoned same-sex-marriage bill in their next session, due to the critical number of amparos having been reached. The ruling does not require a particular vote, but does require legislators to go on record as to whether they will comply with the Supreme Court ruling.[157] On 16 September 2022, the newly elected governor Esteban Villegas Villarreal published a decree for same-sex marriage.[158]

Five days later, on 21 September 2022, the Congress of Durango voted 15–9 to pass a bill codifying the right to same-sex marriage and non-discrimination based on sexual orientation, religion, disability, or health status by marriage officiants.[159]

Guanajuato

edit

Same-sex marriage became legal in Guanajuato on 20 December 2021, when government secretary Libia García Muñoz Ledo announced that the right to marry would be extended to any two people regardless of gender in strict adherence to the constitutions of Mexico and Guanajuato, precedents of the Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation, and requirements under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.[160]

In response to the first amparo approval, on 21 February 2014, the PRD introduced a bill to Congress to amend the Guanajuato Civil Code so as to allow same-sex marriages.[161] The plan was endorsed by the PRI,[162] but on 13 April 2015, the Justice Committee, with a majority from the state's ruling PAN party, voted 3–2 to shelve both bills citing PAN's objection to same-sex unions.[163] On 29 April 2016, the Guanajuato City Council unanimously passed a resolution allowing a lesbian couple to marry in the municipality. Additionally, they urged Governor Miguel Márquez Márquez to change the Civil Code to allow for same-sex marriages.[164] In October 2018, PRD Deputy Isidoro Bazaldúa Lugo introduced a same-sex marriage bill to Congress.[165] Guanajuato is the 23rd Mexican state to approve same-sex marriage.

Guerrero

edit

The Congress of Guerrero passed a same-sex marriage bill on 25 October 2022, by 38–6. The bill also recognizes same-sex concubinage.[166] The bill was finally published on 30 December 2022, taking effect the next day.[167][failed verification][better source needed]

After the Supreme Court ruling went into effect on 22 June 2015, officials in Guerrero began announcing plans for a series of collective group weddings.[168] Governor Rogelio Ortega submitted a same-sex marriage bill to Congress on 7 July 2015. Legislators complained that they would have preferred to have the bill passed before marriages took place, but it was not feasible in the available time-frame.[169] On 10 July 2015, 20 same-sex couples were married by Governor Ortega in Acapulco.[170] On 13 January 2016, the head of the Civil Registry of Acapulco stated that the 20 same-sex marriages that occurred on 10 July 2015 in Acapulco were void, as there was no law to permit same-sex marriage in the state.[171] On 13 February 2016, a day before mass Valentine's Day weddings were planned statewide, the head of Guerrero's State Civil Registry department announced that same-sex couples could marry in any jurisdiction willing to marry the couples and criticised Acapulco's Civil Registry and other civil registries throughout the state for not allowing the weddings. The department head stated that same-sex marriages conducted in Guerrero would be legally valid.[172] Some other Guerreran municipalities, such as Chilpancingo de los Bravo and Zihuatanejo de Azueta, began to marry same-sex couples.[173][174][175][176] In August 2020, Acapulco announced that it would perform same-sex marriages.[177]

Hidalgo

edit

As Mexico City and Coahuila had recently legalized civil unions, a similar proposal was introduced in Hidalgo in July 2007.[178] However, it stalled and never reached a vote.[179] In October 2013, the Congress indicated there was not sufficient "maturity" in the society to accept same-sex marriage and that it would instead consider a conjugal partnership bill.[180]

The 2018 elections resulted in the National Regeneration Movement (MORENA) winning the majority of legislative seats in Congress. After the election, a same-sex marriage bill was introduced to the state Congress.[43][181] The bill was approved on 14 May 2019 in a vote of 18–2 with 8 abstentions.[182] Governor Omar Fayad signed the bill on 24 May. It was published in the official journal on 10 June 2019 and took effect the following day.[183]

Jalisco

edit

In April 2013, a cross-party group of deputies presented the Free Coexistence Act (Spanish: Ley de Libre Convivencia) to the state Congress.[184] The Act established that same-sex civil unions can be performed in the state, as long as they are not considered marriages. It did not legalize adoption and mandated that civil unions be performed with a civil law notary.[184][185] On 31 October 2013, the Congress of Jalisco approved the Act in a 20–15 vote,[186] one abstained and three were absent.[185] The law took effect on 1 January 2014.[187] On 13 September 2018, the Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation struck down the law on procedural grounds.[188][189]

The first same-sex marriage in the state occurred via injunction in December 2013. On 26 January 2016, the full bench of the Supreme Court unanimously declared the Civil Code unconstitutional for limiting marriage to heterosexual couples.[190][191] The Jalisco State Civil Registry Directory changed all marriage licenses to gender-neutral on 22 March 2016 so that same-sex couples could already begin receiving them.[192] On 21 April 2016, the Supreme Court ruling took effect after being printed in the Official Gazette of the Federation.[193]

On 12 May 2016, the Congress of Jalisco instructed all the state's municipalities to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples.[194][195][196] In June 2017, a bill removing the heterosexual definition of marriage and inserting a gender-neutral definition was introduced to Congress.[197]

On 6 April 2022, the Congress of Jalisco passed a bill codifying same-sex marriage into law, on a vote of 26–8 with 3 abstentions.[198]

México

edit

In 2008, an initiative for the legalization of civil unions was launched in the State of México, but never advanced. In 2010, a citizen's initiative to legalize same-sex marriage was presented to Congress. After three years, it had not been reviewed, so in mid-2013 PRD Deputy Octavio Martínez introduced a same-sex marriage bill.[199] The state Governor submitted a new marriage bill, while PRD submitted a proposal to legalize same-sex adoption on 5 March 2015.[200] Neither bill was brought to a vote.

On 11 October 2022, the Congress of the State of Mexico voted 49–12 with six abstentions to pass a bill legalizing same-sex marriage and concubinage.[201][202] It was published on 1 November 2022, and took effect the next day.[203]

Michoacán

edit

On 27 August 2015, the Justice and Human Rights Committee announced it would enact a civil union law for same-sex couples. It was approved unanimously in a 34–0 vote by the Congress of Michoacán on 7 September 2015.[204][205] The law was published on 30 September 2015 in the state's official journal.[206]

On 9 February 2016, the Justice and Human Rights Committee approved a Family Code that would allow same-sex marriage and joint adoption.[207] It was stated that the Michoacán Congress would vote on the proposal in the coming days.[208] However, the vote was postponed until sometime in May 2016.[209] On 18 May 2016, the state Congress eventually approved the proposal by a vote of 27 in favor, none opposed and 8 abstentions.[210][211] The law was published in the state's official diary on 22 June 2016 and came into effect on 23 June. The law allows couples to adopt children jointly.[212]

Morelos

edit

On 18 May 2016, the Congress of Morelos voted 20 to 6 to approve a constitutional change to legalize same-sex marriage. A constitutional amendment requires the ratification of at least 17 of the 33 municipalities in the state.[213][214] The 33 municipalities had until 25 June 2016 to act on the amendment.[215] At the end of the process, a total of 17 municipalities had ratified the constitutional change and 15 had voted against ratification, while 1 municipality was awarded an extra week, although the clear majority being in favor meant that same-sex marriage would become legal in the state.[216][217] The law was promulgated and published in the state's official gazette on 4 July 2016.[218] It took effect on 5 July.[219] The state adoption agency clarified that the law shall allow same-sex couples to adopt jointly as the process is open to all spouses in Morelos.[220]

Nayarit

edit

On 25 June 2015, Deputy Luis Manuel Hernández Escobedo introduced a bill allowing same-sex couples to marry and making the definition of concubinage gender-neutral.[221] On 17 December 2015, the state Congress approved the bill in a 26–1 vote with 1 abstention.[222][223] The bill was published in the official journal, following Governor Roberto Sandoval Casteñeda's signature, on 22 December 2015, and took effect the following day.[224][225]

Nuevo León

edit

On 17 June 2015, the New Alliance Party announced their intention to introduce a same-sex marriage bill. An Independent congressman announced his intention to submit his own civil union proposal with the support of the ruling PAN. On 22 June 2015, New Alliance member and Congress President, María Dolores Leal Cantú, presented the same-sex marriage bill.[226] On 16 May 2016, the president of the Legislative Commission of the State Congress announced that the bill would be voted upon sometime in September,[227] but this did not happen.

An action of unconstitutionality against Nuevo León's same-sex marriage ban was filed in February 2018.[228] On 19 February 2019, the Supreme Court declared articles 140 and 148 of the state Civil Code unconstitutional, fully legalizing same-sex marriage in Nuevo León.[229][230] The ruling came into effect on 31 May 2019 upon publication in the Official Gazette of the Federation.[231]

The law was amended to formally permit same-sex marriage on 14 June 2023.[63]

Oaxaca

edit

On 26 August 2012, a federal court judge ordered the state of Oaxaca to perform same-sex marriages based on a constitutional amendment which bans discrimination based on sexual orientation. This ruling was reviewed by the Supreme Court, which issued a unanimous ruling against the ban on same-sex marriage.[232]

In July 2017, a same-sex couple was successful in getting married without first receiving a court order.[233] From late August 2018, the Civil Registry has allowed same-sex couples to marry without the need for an amparo. However, the process took three business days, compared with two hours for opposite-sex couples.[234][235][236][237][non-primary source needed]

On 28 August 2019, the Congress of Oaxaca passed legislation bringing the state into line with the executive order.[238][239]

Puebla

edit

On 7 December 2006, a similar civil union bill to that of Mexico City was proposed in Puebla, but it faced strong opposition and criticism from deputies of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) and the National Action Party (PAN), who declared that "the traditional family is the only social model, and there cannot be another one."[240] Though proposals were presented in 2011 and repeatedly introduced in successive years, no change to the law was approved by the legislatures.[241][242]

On 27 April 2016, an action of unconstitutionality was filed before the Supreme Court.[117][243] On 1 August 2017, the Supreme Court unanimously declared same-sex marriage to be legal in Puebla, striking down the Civil Code which limited marriage to one man and one woman for the purpose of procreation, and eliminating the need for individual amparos.[244][245][246] The ruling came into effect on 16 February 2018,[247] after publication in the Official Diary of the Federation. Shortly after the ruling, Puebla officials confirmed that same-sex couples are allowed to adopt.[248]

The Congress of Puebla passed a bill codifying the legality of same-sex marriage on 3 November 2020.[249]

Querétaro

edit

The Congress of Querétaro passed a bill to amend the state civil code to allow same-sex marriage on 22 September 2021. It will take effect upon publication in the official gazette.[250][251]

On 21 July 2015, the civil registrar of the municipality of Santiago de Querétaro, which comprises 46% of the state's population, announced that same-sex couples may marry in the municipality without the need for an amparo.[252] As of January 2017, seven other municipalities in the state are marrying same-sex couples without requiring them to receive an amparo beforehand: Amealco de Bonfil, Cadereyta de Montes, Ezequiel Montes, Huimilpan, Pedro Escobedo, San Joaquín and Tolimán, comprising 60% of the state's population altogether.[253] The state congress legalized same-sex marriage statewide on 22 September 2021.[254]

Quintana Roo

edit

Same-sex marriages can be performed in Quintana Roo after a decision by the state's Secretary of State.[17] In November 2011, some public officials in the state began performing same-sex marriages after reviewing the state's Civil Code. The Civil Code of Quintana Roo does not state sex or gender requirements for marriage, only specifying "people interested in getting married".[15] A same-sex couple filed for a marriage license in Cancún and Chetumal after discovering this legal quirk, but both cities rejected their applications, arguing that a man-woman marriage was implied. The couple then applied in Lázaro Cárdenas Municipality, where authorities accepted the application. Quintana Roo's first two same-sex marriages were held in the community of Kantunilkin on 28 November 2011.[255] In May 2012, the Secretary of State issued a decision allowing for future same-sex marriages to be performed in Quintana Roo.

