Reed Smoot (January 10, 1862 – February 9, 1941) was an American politician, businessman, and apostle of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). A Republican who was first elected to the U.S. Senate by the Utah State Legislature in 1902, he served from 1903 to 1933.[1] Smoot is primarily remembered as the co-sponsor of the 1930 Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act, which increased almost 900 American import duties. Criticized at the time as having "intensified nationalism all over the world" by Thomas Lamont of J.P. Morgan & Co.,[2] Smoot–Hawley is widely regarded as one of the catalysts for the worsening Great Depression.[3]
| Reed Smoot | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Quorum of the Twelve Apostles | |
| April 8, 1900 – February 9, 1941 | |
| Called by | Lorenzo Snow |
| LDS Church Apostle | |
| April 8, 1900 – February 9, 1941 | |
| Called by | Lorenzo Snow |
| Reason | Death of Franklin D. Richards |
| Reorganization at end of term | Harold B. Lee ordained |
| United States Senator from Utah | |
| In office | |
| March 4, 1903 – March 3, 1933 | |
| Predecessor | Joseph L. Rawlins |
| Successor | Elbert D. Thomas |
| Political party | Republican |
| Personal details | |
| Born | January 10, 1862 Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, U.S. |
| Died | February 9, 1941 (aged 79) St. Petersburg, Florida, U.S. |
| Education | University of Utah Brigham Young Academy |
| Spouse(s) | Alpha Eldredge Alice Taylor Sheets |
| Children | 7 |
| Relatives | Abraham O. Smoot (father) |
| Signature | |
 | |
Smoot was a prominent leader of the LDS Church, called to serve as an apostle and member of the Quorum of the Twelve in 1900. His role in the church (together with rumors of a secret church policy continuing polygamy and a secret oath against the United States)[4] led to a controversy of four years after he was elected to the Senate. A Senate committee investigated his eligibility to serve, known as the Reed Smoot hearings, and recommended against him, but the full Senate voted to seat him.[4] Smoot continued to be reelected to successive terms until he lost his seat in the 1932 elections. Smoot returned to Utah in 1933. Retiring from politics and business, he devoted himself to the church. At the time of his death, he was third in the line of succession to lead the church.[1]
Early life, family, and religious activity
editSmoot was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory on January 10, 1862, the son of Abraham O. Smoot, who served as mayor of the city from 1856 to 1862 and Anne Kristina Morrison Smoot, also known as Anne Kirstine Mauritzen before her marriage. Anne was Abraham Smoot's fifth wife of six plural marriages, and he was the father of 27 children, three of whom he adopted.[5]: 99–102 The family moved to Provo, Utah, when Abraham Smoot was called by Brigham Young as the stake president. Smoot attended the University of Utah and graduated from Brigham Young Academy (now Brigham Young University) in 1879. After completing his education, Smoot served as a missionary for the church in England. After returning to Utah, he married Alpha M. Eldredge of Salt Lake City on September 17, 1884. They were the parents of six children.[1] Thereafter, Smoot became a successful businessman in the Provo and Salt Lake City areas, with interests including dry goods stores, mining, banking, railroads, lumberyards, raising livestock, coal sales, and manufacturing woolens. Beginning in 1895, he became increasingly involved in the hierarchy of the LDS Church. On April 8, 1900, he was ordained an apostle and member of the church's Quorum of the Twelve Apostles.[1]
United States Senate
editSmoot joined the Republican Party and took part in several campaigns beginning in the late 1880s.[6][7][8] In February 1892, he was the unsuccessful Republican nominee for mayor of Provo.[9] Beginning in 1892, he was a delegate to several Utah County Republican conventions.[10][11] He began serving as a member of the state Republican executive committee in the mid-1890s.[12]
After becoming an apostle in 1900, Smoot received the approval of LDS Church president Joseph F. Smith to run for office. In 1901, he ran for the U.S. Senate, and was defeated in the state legislative election by Thomas Kearns.[13]: 12 Smoot was elected by the Utah legislature to the United States Senate (58th Congress) on January 20, 1903.[14] When he took his oath of office, Kearns provided his formal introduction to the senate.
Controversy over religious affiliation
editSmoot's election sparked a bitter four-year battle in the Senate on whether Smoot was eligible and should be allowed to serve. Many Americans were suspicious of the LDS Church because of its earlier polygamous practices. In addition, some senators thought Smoot's position as an apostle would disqualify him from representing all his constituents. Many were convinced that his association with the church disqualified him from serving in the United States Senate. Only a few years earlier, another prominent Utah Latter-day Saint, B. H. Roberts, had been elected to the House of Representatives. He was denied his seat on the basis that he practiced plural marriage (polygamy), which was illegal in Utah as well as all other states of the Union.[13]: 13–20
The LDS Church had officially renounced future plural marriages in an 1890 Manifesto, before Utah was admitted as a state. However, the Salt Lake Tribune reported that church leaders continued to approve secretly of new, post-Manifesto plural marriages.[15]: 377 Because of the controversy, the Senate began an investigation into Smoot's eligibility.[13] The Smoot Hearings began on January 16, 1904. The hearings included exhaustive questioning into the continuation of plural marriage within the state of Utah and the LDS Church, and questions on church teachings, doctrines, and history. Although Smoot was not a polygamist, the charge by those opposed to his election to the Senate was that he could not swear to uphold the United States Constitution while serving in the highest echelons of an organization that sanctioned law breaking.[4]
Some opponents claimed that temple-attending Latter-day Saints took an "oath of vengeance" against the United States for past grievances. As a leader of the LDS Church, Smoot was accused of taking this oath, which he denied. Although the majority of the investigative committee recommended that Smoot be removed from office, on February 20, 1907, the two-thirds majority required to expel Smoot failed and he was allowed to keep his seat.[4]
Political career
editSenator Smoot (Republican, Ut.)