In November 2014, it was announced that a bill to officially legalize same-sex marriage in the state would be introduced and voted on in the current legislative session, thereby replacing the loophole used by couples.[256] In May 2017, a new same-sex marriage bill was introduced to the state Congress.[257]

San Luis Potosí

edit

On 28 April 2014, a citizens' initiative to legalize same-sex marriage was submitted to the Congress of San Luis Potosí. On 8 August 2014, the Deputy Chairman of the Commission on Human Rights and Gender Equity, Miguel Maza Hernández, said that analysis of the proposal would begin.[258] On 17 June 2015, Hernández announced the state's commitment to extending marriage to same-sex couples and stated that deliberations would happen after the June 2015 Supreme Court ruling declaring all laws against same-sex marriage unconstitutional is published in the judicial gazette.[259] On 6 June 2016, it was announced that a special committee would study the marriage bill and vote on it within 90 days.[260] In November 2016, the state Congress voted against the bill legalizing same-sex marriage.[261] One PRD deputy, who mistakenly voted against the bill, announced that he would introduce a new same-sex marriage proposal in 2017.[262]

The new bill was introduced in October 2017.[263] It was approved by the state Congress on 16 May 2019, in a vote of 14–12, with 1 abstention and signed by the Governor on 20 May 2019.[264]

Sinaloa

edit

In January 2013, the Family Code of the state of Sinaloa was changed to limit marriage or cohabitation to couples consisting of a man and a woman. Three injunctions were filed to contest the changes, but two were dismissed.[265]

On 2 September 2014, Deputy Sandra Lara launched an initiative to amend articles 40 and 165 of the Family Code and allow for same-sex marriage in the state.[266] In February 2015, the conservative National Action Party (PAN) introduced a civil union bill which would have banned children of same-sex partners from residing with their same-sex parents.[267] In July 2017, PAN and the New Alliance Party of Sinaloa announced their support for same-sex marriages.[268] According to a September 2017 poll, 57% of Sinaloans supported same-sex marriage.[269] The July 2018 elections resulted in MORENA, a pro-same-sex marriage party, winning the majority of legislative seats in Sinaloa.[43][270]

On 25 November 2016, the Supreme Court issued its fifth resolution against Sinaloa's same-sex marriage ban. The Court declared the state's same-sex marriage ban unconstitutional, void and inoperable. According to local LGBT activists however, state authorities deliberately delayed the legalization of same-sex marriage.[271] On 15 May 2018, following approximately 17 months of delay, the Supreme Court ordered the state to legalize same-sex marriage within 90 days or face unspecified consequences.[272][273] However, that deadline also passed without the state legalizing same-sex marriage. On 19 June 2019, Congress rejected proposed same-sex marriage legislation by 20 to 18, including six legislators from MORENA voting against.[274]

On 12 June 2021, a federal court ordered the Sinaloa Congress to legalize same-sex marriage within three days, with any legislators who vote against the bill to be found in contempt of court and unable to run for or hold office for seven years. On 15 June 2021, the Sinaloa Congress voted 23–0 to pass the bill legalizing same-sex marriage in the state, with all dissenters marking themselves absent for the vote.[275] It took effect one day after being published in the official gazette on 29 June 2021.[276][277]

Sonora

edit

Same-sex couples could marry only with the assistance of an amparo (court order) until 11 May 2016, when the Director of the State Civil Registry, Martha Julissa Bojórquez Castillo, announced that same-sex couples could begin marrying in the state without the need for an amparo.[278] However, on 18 May 2016, the Governor ordered all civil registries in the state to retain the existing statutory ban on same-sex marriage and only provide same-sex couples with marriage certificates if they successfully receive an amparo.

In September 2017, all political parties in the state agreed to begin analyzing a proposed same-sex marriage bill. The bill's main sponsor said he was hopeful it would be accepted.[279]

The July 2018 elections resulted in pro-same-sex marriage parties winning a majority of legislative seats in Sonora.[43] On 23 September 2021, the Congress of Sonora passed a bill legalizing same-sex marriage throughout the state.[280] It went into force on 22 October.[281]

Tabasco

edit

The Congress of Tabasco passed a bill to reform the state civil code to allow same-sex marriage on 19 October 2022. It was scheduled to take effect on 30 October 2022.[282]

After Mexico City's Legislative Assembly legalized same-sex marriages and LGBT adoption in December 2009, debate resurged in states where civil unions had been previously proposed. In 2009, in the southeastern state of Tabasco, 20 same-sex couples sent a motion to the state Congress, asking it to allow them to marry.[283] The state's largest political parties, the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) and the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD), announced their support for same-sex marriage in 2010.[284] Despite the support of political parties, there was no legislative will to change the law, so in April 2014 an initiative to reform Article 154 of the Civil Code of the State of Tabasco and legalize same-sex marriage was presented by the organization Tabasco Unites for Diversity and Sexual Health (Spanish: Tabasqueños Unidos por la Diversidad y la Salud Sexual; Tudyssex).[285] PRD submitted its own same-sex marriage and adoption bill on 3 July 2015.[286][287]

The July 2018 elections resulted in MORENA, a pro-same-sex marriage party, winning the majority of legislative seats and the governorship.[43] The Congress passed the same-sex marriage bill on 19 October 2022 with a 23–5 vote.[288] It was signed by Governor Carlos Manuel Merino Campos, and published in the official state journal on 26 October, taking effect the next day.[289][290]

Tamaulipas

edit

The Congress of Tamaulipas passed a bill to reform the state civil code to allow same-sex marriage on 26 October 2022 in a 23–12 vote.[291] It was the final state to legalize same-sex marriage.

In 2011, a bill to provide "coexistence" for same-sex couples was promoted by local organizations in Tamaulipas.[292] In 2012, organizers presented legislators with 25,000 signatures in favor of same-sex marriage.[293] In 2013, the PRD agreed to bring the issue to the Congress of Tamaulipas and support the proposal.[294] In June 2015, Deputy Olga Sosa Ruiz confirmed that the Congress of Tamaulipas was working on a bill to legalize same-sex marriage. She stated that the reform is complex as they are attempting to remove all discriminatory terms and are working with the Gender Equality Commission. She predicted that the law would be passed within the next legislative session,[295] though no bill has passed as of October 2022.

In September 2018, the Supreme Court began proceedings against Tamaulipas' same-sex marriage ban.[296] On 16 November 2018, the Court issued its fifth resolution against Tamaulipas, declaring the state's marriage ban unconstitutional and ordering the state to modify it within 180 business days.[297]

Tamaulipas was one of four states without same-sex marriage where pro-same-sex marriage parties did not win a majority of legislative seats in the 2018 election. However, the other three had all passed same-sex marriage legislation by early 2022. A state deputy filed a lawsuit with the Supreme Court against the state, to force it to comply with the earlier ruling.[298] A bill to legalize same-sex marriage was passed through the commission stage on a 14–1 vote on 19 October 2022.[299] It was then passed by the unicameral Congress of Tamaulipas on 26 October 2022 with 23 votes in favour and 12 against,[300] and was published in the government gazette on 18 November.[301]

Tlaxcala

edit

On 29 December 2016, the Congress of Tlaxcala approved a coexistence bill. The bill established civil unions, under the name sociedad de convivencia solidaria, which provides cohabiting same-sex and opposite-sex couples with many of the same rights and obligations of marriage.[302][303] It was published in the official journal, following the Governor's signature, on 11 January 2017 and took effect the following day.[304]

On 13 October 2017, the New Alliance Party introduced a same-sex marriage bill to the State Congress.[305] The July 2018 elections resulted in MORENA and the Labor Party, pro-same-sex marriage parties, winning the majority of legislative seats in Tlaxcala.[43]

On 8 December 2020, the Congress of Tlaxcala approved a marriage-equality bill in a 16–3 vote.[306]

Veracruz

edit

Same-sex marriage was approved by the Congress of Veracruz in a 38–4 vote on June 2, 2022,[307] three days after the Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation ruled that articles of the state Civil Code that barred same-sex couples from marriage were invalid.[308]

Congress had previously enacted recognition of same-sex concubinage in May 2020.[309]

In September 2016, the head of Veracruz's adoption agency announced that same-sex couples may adopt children jointly in the state.[310] In April 2017, the Civil Registry of Xalapa announced its support for same-sex marriage.[311] On 20 February 2017, Governor Miguel Ángel Yunes issued an executive order legalizing same-sex marriage in the state. Four days later, following protests from Catholic groups, Governor Yunes repealed the order. Following the repeal of the order, LGBT activists announced they were filing a case to legalize same-sex marriage in the state.[312] On 20 July 2017, the case against the Governor and the state's same-sex marriage ban was filed before the Fourth District Court.[313]

On 7 November 2017, the Court issued its ruling in the case, declaring the state's ban on same-sex marriage unconstitutional.[314] Some LGBT groups had suggested that the ruling effectively legalizes same-sex marriage in the state,[315] though state officials announced that they would continue to enforce the state's marriage ban.

In July 2018, as one of their last actions before leaving office, PAN submitted a proposal to Congress to explicitly ban same-sex marriage in the state Constitution. It failed to pass, with 32 deputies in favor, 10 against and 2 absentions. It needed 33 votes to pass, thus failing by one vote.[316]

Yucatán

edit

The Yucatán state congress legalized same-sex marriage in a unanimous vote on 1 March 2022,[317] after it overwhelmingly approved a state constitutional amendment in August 2021 that would permit same-sex marriage legislation.[318]

The local Congress had overwhelmingly approved a constitutional ban on same-sex marriage in a 24–1 vote on 21 July 2009. The bill was promoted by right-wing organization Pro Yucatán Network to reject all efforts by people of the same sex to form a family and adopt children. PAN politicians justified the ban alleging that "there still aren't adequate conditions within Yucatán society to allow for unions between people of the same sex".[319] The event led to protests outside the local Congress by LGBT organizations, whose leaders were expected to appeal the case to the Supreme Court.[320]

Political party Members Yes No
  Institutional Revolutionary Party 14 14
  National Action Party 9 9
  Party of the Democratic Revolution 1 1
  Labor Party /   Convergence 1 1
Total 25 24 1

On 17 May 2014, a group of civil society organizations brought a legal action before the Constitutional Court of the State of Yucatán under the guise of "correcting a legislative omission." It was the first time a mechanism to correct an omission had been used in Mexico as the basis of a suit. The organizations claimed 10 injunctions had been approved in the state without legislative action. The suit asked for Articles 49 and 94 of the Family Code which limit marriage to one man and one woman to be "considered in the broadest sense and that the gender of its members be undefined."[321] On 2 March 2015, the Yucatán court dismissed the appeal for constitutional action to change the Civil Code. Supporters of amending the code vowed to appeal the decision.[322] In June 2015, they filed a lawsuit against the Yucatán court in federal court. The suit argued that the Yucatán court's decision was flawed as the Constitution prohibits discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation.[323] After postponing a hearing five times, the Supreme Court dismissed the lawsuit on 31 May 2017.[324]

On 24 May 2016, a prominent member of the state Congress stated that Yucatán would wait for the Congress of the Union to legislate on same-sex marriage before taking the necessary steps to legalize it.[325] In September 2017, the Yucatán Congress unanimously approved a PRD-proposed bill to begin discussion on issues that had previously been neglected and not discussed, including same-sex marriage.[326] On 15 August 2018, Governor Rolando Zapata Bello introduced bills to amend the state Constitution and Family Code to legalize same-sex marriage.[327][328] On 10 April 2019, the state Congress rejected an amendment to repeal the constitutional ban on same-sex marriage, in a 9–15 vote.[329] In response to the failure to pass legislation, the 17th Pride Parade in Mérida saw the unprecedented participation of around 8,000 people.[330][331] A second attempt at legalizing same-sex marriage failed on 15 July 2019, with 15 votes against and 9 votes in favor.[332]

On 25 August 2021, the Congress of Yucatán approved in a 20–5 vote a bill that would repeal the heterosexual definition of marriage in the state constitution, thus allowing same-sex marriage.[333] The bill was signed by the Governor on 3 September 2021 and published on 7 September 2021.[334] Congress had 180 days from that date (i.e., until 6 March 2022) to amend all laws, including the Family Code, to conform with the new wording of the constitution.[335] The state congress voted unanimously to pass secondary legislation allowing same-sex marriage on 1 March 2022.[317]

Zacatecas

edit

On 18 June 2015, a member of PRD announced that she would submit a bill to reform the state's Civil and Family Codes to give same-sex couples the same rights as heterosexual married couples.[336]

The July 2018 elections resulted in pro-same-sex marriage parties winning a majority of legislative seats in Zacatecas.[43]

On 14 February 2019, the city of Zacatecas announced it would begin issuing same-sex marriage certificates.[337] Despite claims from the Governor that the marriages would be void,[338] and calls from Bishop Sigifredo Noriega to stop the marriages,[339] the first couple married on 23 February.[340] The municipality of Cuauhtémoc followed suit on 1 March,[341] while a new same-sex marriage bill was introduced to the state Congress around that time.[342] Villanueva followed suit on 20 May 2019.[343]

On 14 August 2019, the state Congress rejected a bill to legalize same-sex marriage, in 11–13 vote, with 2 abstentions.[344]

On 14 December 2021, the state Congress approved a bill to legalize same-sex marriage, in 18–10 vote, with 1 abstention. It took effect on 30 December 2021, the day after its publication in the official gazette.[345]

Marriage statistics

edit

In 2020, 335,563 marriages were celebrated in Mexico. Of these, 2,476 (0.7%) were between same-sex partners,[346]

Public opinion

edit
 
Public support of same-sex marriage in Mexico, as of 2017[347]
  > 60%
  > 50%
  > 40%

In a Parametría poll, conducted from 17 to 20 November 2006, 1,200 Mexican adults were asked if they would support a constitutional amendment that would legalize same-sex marriage in Mexico. 17% responded yes, 61% said no and 14% had no opinion. The same poll showed 28% in support of same-sex civil unions, 41% were opposed and 28% had no opinion.[348] From 27 to 30 November 2009, major Mexican newspaper El Universal polled 1,000 Mexico City citizens concerning the legalization of same-sex marriage in the city. 50% supported it, 38% were against it and 12% had no idea. The same poll showed that support was stronger among the youngest population (age: 18–29), 67%, and weaker among the oldest (age: 50-onwards), 38%. With 48%, the most cited reason was "right of choice" for the supporters, followed by "everybody is equal" with 14%. 39% of the opposers cited "it is not normal" as the main reason to not support same-sex marriage, followed by "we lose values" with 18%.[349]

Guillermo Bustamante Manilla, a PAN member and president of the National Union of Parents of Families (Spanish: Unión Nacional de Padres de Familia), as well as the father of Guillermo Bustamante Artasánchez, a law director of the Secretary of the Interior, opposes abortion and same-sex civil unions and has described the latter as "anti-natural."[350][351] He has publicly asked voters not to cast votes for "abortionists" parties and those who are in favor of homosexual relationships.[352]

 
The Marcha TodosSomosFamilia in Mexico City in 2016, campaigning for same-sex marriage rights

A study conducted by Vanderbilt University in 2010 concluded that 37.8% of Mexicans supported same-sex marriage.[353]

A poll conducted in July 2013 found a significant increase in support for same-sex marriage, with 52% of Mexicans in favour of legalising same-sex marriage. When broken down by religion, support was 52% among Roman Catholics and 62% among non-religious people. However, in the same poll, only 24% of respondents supported same-sex adoption.[354]

According to a Pew Research Center survey, conducted between 30 October and 12 November 2013, 49% of Mexicans supported same-sex marriage, 43% were opposed.[355][356]

In early 2014, the Strategic Communication Cabinet, a statistical consulting services company, published a report called "Social Intolerance in Mexico",[357] in which polls that covered several social issues were conducted in the 45 largest cities and municipalities. The study found that the strongest support for same-sex marriages was registered in Mexico City, Tijuana, San Luis Potosí, Colima and La Paz; whereas it was the weakest in Durango, Ciudad Victoria, Aguascalientes, Chihuahua and Monterrey. Additionally, adoption by same-sex couples was more widely accepted in Mexico City, the border cities of Tijuana and Ciudad Juárez, as well as Xalapa and Cancún; meanwhile the least support was found in Chihuahua, Guadalajara, Aguascalientes, Durango and Campeche.

Following President Enrique Peña Nieto's proposal to legalize same-sex marriage in Mexico in May 2016, a poll on the issue was carried out by Gabinete de Comunicación Estratégica. 69% of respondents were in favor of the change. 64% said they saw it as an advance in the recognition of human rights. Public opinion changed radically over the course of 16 years. In 2000, 62% felt that same-sex marriage should not be allowed under any circumstances. In 2016, only 25% felt that way.[358] In addition, a BGC-Excélsior survey conducted the same month found similar numbers: 65% of Mexicans expressed support for same-sex marriage. However, a poll conducted by Parametría that same month found completely opposite figures. According to the polling firm, 59% of Mexicans opposed same-sex marriage.[359]

The 2017 AmericasBarometer showed that 51% of Mexicans supported same-sex marriage.[360]

A 2017 survey by the Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI) found that opposition to same-sex marriage was most marked in southern Mexico, namely the states of Chiapas (58.7%), Tabasco (56.5%), Campeche (56.1%), Veracruz (54.3%) and Guerrero (54.0%). It was lowest in the central and northwestern parts of the country, with Mexico City (28.6%), Baja California (30.7%), Sonora (31.4%), Querétaro (32.4%) and México (33.8%) being the five states/districts with the least opposition. Overall, 42.6% men and 38.5% women in Mexico opposed same-sex marriage.[347]

A study by the National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI) in 2022 indicated that 76% of Mexicans supported same-sex marriage.[361]

A Pew Research Center poll conducted between February and May 2023 showed that 63% of Mexicans supported same-sex marriage, 32% were opposed and 5% did not know or refused to answer. When divided by age, support was 77% among 18-39-year-olds and 49% among 40-plus-year-olds.[362]

See also

edit

Notes

edit
  1. ^ After Canada, the United States, Costa Rica, and Cuba
  2. ^ Defined by law in Campeche as sociedad civil de convivencia, in Coahuila as pacto civil de solidaridad, in Colima as enlace conyugal, in Jalisco as libre convivencia, and in Tlaxcala as sociedad de convivencia solidaria.[7]
  3. ^ In Spanish: Esta protegerá la organización y el desarrollo de la familia.
    In Nahuatl: Inin kin manauis nejchikolis uan iueixka iuikaluan.
    In Yucatec Maya: Le je'ela' yaan u kanáantik u nu'ukbesajil yéetel u jóok'ol táanil le láak'tsililo'.
    In Tzeltal: Ja' inito yame skolta te mach'a stsobo sbaik sok ta sp'oleselbel te alnich'ane.
    In Tzotzil: Ja' ta sk'elbe k'u sba smelolal stsob sbaik xchi'uk slekubtasel smuk'ubtasel uts' alal.
    In Mixtec: Ndihi ñivi iyo cha cuiti cha cua cachi ñi cha cua savaha cha vaha chi ñi chi iqui cuñu ñi, ta cha vaha iyo chi cha cua cuu chi.
    In Zapotec: Ne laaca laani nga gusiroobani, ne gutagulisaani xquenda biaani binni ti guibani ca jneza.
    In Otomi: Nuna mädi ra mutsi ne ra te nuya mengu.
    In Totonac: Ja'é namakgtakgalha ixtalakaxlan xawa ixlitatlanit litalakgapasni.
    In Chʼol: Iliyi mi ikäntyañ bajche' mi ichumtyäl lakpi'älob cha'añ mi ip'äty-esañ wembä ichumtyäl tyi lakmajchil.
    In Mazatec: Jè kjoatéxoma siikonda ní nga mi ki mé katama la koni 'sín nga siíxájtín ko nga ma katamiìjin ra jngo ni'ya xita.
    In Huastec: Ax neets kin k'aniy in yanel jant'in ti neets ti puwel in yanel.
    In Mazahua: Nu tjurꞹ nu nge k'o ra pjorꞹ ja ra mimiji, ja ra b'ꞹntjoji ñe ja ra nok'ꞹ texe in dyojui.
    In Tlapanec: Xú mambàyú xú makuwíin gajmaá xú magajiin xàbù.
    In Purépecha: I kwách'akwati tánkurhikwani ka kw'íripikwa sïrukwichiri.
    In Mixe: A ëda ley je'e nëwa'an guwa'anaamp jadu'un ja tu' jëën tu' tëjkpë ajxy oy jyak'yeegët.
    In Tarahumara: 'Échi kó'á tibúma, natuíka nocháa´mi kíti kó a'lá kánílika retemáka perélima.
  4. ^ a b c d e Rulings of the Supreme Court officially take effect on the day they are published in the Official Journal (Diario Oficial de la Federación). Despite this, in several of the relevant states, the state Civil Registry and many local municipalities chose to issue marriage certificates to same-sex couples prior to this date. In Chiapas, the first same-sex marriage occurred on 30 October 2017, and in Nuevo León on 11 March 2019, for instance.