Is planning a ban on smut.
Oh rooti-ti-toot for Smoot of Ut.
And his reverend occiput.
Smite, Smoot, smite for Ut.,
Grit your molars and do your dut.,
Gird up your l__ns,
Smite h_p and th_gh,
We'll all be Kansas
By and by. ...
Nash, Ogden (January 11, 1930), "Invocation", The New Yorker, p. 30.
Smoot was reelected in 1908 and continued to be reelected to successive terms until 1932, serving in the Senate until March 1933. A constitutional amendment mandated the popular election of U.S. senators after 1913. He was defeated in the 1932 election.[1]
In 1916, William Kent was the lead sponsor in the House of Representatives of legislation to establish the National Park Service. Smoot sponsored the similar Senate bill. The legislation passed the House of Representatives on July 1, 1916, passed the Senate on August 5, and was signed by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson on August 25, 1916. The agency was placed within the cabinet Department of Interior.[17]
Time magazine in December 1926 described Charles Curtis and Smoot as the two leading senators, stating that the Chairman of the Senate Finance Committee spoke "with a dry holy passion for financial soundness".[18] Smoot led the committee from 1923 to 1933, and served on the Senate Appropriations Committee.[19]: 5 He became active in the national Republican Party and served as a delegate to the Republican national convention every four years between 1908 and 1924. He was Chairman of the 1928 Resolutions Committee at the 1928 Republican National Convention and Chairman of the Republican Senatorial Campaign Committee.[5]
Smoot was a co-sponsor of the Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act in 1930, which raised U.S. import tariffs on over 20,000 dutiable items to record levels. Many historians believe that it exacerbated the Great Depression. U.S. President Herbert Hoover signed the act into law on June 17, 1930.[2]
Smoot served five terms before being defeated in the 1932 election by Democrat Elbert D. Thomas. After his unsuccessful reelection campaign, Smoot moved back to Salt Lake City. He retired from active business and political pursuits to dedicate his remaining years as an apostle for the LDS Church. Smoot died on February 9, 1941, during a visit to St. Petersburg, Florida. He was buried in Provo.[1]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c d e f Gessel, David. "Reed Smoot". Utah History Encyclopedia. Retrieved August 2, 2017.
- ^ a b "The battle of Smoot–Hawley". The Economist. December 18, 2008. Retrieved August 2, 2017.
- ^ "Reed Owen Smoot: A Featured Biography". United States Senate. Retrieved August 2, 2017.
- ^ a b c d Heath, Harvard S. (1992). "Smoot Hearings". Encyclopedia of Mormonism. New York: Macmillan.
- ^ a b Whitney, Orson Ferguson (1904). History of Utah: Biographical. Salt Lake City: G.Q. Cannon. pp. 101.
- ^ "Reed Smoot Papers: Biographical History". Finding Aid HBLL. BYU. Retrieved August 2, 2017.
- ^ "Provo Republicans Jubilate". Salt Lake Daily Herald. Salt Lake City, UT. November 17, 1888. p. 5 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "The Political Caldron". Salt Lake herald. Salt Lake, UT. December 24, 1891. p. 3 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "It Is Democratic". Salt Lake Herald. Salt Lake City, UT. February 9, 1892. p. 3 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Republican Delegates". Salt Lake Herald. Salt lake City, UT. March 22, 1892. p. 3 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Utah County Republicans Holding A Convention". The Daily Enquirer. Provo, UT. September 6, 1892. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Executive Committee: Two Legislatures Necessary; Women Given Representation". The Daily Enquirer. Provo, UT. July 11, 1895. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ a b c Kathleen Flake, The Politics of American Religious Identity: The Seating of Senator Reed Smoot, Mormon Apostle (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004).
- ^ "Business of the House: Proceedings Before That Branch Late Yesterday Afternoon". Deseret News. Salt Lake City, Utah. January 21, 1903. Retrieved November 29, 2013.
- ^ B. Carmon Hardy, Solemn Covenant: The Mormon Polygamous Passage (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1994) extensively documents Mormon-sanctioned post-Manifesto polygamy.
- ^ Paulos, Michael (2006). "Political Cartooning and the Reed Smoot Hearings" (PDF). Sunstone: 36–40.
- ^ Swain, Donald C. (September 1969). "The Founding of the National Park Service". The American West. VI (5). Palo Alto, CA: American West Publishing Company: 6–9.
- ^ "The Congress: Quiet Leader". Time. December 20, 1926. Archived from the original on December 20, 2008. Retrieved December 30, 2009.
- ^ Pedersen, N.A. (March 1953). "Everyman and Other Essays". Utah State Agricultural College Monograph Series. 1 (1).
Further reading
edit- Flake, Kathleen. The Politics of American Religious Identity: The Seating of Senator Reed Smoot, Mormon Apostle. The University of North Carolina Press, 2003. excerpt and text search
- Paulos, Michael Harold. The Mormon Church on Trial: Transcripts of the Reed Smoot Hearings. Signature Books, Salt Lake City, Utah, 2008.
- Heath, Harvard S. In the World: The Diaries of Reed Smoot. Signature Books, Salt Lake City, Utah, 1997.
- Merrill, Milton R. Reed Smoot: Apostle in Politics. Utah State University Press, 1990.
- Smith, Konden R. "The Reed Smoot Hearings and the Theology of Politics: Perceiving an 'American' Identity," Journal of Mormon History, 35 (Summer 2009), pp. 118–62.
Archival materials
editExternal links
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