References

edit
  1. ^ a b "Aprueban matrimonio igualitario en todo México". Grupo Milenio (in Mexican Spanish). 26 October 2022. Retrieved 27 October 2022.
  2. ^ Agren, David (10 August 2010). "Mexican States Ordered to Honor Gay Marriages". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 July 2013.
  3. ^ "Same-Sex Marriage Around the World". Pew Research Center. 17 May 2019. Archived from the original on 30 June 2017. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
  4. ^ Government of Canada (29 April 2008). "Marriage and Divorce in Mexico". Retrieved 15 December 2009.
  5. ^ "Gay Mexico". GayTravel. 14 May 2019.
  6. ^ Rob Salerno (27 October 2022). "Same-sex marriage is finally legal throughout Mexico". xtramagazine.com.
  7. ^ "LEY DE SOCIEDADES DE CONVIVENCIA SOLIDARIA PARA EL ESTADO DE TLAXCALA" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 January 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2019.
  8. ^ "Legalizan bodas gays en Campeche". SDP Noticias. 23 December 2013. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 5 April 2014.
  9. ^ "Aprueban Código Familiar en Michoacán; no incluye matrimonios gay – Quadratín". 7 September 2015.
  10. ^ "Concubinato igualitario: "madruguete" a católicos y oposición". La Silla Rota. 28 May 2020.
  11. ^ "Congreso de Colima aprueba matrimonios igualitarios". El Universal (in Spanish). Notimex. 25 May 2016. Retrieved 29 March 2017.
  12. ^ a b Mónica Archundia (5 January 2010). "La primera unión gay, para marzo". El Universal (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 21 June 2013. Retrieved 5 January 2010.
  13. ^ a b "Mexican Court Upholds Capital's Gay Marriage Law". CBS News. 5 August 2010. Retrieved 27 August 2019.
  14. ^ Carlos Áviles Allende (10 August 2010). "Ratifica corte, bodas gay, válidas en todo el país". El Universal (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 21 June 2013. Retrieved 23 September 2010.
  15. ^ Santana, Rosa (17 April 2012). "Anula gobernador de Quintana Roo dos bodas gay; lo acusan de homofóbico". Proceso (in Spanish). Comunicación e Información, S.A. de C.V. Archived from the original on 11 July 2012. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
  16. ^ a b Varillas, Adriana (3 May 2012). "Revocan anulación de bodas gay en QRoo". El Universal (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 26 September 2013. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
  17. ^ "Mexican Supreme Court rules for marriage equality". Salon. 6 December 2012. Retrieved 27 February 2015.
  18. ^ J. Lester Feder (18 February 2013). "Mexican Supreme Court: American Cases Demand Marriage Equality". Buzzfeed.com. Retrieved 27 February 2015.
  19. ^ "AMPARO EN REVISIÓN 581/2012 (DERIVADO DE LA FACULTAD DE ATRACCIÓN 202/2012) RECURRENTES PRINCIPALES: PRESIDENTE DE LA JUNTA DE COORDINACIÓN POLÍTICA DE LA SEXAGÉSIMA PRIMERA LEGISLATURA CONSTITUCIONAL DEL CONGRESO DEL ESTADO DE OAXACA Y OTRAS QUEJOSAS Y RECURRENTES ADHESIVOS". 2.scjn.gob.mx. Archived from the original (DOC) on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
  20. ^ "Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación". .scjn.gob.mx. Retrieved 27 February 2015.
  21. ^ "Legal el matrimonios de personas del mismo sexo". La-verdad.com.mx. Retrieved 27 February 2015.
  22. ^ Salud (22 February 2013). "En Puebla, matrimonio homosexual gana amparo contra IMSS". Angulo7.com. Archived from the original on 1 January 2015. Retrieved 27 February 2015.
  23. ^ "Mexican Supreme Court rules on gay partner benefits". Washingtonblade.com. 31 January 2014. Retrieved 27 February 2015.
  24. ^ Langner, Ana (29 January 2014). "Matrimonios gay, con igual derecho de afiliación al IMSS" (in Spanish). Mexico: Periódico El Economista.
  25. ^ "Mexico supreme court says state laws limiting marriage to man and woman unconstitutional". Minneapolis Star Tribune. 12 June 2015. Archived from the original on 14 June 2015.
  26. ^ "Suprema Corte ampara matrimonio igualitario" (in Spanish). Mexico: Animal Politico. 13 June 2015. Archived from the original on 22 May 2019. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  27. ^ "SCJN abre la puerta a matrimonio gay en todo el país" (in Spanish). Mexico City, Mexico: La Journada. 12 June 2015. Archived from the original on 16 June 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  28. ^ "México avalará el matrimonio gay a partir del lunes". El Universo. 19 June 2015.
  29. ^ "Mexico is the latest Latin American country to introduce marriage for same-sex couples". The Independent. 16 June 2015.
  30. ^ "With Little Fanfare, Mexican Supreme Court Legalizes Same-Sex Marriage". The New York Times. 16 June 2015.
  31. ^ "Organizaciones civiles demandan a tribunal de Yucatán por obstaculizar el matrimonio homosexual" (in Spanish). Mérida, Mexico: Animo Politico. 14 June 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  32. ^ "Puebla entre los estados que violan la Constitución por impedir matrimonio entre personas del mismo sexo" (in Spanish). Puebla, Mexico: Periodico Central. 14 June 2015. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  33. ^ Rodríguez Castro, Óscar (14 June 2014). "Genera división de opiniones aprobación de la SCJN a la legalización de la unión entre personas del mismo sexo" (in Spanish). Mexico: El Diario de Delicias. Archived from the original on 20 June 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  34. ^ Por José Antonio Román. "Emite CNDH recomendación general para permitir matrimonio gay – La Jornada" (in Spanish). Jornada.unam.mx. Archived from the original on 24 December 2015. Retrieved 27 December 2015.
  35. ^ "Mexican president proposes legalizing gay marriage". Associated Press. 18 May 2016.
  36. ^ "Oficio con el que remite Iniciativa de decreto por el que se reforma el primer párrafo del artículo 4º de la Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos" (in Spanish). Senate of Mexico. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
  37. ^ "Oficio con el que remite Iniciativa de decreto por el que se reforman, adicionan y derogan diversas disposiciones del Código Civil Federal" (in Spanish). Senate of Mexico. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
  38. ^ "Iniciativa sobre matrimonio igualitario se discutirá en septiembre: Ordoñez". Noticias MVS. 19 June 2016. Archived from the original on 1 May 2015. Retrieved 7 July 2016.
  39. ^ "Mexican congressional committee rejects Pena Nieto's bid to legalize gay marriage". Reuters. 9 November 2016.
  40. ^ Embargo, Redacción / Sin (2 December 2016). "La SCJN determina que la Ley del ISSSTE excluye a las parejas del mismo sexo". SinEmbargo MX.
  41. ^ "Derecho a la vida familiar de las parejas del mismo sexo". Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nacion (in Spanish). August 2017. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
  42. ^ a b c d e f g h i Ibáñez, Anabel (3 July 2018). "Buscará Morena legislar matrimonio igualitario en Sinaloa".
  43. ^ "Mexico: President-Elect Lopez Obrador and His Morena Party Secure Congressional Control". Stratfor.
  44. ^ "PRD propone garantizar matrimonio homosexual en todo el país". televisa.news (in Spanish). 31 October 2018.
  45. ^ "Propone Morena reforma para garantizar matrimonio igualitario en México". El Siglo de Torreón (in Spanish). 18 December 2019.
  46. ^ "Martínez Cázares busca reconocimiento del matromonio igualitario ante IMSS e ISSSTE | Acustik Noticias". 4 September 2018.
  47. ^ "Mexican Senate rule in favour of rights for same-sex couples". 7 November 2018.
  48. ^ "Diputados aprueban que IMSS e ISSSTE extienden derechos a parejas del mismo sexo". 28 November 2018. Archived from the original on 6 April 2019. Retrieved 1 December 2018.
  49. ^ "De la Comisión de Seguridad Social, con proyecto de decreto por el que se reforman y adicionan diversas disposiciones de las Leyes del Seguro Social, y del Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado" (PDF). gaceta.diputados.gob.mx (in Spanish). 29 November 2018.
  50. ^ Reid, Graeme (1 November 2018). "Mexico Ruling Backs Same-Sex Couple". Human Rights Campaign. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
  51. ^ "A Same-Sex Marriage Under Mexican Law, but Outside Mexico". The New York Times. 28 November 2018. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
  52. ^ Chihuahua, El Diario de. "El Diario de Chihuahua". eldiariodechihuahua.mx.
  53. ^ Rodríguez, Diego (16 May 2019). "México aprueba matrimonio igualitario en países que no reconocen esta unión". Publimetro México (in Spanish). Retrieved 17 May 2019.
  54. ^ "Conoce La Constitución En Tu Lengua". inali.gob.mx.
  55. ^ "Mexico's Constitution of 1917 with Amendments through 2015" (PDF). Constitute Project.
  56. ^ "The Amparo Context in Latin American Jurisdiction: an approach to an empowering action – GlobaLex". nyulawglobal.org.
  57. ^ "Inter-American Court endorses same-sex marriage". Yahoo7. Agence France-Presse. 9 January 2018. Archived from the original on 9 January 2018. Retrieved 9 January 2018.
  58. ^ Lavers, Michael K (15 January 2018). "Latin America countries urged to abide by landmark LGBT rights ruling". The Washington Blade. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
  59. ^ "Gobernador veta reforma sobre adopción homoparental en BCS | Noticias de México | El Imparcial". Gobernador veta reforma sobre adopción homoparental en BCS | Noticias de México (in Spanish). Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  60. ^ Yucatán, Redacción 24 Horas (26 January 2024). "Realizan la primera adopción homoparental en el Edomex". Diario 24 Horas Yucatán (in Mexican Spanish). Retrieved 26 January 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  61. ^ Gil, Oscar (22 February 2022). "Parejas del mismo sexo pueden adoptar libremente en Nayarit". Meridiano.mx (in Mexican Spanish). Retrieved 18 March 2023.
  62. ^ a b "Aprueban Matrimonio Igualitario en Nuevo León". Grupo Milenio (in Mexican Spanish). 14 June 2023. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
  63. ^ Luis, Flor Bolaños | Tribuna de San. "Familias buscan niños y niñas menores de seis años para adoptar". Tribuna de San Luis | Noticias Locales, Policiacas, sobre México, Sonora y el Mundo (in Spanish). Retrieved 16 January 2024.
  64. ^ Tabasco, Jesús Domínguez / El Heraldo de. "Por ley parejas del mismo sexo podrán adoptar en Tabasco". El Heraldo de Tabasco | Noticias Locales, Policiacas, sobre México, Tabasco y el Mundo (in Spanish). Retrieved 6 May 2024.
  65. ^ Redacción (17 February 2023). "En trámite primer solicitud de adopción por parte de pareja homoparental en Tlaxcala". Planeta Tlaxcala (in Mexican Spanish). Retrieved 16 January 2024.
  66. ^ "Decreto 378/2021 por el que se emite la Ley de los Derechos de Niñas, Niños y Adolescentes del Estado de Yucatán y se modifican la Ley sobre el Sistema Estatal de Asistencia Social de Yucatán" (PDF).
  67. ^ "Adopción homoparental en México: Estas son las entidades que la permiten". Radio Fórmula (in Mexican Spanish). 24 June 2024. Retrieved 25 June 2024.
  68. ^ "Alargan adopción para homoparentales".
  69. ^ "First Openly Gay Mayoral Candidate Runs in Mexico". Latin American Herald Tribune. 16 March 2009. Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 15 December 2009.
  70. ^ a b c Erich Adolfo Moncada Cota (19 November 2006). "Mexico City Approves Same Sex Unions". Archived from the original on 20 November 2009. Retrieved 15 December 2009.
  71. ^ a b "A Milestone in Mexico City". The New York Times. 17 March 2007. Retrieved 15 December 2009.
  72. ^ Fernando Martínez (25 December 2009). "Sociedades de convivencia, 97% en pie". El Universal (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 26 December 2009.
  73. ^ "Discriminatorio, artículo 21 de Ley de Sociedades de Convivencia: SCJN". La Jornada. Archived from the original on 5 September 2014. Retrieved 4 September 2014.
  74. ^ "Mexico City Lawmakers to Consider Gay Marriage". Latin American Herald Tribune. 24 November 2009. Archived from the original on 14 July 2018. Retrieved 15 December 2009.
  75. ^ Mónica Archundia (25 November 2009). "Proyecto de matrimonio gay "divorcia" a la ALDF". El Universal (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 15 December 2009.
  76. ^ Anodis (11 December 2009). "Preparan dictamen de matrimonio entre personas del mismo sexo" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 15 December 2009. Retrieved 15 December 2009.
  77. ^ Horacio Jiménez y Ella Grajeda (16 December 2009). "PAN amaga con impedir bodas gay". El Universal (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 16 December 2009.
  78. ^ Notimex (15 December 2009). "Recurrirá PAN a Corte de legalizarse 'matrimonio' entre homosexuales" (in Spanish). Yahoo! México. Archived from the original on 22 December 2009. Retrieved 16 December 2009.
  79. ^ Rocío González Alvarado (18 December 2009). "Rechaza ALDF referéndum para bodas gay". La Jornada (in Spanish). Retrieved 18 December 2009.
  80. ^ "Mexico City 1st in region to approve gay marriage". Associated Press. 21 December 2009. Archived from the original on 25 December 2009. Retrieved 21 December 2009.
  81. ^ a b "Mexico City assembly legalizes same-sex marriage". Associated Press. 21 December 2009. Archived from the original on 26 December 2009. Retrieved 21 December 2009.
  82. ^ Mark Stevenson (Associated Press) (29 December 2009). "Mexico City enacts region's 1st gay marriage law". MSNBC. Archived from the original on 2 January 2010. Retrieved 30 December 2009.
  83. ^ "Ratifica Corte: bodas gay, vбlidas en el paнs". El Universal. Archived from the original on 21 June 2013. Retrieved 7 January 2014.
  84. ^ "Aprueban matrimonio civil igualitario en Constitución de CDMX". Excélsior. 10 January 2017.
  85. ^ Itzel Acero (17 February 2015). "Se debe legislar en cuanto a las sociedades de convivencia y matrimonio igualitario". LJA.mx. Retrieved 27 February 2015.
  86. ^ Huerta, Alejandra (15 June 2016). "Prepara PAN figura alternativa a matrimonios igualitarios". La Jornada Aguascalientes.
  87. ^ Loera, Claudia Rodríguez (3 October 2017). "Matrimonio igualitario será dictaminado por la legislatura actual".
  88. ^ Loera, Claudia Rodríguez (11 November 2017). "Asegura PRD que sí se legislará matrimonio igualitario".
  89. ^ Zurita, Carlos Olvera (26 April 2018). "PAN sigue oponiéndose a los derechos de la comunidad LGBT de Aguascalientes".
  90. ^ "La Corte invalida definición del matrimonio en Aguascalientes; protege a uniones igualitarias". Proceso.com.mx (in Spanish). 2 April 2019. Archived from the original on 5 April 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
  91. ^ "Suprema Corte declara inconstitucional negar matrimonio gay en Aguascalientes". Desatre.mx (in Spanish). 3 April 2019. Archived from the original on 18 May 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
  92. ^ "SENTENCIA dictada por el Tribunal Pleno de la Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación en la Acción de Inconstitucionalidad 40/2018, así como los Votos Concurrente formulado por el Ministro José Fernando Franco González Salas, Particular formulado por el Ministro Juan Luis González Alcántara Carrancá y Particulares y Concurrentes formulados por el Ministro Presidente Arturo Zaldívar Lelo de Larrea, así como Voto Aclaratorio formulado por el Ministro Alfredo Gutiérrez Ortiz Mena". Official Gazette of the Federation (in Spanish). 16 August 2019.
  93. ^ Cynthia Andrade (10 April 2019). "Aprueban el primer matrimonio igualitario en Aguascalientes sin necesidad de amparo". Newsweek (in Spanish).
  94. ^ a b "Initiative to change article 7 of the Constitution" (PDF). Congress of Baja California. 12 February 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 August 2016. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
  95. ^ "Mexico's Supreme Court backs gay marriage in Baja California". The San Diego Union-Tribune. 25 June 2014. Retrieved 27 February 2015.
  96. ^ "Listado de Comunicados". .scjn.gob.mx. Archived from the original on 4 September 2014. Retrieved 27 February 2015.
  97. ^ "Mexico: Baja California Congress may legalize gay marriage". San Diego Gay & Lesbian News. 12 February 2015. Retrieved 27 February 2015.
  98. ^ "Lista la modificación para matrimonio gay". oem.com.mx. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
  99. ^ "elportavoznoticias.com". elportavoznoticias.com. Archived from the original on 23 March 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  100. ^ "RECONOCIMIENTO DE MATRIMONIO CIVIL IGUALITARIO EN BAJA CALIFORNIA, ALECCIONADORA CONTRIBUCIÓN A LA DIVERSIDAD". diversidadsexual.prd. 4 November 2017. Archived from the original on 6 November 2017. Retrieved 5 November 2017.
  101. ^ "Matrimonio Igualitario una REALIDAD en Baja California". 3 November 2017. Archived from the original on 18 September 2018. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  102. ^ "¡ES OFICIAL! Se aprueba el Matrimonio Igualitario en Baja California". Cadena Noticias (in Mexican Spanish). 16 June 2021. Retrieved 16 June 2021.
  103. ^ Nicolle de León (10 August 2021). "Ya es oficial matrimonio igualitario en Baja California". El Imparcial (in Spanish). Retrieved 11 August 2021.
  104. ^ "Activistas de Baja California Sur proponen matrimonio gay en la entidad". notiese.org. Archived from the original on 15 April 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  105. ^ "BCS, lejos del matrimonio gay". Peninsular Digital. 18 April 2013.
  106. ^ "No debe tomarse a la ligera la aprobación de los matrimonios gay". Peninsular Digital. 29 April 2014.
  107. ^ "Histórico: Congreso aprueba los matrimonios gays en Baja California Sur". 28 June 2019.
  108. ^ "Congreso de Baja California Sur aprueba matrimonio igualitario". milenio.com. 27 June 2019.
  109. ^ "DECRETO 2624 Se Deroga el Artículo 174 y se Reforman los Artículos 150, 157, 173, 176, 218 y 220 todos del Código Civil para el Estado Libre y Soberano de Baja California Sur" (PDF).
  110. ^ Guízar, Ana. "El Registro Civil ya podrá realizar matrimonios igualitarios". El Sudcaliforniano.
  111. ^ "Publica Boletín Oficial del Gobierno de BCS reformas que permite Matrimonio entre personas del mismo sexo | Diario El Independiente".
  112. ^ "Gobernador veta reforma sobre adopción homoparental en BCS | Noticias de México | El Imparcial". Gobernador veta reforma sobre adopción homoparental en BCS | Noticias de México (in Spanish). Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  113. ^ Santiesteban, Gilberto (6 June 2023). "Aprueban reconocimiento de derechos de concubinato a personas LGBT+ en BCS". Semanario ZETA (in Mexican Spanish). Retrieved 7 June 2023.
  114. ^ "Entra en vigor la Ley de Matrimonios Igualitarios". Archived from the original on 23 March 2019. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  115. ^ "Mexico: Campeche Becomes 7th State with Same-Sex Marriage". The Perchy Bird Blog. 10 May 2016.
  116. ^ a b "Secretaría General de Acuerdos | Sentencias y Datos de Expedientes | Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación". www2.scjn.gob.mx.
  117. ^ "Diario de Chiapas MR". Diario de Chiapas MR.
  118. ^ "Seis matrimonios entre personas del mismo sexo se han logrado en Chiapas". Archived from the original on 6 August 2017. Retrieved 31 December 2016.
  119. ^ Reyes, Juan Pablo (11 July 2017). "Suprema Corte avala el matrimonio igualitario en Chiapas". Excélsior (in Spanish). Mexico City, Mexico. Archived from the original on 11 July 2017. Retrieved 11 July 2017.
  120. ^ Lastirl, Diana (11 July 2017). "Avala Suprema Corte bodas gay en Chiapas". El Universal (in Spanish). Mexico City, Mexico. Archived from the original on 11 July 2017. Retrieved 11 July 2017.
  121. ^ "DOF – Diario Oficial de la Federación". dof.gob.mx.
  122. ^ "Ya son legales las bodas entre personas del mismo sexo en Chiapas". Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
  123. ^ López, Isaí. "Congreso no pretende reformar el Código Civil en diversidad sexual". El Heraldo de Chiapas (in Spanish). Retrieved 22 June 2022.
  124. ^ Lavers, Michael K. (12 June 2015). "Mexican state to allow same-sex marriage". Washington Blade. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
  125. ^ Morgan, Joe (12 June 2015). "Mexico state of Chihuahua officially approves same-sex marriage". London: Gay Star News. Archived from the original on 30 July 2019. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
  126. ^ "Buscan 8 parejas gay casarse en Matrimonios". Archived from the original on 6 February 2016.
  127. ^ "Chihuahua tendrá que legislar matrimonio igualitario". Las Noticias de Chihuahua – Entrelíneas. 24 February 2017. Archived from the original on 23 March 2019. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  128. ^ "Por omisión legislativa, Juzgado evalúa ordenar a Congreso incluir matrimonio igualitario en Código Civil". Archived from the original on 1 March 2019. Retrieved 28 October 2018.
  129. ^ "Mexico City passes gay union law". BBC News. 10 November 2006. Retrieved 15 December 2009.
  130. ^ S. Lynne Walker (5 March 2007). "New law propels gay rights in Mexico". Mail & Guardian. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 15 December 2009.
  131. ^ "Mexican state approves gay civil unions". Mail & Guardian. 13 January 2007. Retrieved 15 December 2009.
  132. ^ "Mexico's first civil union". Gay.com UK & Ireland. Associated Press. 1 February 2007. Archived from the original on 30 May 2007. Retrieved 15 December 2009.
  133. ^ "Congreso de Coahuila inicia discusión sobre matrimonio gay". notiese.org. Archived from the original on 21 August 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  134. ^ "Aprueban adopción gay en Coahuila". elsiglodetorreon.com.mx. 12 February 2014.
  135. ^ "Aprueban matrimonios gay en Coahuila". Vangardia.com.mx. 1 September 2014.
  136. ^ "Legales desde hoy matrimonios entre homosexuales en Coahuila". Vanguardia. 17 September 2014. Archived from the original on 11 October 2014.
  137. ^ "First Gay Couple Marries in Coahuila, Mexico". On Top Magazine. 21 September 2014.
  138. ^ Verónica González (30 July 2009). "Proponen en Colima ley en favor de gays". La Jornada (in Spanish). Retrieved 15 December 2009.
  139. ^ Francisco Iglesias (15 August 2009). "Debaten en Colima Sociedades de Convivencia, la rechazan la mayoría". Milenio (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 19 November 2009. Retrieved 15 December 2009.
  140. ^ El Universal (23 December 2009). "Acepta gobernador de Colima debatir sobre sociedades en convivencia" (in Spanish). Yahoo! México. Archived from the original on 11 July 2012. Retrieved 26 December 2009.
  141. ^ Pedro Zamora Briseño (4 July 2013). "Aval en Colima a "enlace conyugal" entre parejas gay" (in Spanish). Proceso. Archived from the original on 18 January 2016. Retrieved 5 July 2013.
  142. ^ Flores, Juan Carlos (25 May 2016). "Aprueba congreso matrimonios igualitarios y protestan grupos conservadores". Colima Noticias (in European Spanish). Retrieved 26 May 2016.
  143. ^ Regeneración, Administrador (26 May 2016). "Colima aprueba matrimonio igualitario".
  144. ^ LGBT, Noticias (25 May 2016). "Ultima Hora: Por un voto de 24 a 0 Colima se convierte en el 9o estado de MEXICO que adopta el #matrimoniogualitario".
  145. ^ "Anula Congreso Enlaces Conyugales". 6 May 2016. Archived from the original on 12 August 2016. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
  146. ^ "DECRETO No. 103 Colima, Col., Sábado 11 de Junio del año 2016" (PDF).
  147. ^ "Parejas del mismo sexo pueden adoptar en Colima: funcionario del DIF". Ángel Guardián. 14 June 2016. Archived from the original on 15 June 2016.
  148. ^ "Durango. Aprueban matrimonio igualitario". Grupo Milenio (in Mexican Spanish). 19 September 2022. Retrieved 19 September 2022.
  149. ^ ""No acepto"; dicen legisladores de Durango al matrimonio gay". SDPnoticias.com. Archived from the original on 23 March 2019. Retrieved 30 August 2014.
  150. ^ Silvia Ayala (5 July 2014). "'Sin fondo' iniciativa para matrimonios gay en Durango". Milenio.
  151. ^ "Promoverán matrimonios igualitarios en Durango". elsiglodetorreon.com.mx. Archived from the original on 3 November 2014. Retrieved 3 November 2014.
  152. ^ "Aprueban en comisiones la legalización del matrimonio gay en Durango". Archived from the original on 23 March 2019. Retrieved 11 February 2016.
  153. ^ "Aplazan 6 meses tema de matrimonios gay". El Siglo. 24 February 2016.
  154. ^ "Rechazan ley de matrimonio igualitario en Durango". 1 February 2017. Archived from the original on 7 February 2017. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
  155. ^ "Impulsarán en Durango iniciativa para matrimonio y adopción en parejas homosexuales". 3 October 2018.
  156. ^ Ordena Juez Federal al Congreso del Estado subir a pleno la iniciativa matrimonio igualitario, Victoria 2022 July 12
  157. ^ "Durango. Aprueban matrimonio igualitario". 19 September 2022.
  158. ^ Durango, El Siglo de (21 September 2022). "Congreso de Durango aprueba el matrimonio igualitario". www.elsiglodedurango.com.mx (in Spanish). Retrieved 21 September 2022.
  159. ^ "Ya podrán casarse personas del mismo sexo en Guanajuato sin necesidad de amparo". Periódico AM (in European Spanish). 20 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  160. ^ UNIÓN GUANAJUATO, Redes de Información y Educación del Siglo XXI de EL UNIVERSAL y UNO TV. "PRD propone que Guanajuato permita matrimonios gay". unionguanajuato.mx. Archived from the original on 4 April 2016. Retrieved 31 August 2014.
  161. ^ UNIÓN GUANAJUATO, Redes de Información y Educación del Siglo XXI de EL UNIVERSAL y UNO TV. "PRI se suma a matrimonios gay en Guanajuato". unionguanajuato.mx. Archived from the original on 13 March 2016. Retrieved 31 August 2014.
  162. ^ Carmen Pizano. "Voto panista archiva iniciativas para legalizar el matrimonio gay en Guanajuato". ZonaFrancaMX. Archived from the original on 8 September 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2015.
  163. ^ "Acuerda ayuntamiento de Guanajuato apoyar a pareja gay para contraer matrimonio". Zona Franca (in Mexican Spanish). 29 April 2016. Archived from the original on 28 October 2018. Retrieved 13 October 2017.
  164. ^ "Presentan iniciativa para matrimonio gay". Periódico Correo. 19 October 2018.
  165. ^ @elsoldeaca (26 October 2022). "Guerrero se suma al reconocimiento del matrimonio igualitario" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 26 October 2022. Retrieved 9 June 2023 – via Twitter.
  166. ^ "Periodico Oficial Guerrero December 30 2022" (PDF).
  167. ^ La Jornada. "A partir de julio, en Guerrero se permitirá casarse a parejas del mismo sexo". Lajornadaguerrero.com.mx. Archived from the original on 1 July 2015. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
  168. ^ "Recibe el Congreso iniciativa que permitirá matrimonios entre personas del mismo sexo" (in Spanish). Acapulco, Mexico: El Sur Periódico de Guerrero y Acapulco. 8 July 2015. Archived from the original on 8 July 2015. Retrieved 8 July 2015.
  169. ^ "Se casan 20 parejas en boda colectiva de personas del mismo sexo en Guerrero" (in Spanish). Acapulco, Mexico: El Sur. 11 July 2015. Archived from the original on 11 July 2015. Retrieved 11 July 2015.
  170. ^ Galarza, Cristian (13 January 2016). "Inválidos 20 matrimonios gays en Acapulco: Registro Civil". El Big Data. Archived from the original on 22 July 2017. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
  171. ^ "Pueden casarse parejas del mismo sexo en las bodas del Día del Amor, informa el Registro Civil". Archived from the original on 28 December 2016.
  172. ^ "Acapulco realizará boda masiva por el 'Día del Amor'". El Informador :: Noticias de Jalisco, México, Deportes & Entretenimiento. 2 September 2016.
  173. ^ "Organización Editorial Mexicana". oem.com.mx. Archived from the original on 27 November 2016. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  174. ^ "Permitidas, las bodas gay en Zihuatanejo".
  175. ^ "Promueve Iglesia ataques de homofobia, señala comunidad gay". 17 March 2016.
  176. ^ Thomaston, Scottie (25 August 2020). "8/25 Open Thread UPDATE 8/26". Equality on Trial. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
  177. ^ "Presentan iniciativa de Ley de Sociedades de Convivencia para Hidalgo". desdeabajo.org.mx.
  178. ^ "Hidalgo no legislar bodas gay". El Universal. Mexico City. 19 June 2013. Archived from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 30 August 2014.
  179. ^ "Matrimonios gay dependen de "madurez" – Criterio – Hidalgo". criteriohidalgo.com. Archived from the original on 30 August 2014.
  180. ^ "Buscan aprobar matrimonio igualitario en Hidalgo". Excélsior. 9 October 2018.
  181. ^ "Reconocen matrimonio igualitario". El Universal (in Spanish). 15 May 2019.
  182. ^ "Periódico Oficial Ordinario 0 del 10 de junio de 2019" (in Spanish). Periódico Oficial del Estado de Hidalgo. Retrieved 10 June 2019.
  183. ^ a b "Jalisco aprueba ley para uniones gay... pero recortada". Animal Político. Elephant Publishing, LLC. 31 October 2013. Archived from the original on 8 September 2018. Retrieved 2 November 2013.
  184. ^ a b "Acuerdo PRD-PRI, clave para aprobar Libre Convivencia" (in Spanish). El Informador. 1 November 2013. Archived from the original on 22 August 2017. Retrieved 2 November 2013.
  185. ^ "Jalisco, cuna de charros y tequila, da primer paso hacia el matrimonio gay" (in Spanish). CNN México. 1 November 2013. Archived from the original on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 2 November 2013.
  186. ^ "Same sex civil unions now approved in Jalisco – but they won't be called marriage". The Mexico Gulf Reporter. 31 October 2013. Archived from the original on 16 January 2016. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
  187. ^ "Invalida Corte Ley de Libre Convivencia del estado de Jalisco". El Universal. 13 September 2018.
  188. ^ "SCJN invalida Ley de Libre Convivencia en Jalisco". aristeguinoticias.com.
  189. ^ "Inconstitucional, prohibir matrimonios gay en Jalisco: SCJN". Expansión. 26 January 2016.
  190. ^ "MEXICO: Same-Sex Marriage Legalized in Jalisco State After Unanimous Ruling By Supreme Court". 26 January 2016.
  191. ^ "YA HAY ACTAS MATRIMONIALES PARA PERSONAS DEL MISMO SEXO EN PUERTO VALLARTA". Archived from the original on 13 October 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
  192. ^ "DOF – Diario Oficial de la Federación". dof.gob.mx.
  193. ^ "Login Grupo Reforma". mural.com. Archived from the original on 10 June 2016.
  194. ^ "Exhortan a Ejecutivo a cumplir con matrimonios gays" (in Spanish). El Informador. 12 May 2016.
  195. ^ "Acata Congreso resolución de SCJN sobre matrimonios igualitarios | La Crónica de Hoy – Jalisco". cronicajalisco.com.
  196. ^ "DIPUTADA BUSCA MODIFICAR CÓDIGO CIVIL PARA DAR CLARIDAD A MATRIMONIO ENTRE PERSONAS DEL MISMO SEXO | Sitio Web del Congreso de Jalisco". congresojal.gob.mx.
  197. ^ "Congreso de Jalisco aprueba el matrimonio igualitario". Notisistema (in European Spanish). Retrieved 7 April 2022.
  198. ^ "Plana Mayor – Periodismo que se Escribe". planamayor.com.mx.
  199. ^ DEMOS, Desarrollo de Medios, S.A. de C.V. (6 March 2015). "La Jornada: Plantean regular bodas y adopción por parte de gays". unam.mx.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  200. ^ @legismex (11 October 2022). "Aprueba la #LXILegislaturaEdomex el #MatrimonioIgualitario" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 28 October 2022. Retrieved 9 June 2023 – via Twitter.
  201. ^ Eulalio Victoria (11 October 2022). "Edomex le da el 'sí' al matrimonio igualitario". El Financiero. Retrieved 13 October 2022.
  202. ^ "Periodico Oficial del Estado de Mexico" (PDF).
  203. ^ Diaz, Daniel (28 August 2015). "Añadirán al Código Familiar del estado la figura de "sociedades de convivencia"" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 3 September 2015. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
  204. ^ "Aprueban Código Familiar en Michoacán; no incluye matrimonios gay". Quadratín. 7 September 2015.
  205. ^ "PERIÓDICO OFICIAL DEL GOBIERNO CONSTITUCIONAL DEL ESTADO DE MICHOACÁN DE OCAMPO" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 October 2015. Retrieved 5 November 2015.
  206. ^ "Inicio". Cambio de Michoacán.
  207. ^ "Reforman el Código Familiar del Estado". Archived from the original on 19 February 2016. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
  208. ^ "A partir de mayo podrían contraer matrimonio parejas homosexuales en Michoacán". Cambio de Michoacán. 26 April 2016. Archived from the original on 23 March 2019. Retrieved 8 May 2016.
  209. ^ "Diputados aprueban matrimonios igualitarios en Michoacán". Archived from the original on 4 June 2016. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
  210. ^ "Aprueban en el Congreso de Michoacán el matrimonio igualitario | La Crónica de Hoy". cronica.com.mx. Archived from the original on 21 May 2016.
  211. ^ "Ahora sí, Michoacán entre los 8 estados que permiten matrimonios igualitarios". Revolución 3.0 - Noticias. 23 June 2016.
  212. ^ "Login Grupo Reforma". reforma.com.
  213. ^ Bird, The Perchy (18 May 2016). "Mexico: Morelos Approves Same-sex Marriage Bill".
  214. ^ ""Cuau" suspende cabildo por protesta contra matrimonio igualitario". Excélsior. 16 June 2016.
  215. ^ Mata, Ana Lilia. "Emite Congreso declaratoria de validez de reforma constitucional que permitirá el matrimonio igualitario en Morelos". La Unión.
  216. ^ "Anuncian diputados que municipios aprobaron matrimonio igualitario en Morelos". Zona Centro Noticias. 28 June 2016. Archived from the original on 28 June 2016.
  217. ^ "Morelos promulga #MatrimonioIgualitario". aristeguinoticias.com.
  218. ^ "PERIÓDICO OFICIAL "TIERRA Y LIBERTAD"" (PDF) (in Spanish). 4 July 2016. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
  219. ^ "Abren adopciones a matrimonios gay". diariodemorelos.com. 13 June 2016.
  220. ^ "Diputado Presidente de la Mesa Directiva del Congreso del Estado de Nayarit Presente" (PDF) (in Spanish). 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 22 March 2021. Iniciativa con proyecto de decreto, que reforma diversas disposiciones del Código Civil para el Estado de Nayarit, para reconocer el matrimonio entre personas del mismo sexo
  221. ^ "Aprueba el Congreso de Nayarit los matrimonios gay". La Jornada (in Spanish). 17 December 2015. Archived from the original on 20 December 2015. Retrieved 18 December 2015.
  222. ^ Wee, Darren (22 December 2015). "Fourth Mexico state legalizes gay marriage". Gay Star News. Archived from the original on 30 July 2019. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  223. ^ "Periodico Oficial, Organo Del Gobierno Del Estado De Nayarit" (PDF). 22 December 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 January 2016.
  224. ^ Gerardo Herrera (30 December 2015). "Nayarit tiene matrimonio igualitario". Quadratin.
  225. ^ "Presentan iniciativa que permita matrimonio gay en NL". Periódico ABC. Archived from the original on 5 July 2015.
  226. ^ "Alistan discusión de matrimonio igualitario en NL". 16 May 2016. Archived from the original on 9 June 2016. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
  227. ^ "Corte admite recurso contra matrimonio entre mujer y hombre en NL". milenio.com. 20 February 2018.
  228. ^ "Suprema Corte declara inconstitucional negar matrimonio gay en Nuevo León". Archived from the original on 24 February 2019. Retrieved 20 February 2019.
  229. ^ Rica, La Opinión de Poza (19 February 2019). "Corte ordena legalizar bodas gay en Nuevo León".
  230. ^ Silvia Erika Arellano (31 May 2019). "Publican en DOF aprobación del matrimonio gay en NL". Milenio (in Spanish).
  231. ^ "Mexico Supreme Court Rules in Favor of Marriage Equality". ThinkProgress. 5 December 2012. Retrieved 7 January 2014.
  232. ^ "Realizan en Oaxaca primera boda gay sin juicio de amparo". nvinoticias.com.
  233. ^ "Van 6 matrimonios igualitarios en Oaxaca durante 2018". nvinoticias.com.
  234. ^ Hernandez, Flor (25 January 2019). "Oaxaca "gay friendly": incorpora Registro Civil matrimonios igualitarios en bodas masivas". Newsweek Mexico (in Spanish). Retrieved 22 March 2021.
  235. ^ "Por primera vez, en Oaxaca permitiran celebracion de matrimonios gay". La Silla Rota (in Spanish). 29 January 2019. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
  236. ^ Caballero, José Luis (23 May 2019). "En dos entidades federativas sin reforma legal, el matrimonio igualitario se celebra por instrucciones del gobernador o por acuerdos internos de las oficinas del registro civil.pic.twitter.com/lSHsNPGik0".
  237. ^ "El Congreso de Oaxaca aprobó el matrimonio igualitario con 25 votos a favor". infobae (in Spanish). 28 August 2019.
  238. ^ "Oaxaca aprueba el matrimonio igualitario". El Sol de México (in Spanish). 28 August 2019.
  239. ^ Alejrandro Velázquez (27 January 2007). "Más estados van por Ley de Convivencia" (in Spanish). Crónica. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 15 December 2009.
  240. ^ "Iniciativa que expide la Ley de Sociedad de Convivencia para el Estado de Puebla". congresopuebla.gob.mx. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 30 August 2014.
  241. ^ Julio Cesar Morales (29 September 2014). "Congreso de Puebla no Abordara Despenalizacion del Aborto y Sociendades de Convivencia". Periodicodigital. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
  242. ^ "CNDH impugna reforma en Puebla que excluye el matrimonio igualitario" (in Spanish). Periódico Central. 17 May 2016.
  243. ^ "SCJN avala los matrimonios homosexuales en Puebla". Noticias MVS. 1 August 2017. Archived from the original on 1 August 2017. Retrieved 1 August 2017.
  244. ^ "SCJN avala el matrimonio igualitario en Puebla" [SCJN backs egalitarian marriage in Puebla] (in Spanish). Mexico: SDPnoticias. 1 August 2017. Archived from the original on 1 August 2017. Retrieved 1 August 2017.
  245. ^ "Corte abre puerta a martimonios gay en Puebla" [Court opens the door to gay marriage in Puebla]. El Universal (in Spanish). Mexico City, Mexico. 1 August 2017. Archived from the original on 1 August 2017. Retrieved 1 August 2017.
  246. ^ "DOF – Diario Oficial de la Federación". dof.gob.mx.
  247. ^ "Parejas del mismo sexo podrán adoptar, asegura PRD". Archived from the original on 6 December 2017.
  248. ^ "Conservative Mexican state of Puebla legalizes same-sex marriage". Reuters. 4 November 2020. Retrieved 4 November 2020.[dead link]
  249. ^ "Querétaro aprueba el matrimonio igualitario". Forbes México (in Mexican Spanish). 22 September 2021. Retrieved 23 September 2021.
  250. ^ "Diputados aprueban el matrimonio igualitario en Querétaro". Códice Informativo (in Mexican Spanish). 22 September 2021. Retrieved 23 September 2021.
  251. ^ Espinoza, Jovana (21 July 2015). "En Querétaro parejas homosexuales ya no necesitan amparo para casarse" (in Spanish). Diario Rotativo de Querétaro.
  252. ^ "Pese a que diputados se niegan a legislar, en 8 municipios de Querétaro permiten matrimonio igualitario sin amparo". 4 January 2017.
  253. ^ Redacción Dos (22 September 2021). "Querétaro aprueba el matrimonio igualitario". ImpactoNoticias.com.mx. Archived from the original on 23 September 2021. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
  254. ^ Brisa Muñoz (30 November 2011). "Sin hacer una reforma legal, Quintana Roo realiza sus primeras bodas gay" (in Spanish). CNN México. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
  255. ^ "Ingresan al Congreso uniones gay". 13 November 2019. Archived from the original on 14 November 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2021.
  256. ^ Vázquez, Jesús (19 May 2017). "Quintana Roo garantiza derechos de comunidad LGBTI". El Economista.
  257. ^ "En análisis iniciativa del matrimonio igualitario". agenciadenoticiasslp.com. 8 August 2014.
  258. ^ "Acatará Congreso de SLP exhorto sobre leyes en favor de los homosexuales". pulsoslp.com.mx. Archived from the original on 8 September 2018. Retrieved 18 June 2015.
  259. ^ "Matrimonios igualitarios, dictamen en 90 días". planoinformativo.com. 12 June 2016.
  260. ^ "Congreso de SLP vota contra el matrimonio igualitario". 25 November 2016.
  261. ^ "El matrimonio igualitario no es "normal" y SLP no está para preparado para él: Diputado". SDPnoticias.com. December 2016.
  262. ^ "Presentan iniciativa para legalizar matrimonio gay". Archived from the original on 8 September 2018. Retrieved 7 October 2017.
  263. ^ "Congreso de San Luis Potosí aprueba el matrimonio igualitario". La Razón. 16 May 2019.
  264. ^ "Suprema Corte decidirá si prohibir matrimonio gay en Sinaloa es constitucional". SDPnoticias.com. Archived from the original on 23 March 2019. Retrieved 28 August 2014.
  265. ^ "EL DEBATE – Personas del mismo sexo podrían casarse en Sinaloa – Culiacán". EL DEBATE. Archived from the original on 4 September 2014.
  266. ^ "Proponen panistas ley de convivencia". noroeste.com.mx. Archived from the original on 24 February 2015. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
  267. ^ "A favor Panal y PAN de que se legisle en uniones igualitarias". Archived from the original on 28 October 2018. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
  268. ^ "Acepta Sinaloa matrimonio gay, pero rechaza el aborto – Noroeste". noroeste.com.mx. Archived from the original on 23 March 2019. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  269. ^ "Diputados ceden a la presión; discuten ya matrimonios igualitarios". Archived from the original on 23 March 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
  270. ^ "Sin avances en la queja por matrimonio igualitario en CEDH". 27 January 2017. Archived from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  271. ^ "Sinaloa tiene 90 días para legislar en materia de matrimonio igualitario". El Universal. 17 May 2018.
  272. ^ "Se debe consensuar el matrimonio igualitario | Lo relevante | Noticias | TVP | TVPACIFICO.MX". tvpacifico.mx.
  273. ^ "Diputados de Morena sabotean el matrimonio igualitario en Sinaloa". La Jornada (in Spanish). 19 June 2019.
  274. ^ "Congreso de Sinaloa aprueba 'matrimonio igualitario'". noroeste.com.mx (in Mexican Spanish). Retrieved 15 June 2021.
  275. ^ Salazar, Ana Laura. "A partir de Mañana, serán legales matrimonios igualitarios en Sinaloa". El Sol de Mazatlán. Retrieved 29 June 2021.
  276. ^ "Decreto Número 646 del H. Congreso del Estado.- Que Reforma el artículo 40, Párrafo Primero y el 165, Párrafo Primero del Código Familiar del Estado de Sinaloa" (PDF) (in Spanish).
  277. ^ "Da Registro Civil apertura a matrimonios entre personas del mismo sexo". UniObregon (in Spanish). 11 May 2016. Retrieved 17 June 2019.
  278. ^ Rodríguez, Leonardo (12 September 2017). "Festeja PRD que se analice el matrimonio igualitario". El Sol de Hermosillo (in Spanish). Organización Editorial Mexicana. Archived from the original on 7 October 2017. Retrieved 17 June 2019.
  279. ^ "Sonora aprueba el matrimonio igualitario; ya son 24 estados". Razon.com.mx. 23 September 2021. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
  280. ^ Hermosillo, Yoanna Romo | El Sol de. "Héctor y Carlos, los primeros en casarse bajo Ley de Matrimonio Igualitario". El Sol de Hermosillo | Noticias Locales, Policiacas, sobre México, Sonora y el Mundo.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  281. ^ "No se ha recibido ningún recurso contra aprobación del matrimonio igualitario, señala coordinadora de Asuntos Jurídicos - xeva Noticias Tabasco". XEVA News Tabasco.
  282. ^ Grillo, Ioan (24 December 2009). "Mexico City's Revolutionary First: Gay Marriage". Time. Archived from the original on 4 November 2012. Retrieved 26 December 2009.
  283. ^ Hernández, Fernando (15 January 2010). "A favor PRI y PRD del aborto y matrimonios gays". El Heraldo de Tabasco (in Spanish). Organización Editorial Mexicana S.A. de C.V. Archived from the original on 14 March 2012. Retrieved 21 January 2010.
  284. ^ Cruz Guzmán, José (30 April 2014). "Presentarán iniciativa de matrimonio gay en Tabasco". SDPnoticias.com (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 25 April 2019. Retrieved 17 June 2019.
  285. ^ "Presentan propuesta a favor de matrimonios entre personas del mismo sexo". H. Congreso del Estado de Tabasco 1. 3 July 2015. Archived from the original on 18 January 2016. Retrieved 17 June 2019.
  286. ^ "propondra bodas gay en Tabasco.html". El Heroico (in Spanish). 15 May 2014. Retrieved 17 June 2019. [permanent dead link]
  287. ^ Salazar, Juan Pedro (20 October 2022). "Tabasco dice sí: Congreso aprueba el matrimonio igualitario en la entidad". La Lista (in Mexican Spanish). Retrieved 20 October 2022.
  288. ^ "Decreto 079". Periódico Oficial del Estado Libre y Soberano de Tabasco (in Spanish). 26 October 2022.
  289. ^ "No se ha recibido ningún recurso contra aprobación del matrimonio igualitario, señala coordinadora de Asuntos Jurídicos". XEVA News Tabasco (in Spanish). 28 October 2022.
  290. ^ "Aprueban matrimonio igualitario en todo México". Grupo Milenio (in Mexican Spanish). 26 October 2022. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
  291. ^ "HoyTamaulipas – Congreso del Estado podría legalizar el matrimonio gay en Tamaulipas". hoytamaulipas.net.
  292. ^ "Insisten en legalizar las bodas gay en Tamaulipas". 28 April 2012. Archived from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
  293. ^ "Impulsará el PRD 'matrimonios gay' en Tamaulipas". 19 August 2013. Archived from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
  294. ^ "Abrirán Código Civil a matrimonios gays" (in Spanish). Tampico, Mexico: El Mercurio de Tamaulipas. 21 June 2015. Archived from the original on 22 June 2015. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  295. ^ "Impulsan amparos matrimonio LGBT". Expreso. 6 September 2018.
  296. ^ posts, Tamaulipas En línea View all. "Avanza el matrimonio igualitario en Tamaulipas | Tamaulipas En Línea". Archived from the original on 23 March 2019. Retrieved 1 December 2018.
  297. ^ "Promoverán controversia en la SCJN para aprobar el matrimonio igualitario en Tamaulipas". 9 June 2022.
  298. ^ Tampico, Víctor Alva | El Sol de. "Congreso aprueba en comisiones Ley de Matrimonio Igualitario en Tamaulipas". El Sol de México | Noticias, Deportes, Gossip, Columnas (in Spanish). Retrieved 20 October 2022.
  299. ^ "México: Tamaulipas aprueba el matrimonio igualitario". The Associated Press. Los Angeles Times. 27 October 2022.
  300. ^ "Matrimonio igualitario en Tamaulipas ya es posible; publican reforma a Código Civil". MSN.
  301. ^ Pérez, Lucia (29 December 2016). "Aprueba Congreso de Tlaxcala Ley de Sociedades de Convivencia". E-tlaxcala (in Spanish). Retrieved 17 June 2019.
  302. ^ Montoya, América (29 December 2016). "Tlaxcala séptima entidad en contar con una Ley de Sociedades en Convivencia". Pulsored (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 1 January 2017. Retrieved 17 June 2019.
  303. ^ "El Congreso del Estado libre y soberano de Tlaxcala, a nombre del pueblo decreta ley de sociedades de convivencia solidaria para el Estado de Tlaxcala" (PDF). Periódico Oficial (in Spanish). No. 309. 11 January 2017. pp. 2–6. Retrieved 17 June 2019.
  304. ^ Muñetón, Karla (13 October 2017). "Proponen legalizar el matrimonio entre personas del mismo sexo en Tlaxcala". El Sol de Tlaxcala (in Spanish). Organización Editorial Mexicana. Archived from the original on 14 October 2017. Retrieved 14 October 2017.
  305. ^ Muñetón, Karla (9 December 2020). "Avalan en Tlaxcala el matrimonio igualitario". El Sol de Tlaxcala (in Spanish). Retrieved 10 December 2020.
  306. ^ "Veracruz aprueba matrimonio igualitario". Grupo Milenio (in Mexican Spanish). 6 February 2022. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
  307. ^ "Abre SCJN la puerta al matrimonio igualitario y al derecho al aborto en Veracruz" [The SCJN opens the door for same-sex marriage and the right to abortion in Veracruz]. Sintesis (in Spanish). 30 May 2022. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
  308. ^ alcalorpolitico.com. "Entran en vigor reformas al Código Civil; Congreso debe adecuar leyes". Al Calor PolÃÂtico (in Spanish). Retrieved 2 June 2022.
  309. ^ "Sin adoptar parejas del mismo género". El Mundo (in Spanish). 11 September 2016. Archived from the original on 12 September 2016. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
  310. ^ "Registro Civil está a favor del matrimonio igualitario". Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 14 June 2017.
  311. ^ "Activistas LGBT llevarán a la SCJN abrogación de la Carta Matrimonial de Veracruz – Portal Noticias Veracruz". xeu.mx. 2 March 2017.
  312. ^ "Comunidad LGBTI interpone amparo ante negativa de instituir matrimonio igualitario". Presencia.MX. 16 August 2017.
  313. ^ "Aprueban amparo para matrimons y adopciones gay en Veracruz". Archived from the original on 10 March 2019. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
  314. ^ Rica, La Opinión de Poza (9 November 2017). "Desconoce Registro Civil sobre amparo que permitiría matrimonio entre personas del mismo sexo".
  315. ^ U!M, Staff (12 July 2018). "¡Aplausos! Fracasa iniciativa de homófobos en Veracruz contra Matrimonio Igualitario".
  316. ^ a b Abreu, Cecilia (3 January 2022). "Aprueban las leyes secundarias del matrimonio igualitario en Yucatán". lajornadamaya.mx. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
  317. ^ "Matrimonio igualitario en Yucatán es oficial; publican decreto en el Diario Oficial". poresto.net (in Spanish). 8 September 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2021.
  318. ^ Jennifer Woodard Maderazo (22 July 2009). "Yucatan Will Penalize Gay Marriage, Abortion". Vivir Latino. Archived from the original on 2 January 2010. Retrieved 27 November 2009.
  319. ^ Anodis (21 July 2009). "Aprueba Yucatán ley contra matrimonio gay" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 16 December 2013. Retrieved 15 December 2009.
  320. ^ "Denuncia contra Congreso de Yucatán abre la puerta a matrimonios gay". Animal Político. 17 May 2014.
  321. ^ Castrillón, Luis (2 March 2015). "El Tribunal de Yucatán rechaza que Congreso estatal legisle sobre matrimonios gay". Animal Político. Archived from the original on 23 March 2019. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
  322. ^ "Organizaciones civiles demandan a tribunal de Yucatán por obstaculizar el matrimonio entre personas del mismo sexo". Animal Político. 14 June 2015.
  323. ^ "Indignación | La Suprema Corte en retroceso de sus propios criterios sobre las Omisiones Legislativas en los Estados y el Matrimonio Igualitario". redtdt.org.mx. June 2017.
  324. ^ "Yucatán esperará a que el Congreso federal legisle". Puntomedio (in Spanish). 24 May 2016. Archived from the original on 9 June 2016. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
  325. ^ "David Barrera celebra aprobación unánime de su propuesta "Anticongeladora"".
  326. ^ "Yucatán's governor sends marriage equality bill to legislature". Yucatán Expat Life. 17 August 2018.
  327. ^ "ORDEN DEL DÍA DE LA SESIÓN DE LA DIPUTACIÓN PERMANENTE MIÉRCOLES 15 DE AGOSTO DEL AÑO 2018" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 August 2018. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
  328. ^ "Congreso de Yucatán no aprueba el matrimonio igualitario | La Jornada Maya". lajornadamaya.mx. 4 October 2019.
  329. ^ Rejón, Katia (9 June 2019). "Gran concurrencia en Marcha de la Diversidad Sexual de Mérida" [Great occurrence of the March of Sexual Diversity in Mérida]. La Jornada (in Spanish). Mexico City, Mexico. Retrieved 22 June 2019.
  330. ^ Manrique, José (9 June 2019). "Comunidad LGTB mostró ayer su poder de convocatoria" [Yesterday the LGBT Community demonstrated its power to convene]. Por Esto! (in Spanish). Mérida, Mexico. Archived from the original on 22 June 2019. Retrieved 22 June 2019.
  331. ^ Ricalde, Jesús (15 July 2019). "Vuelven a rechazar matrimonio igualitario en Yucatán". Informador QR (in Spanish).
  332. ^ Boffil Gómez, Luis A. "Aprueban matrimonio igualitario en Yucatán". La Jornada (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 August 2021.
  333. ^ "Yucatán: Ya es legal el matrimonio igualitario; publican decreto oficial". Marcrix Noticias (in Spanish). 8 September 2021. Archived from the original on 8 September 2021. Retrieved 8 September 2021.
  334. ^ "Entra en vigor decreto de matrimonio igualitario en Yucatán". El Universal (in Spanish). 8 September 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
  335. ^ Pesci, Emilia (18 June 2015). "Promoverá PRD reformas a códigos Civil y de lo familiar". NTRZacatecas.com (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
  336. ^ Infante, Francisco Carlos (19 February 2019). "Matrimonio igualitario en Zacatecas". El Sol de Zacatecas (in Spanish). Organización Editorial Mexicana. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
  337. ^ Castillo, Víctor (20 February 2019). "Preocupa a Tello la legalidad del matrimoniO igualitario". Imagenzac (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
  338. ^ Castro, Juan (18 February 2019). "Obispo de Zacatecas no acepta matrimonios igualitarios". El Sol de Zacatecas (in Spanish). Organización Editorial Mexicana. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
  339. ^ "Zacatecas celebra primer matrimonio igualitario sin necesidad de amparo". Imagenzac (in Spanish). 23 February 2019. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
  340. ^ Montiel, Alexa (1 March 2019). "En Cuahutémoc, a favor de los matrimonios igualitarios". Imagenzac. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
  341. ^ "Presentan diputados iniciativa a favor de matrimonio igualitario". Zacatecas Online (in Spanish). 28 February 2019. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
  342. ^ "Villanueva, primer municipio perredista del estado en aprobar los matrimonios igualitarios". La Jornada Zacatecas (in Spanish). 20 May 2019. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
  343. ^ Zacatecas, El Sol de. "Congreso de Zacatecas rechaza el matrimonio igualitario". El Sol de México.
  344. ^ "Periodico Oficial del Estado de Zacatecas – 29 December 2021". Periodico Oficial del Estado de Zacatecas.
  345. ^ Romero, Theresa (27 July 2022). "Number of same-sex marriages registered in Mexico from 2010 to 2020". Statista. Retrieved 20 September 2022.
  346. ^ a b México, Erick Ramírez | El Sol de. "#Data | ¿Quién está en contra del matrimonio gay?". El Sol de México.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  347. ^ Angus Reid Global Monitor (27 December 2007). "Mexicans Flatly Reject Same-Sex Marriage". Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 15 December 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  348. ^ El Universal (27–30 November 2009). "Same-sex marriage poll in Mexico City" (in Spanish). Retrieved 15 December 2009.
  349. ^ Álvaro Delgado (13 April 2007). "Calderón, cómplice del clero" (in Spanish). Proceso. Archived from the original on 1 May 2007.
  350. ^ "Mexico City's law on civil unions draws mixed reaction". Noticias, Voz e Imágen de Oaxaca. 16 March 2007. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007.
  351. ^ ACI Prensa (30 April 2007). "Padres de familia mexicanos piden no votar por partidos abortistas" (in Spanish). Retrieved 15 December 2009.
  352. ^ "Support for Same-Sex Marriage in Latin America" (PDF). AmericasBarometer Insights (44). 2010. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
  353. ^ "Matrimonio gay a debate: 52% de los mexicanos apoya legalización – Terra México". Noticias.terra.com.mx. Retrieved 7 January 2014.
  354. ^ "Social Attitudes on Moral Issues in Latin America – Pew Research Center". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 13 November 2014.
  355. ^ "Appendix A: Methodology". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 13 November 2014.
  356. ^ Gabinete de Comunicación Estratégica (2014). "Intolerancia Social en México" (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2014. Retrieved 8 September 2014.
  357. ^ "69% approve EPN's gay marriage changes". Mexico News Daily. 30 May 2016. Archived from the original on 31 August 2017. Retrieved 18 June 2016.
  358. ^ "MEXICO ELECTION: Leftist front-runner's evangelical ties draw criticism". The Statesman. 5 June 2018.
  359. ^ "CULTURA POLÍTICA DE LA DEMOCRACIA EN LA REPÚBLICA DOMINICANA Y EN LAS AMÉRICAS, 2016/17" (PDF) (in Spanish). 2017. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
  360. ^ "Survey shows Mexico is a gay-friendly place".
  361. ^ "How people in 24 countries view same-sex marriage". Pew Research Center. 13 June 2023.
edit
  NODES
admin 4
Association 2
COMMUNITY 2
Idea 1
idea 1
INTERN 7
Note 3
Project 6
todo 7
twitter 3