Relational art or relational aesthetics is a mode or tendency in fine art practice originally observed and highlighted by French art critic Nicolas Bourriaud. Bourriaud defined the approach as "a set of artistic practices which take as their theoretical and practical point of departure the whole of human relations and their social context, rather than an independent and private space."[1] The artist can be more accurately viewed as the "catalyst" in relational art, rather than being at the centre.[2]
Etymology
editOne of the first attempts to analyze and categorize art from the 1990s,[3] the idea of relational art[4] was developed by Nicolas Bourriaud in 1998 in his book Esthétique relationnelle (Relational Aesthetics).[5] The term was first used in 1996, in the catalogue for the exhibition Traffic curated by Bourriaud at CAPC musée d'art contemporain de Bordeaux.[6] Traffic included the artists that Bourriaud would continue to refer to throughout the 1990s, such as Henry Bond, Vanessa Beecroft, Maurizio Cattelan, Dominique Gonzalez-Foerster, Liam Gillick, Christine Hill, Carsten Höller, Pierre Huyghe, Miltos Manetas, Jorge Pardo, Philippe Parreno, Gabriel Orozco, Jason Rhoades, Douglas Gordon and Rirkrit Tiravanija. The exhibition took its title and inspiration from Jacques Tati's film Trafic (1971), in which Tati's protagonist is a Parisian automobile designer preparing a new model for an international auto show. In a denoument that became a fundamental relational aesthetics strategy, particularly for Tiravanija, Tati's entire film is about the designer's journey to the auto show at which he arrives just in time for the show to close.[7][8][9][10]
Relational aesthetics
editBourriaud wishes to approach art in a way that ceases "to take shelter behind Sixties art history",[11] and instead seeks to offer different criteria by which to analyse the often opaque and open-ended works of art of the 1990s. To achieve this, Bourriaud imports the language of the 1990s internet boom, using terminology such as user-friendliness, interactivity and DIY (do-it-yourself).[12] In his 2002 book Postproduction: Culture as Screenplay: How Art Reprograms the World, Bourriaud describes "relational aesthetics" as works that take as their point of departure the changing mental space opened by the internet.[13]
Relational art
editBourriaud explores the notion of relational aesthetics through examples of what he calls relational art. According to Bourriaud, relational art encompasses "a set of artistic practices which take as their theoretical and practical point of departure the whole of human relations and their social context, rather than an independent and private space." The artwork creates a social environment in which people come together to participate in a shared activity. Bourriaud claims "the role of artworks is no longer to form imaginary and utopian realities, but to actually be ways of living and models of action within the existing real, whatever scale chosen by the artist."[14][15]
Robert Stam, the head of new media and film studies at New York University, coined a term for the shared activity group: witnessing publics. Witnessing publics are "that loose collection of individuals, constituted by and through the media, acting as observers of injustices that might otherwise go unreported or unanswered." The meaning of relational art is created when arts perception is altered while leaving the original artifact intact.[16]
In relational art, the audience is envisaged as a community. Rather than the artwork being an encounter between a viewer and an object, relational art produces encounters between people. Through these encounters, meaning is elaborated collectively, rather than in the space of individual consumption.[17]
Critical reception
editWriter and director Ben Lewis has suggested that relational art is the new "ism", in analogue with "ism"s of earlier periods such as impressionism, expressionism and cubism.[18]
In "Antagonism and Relational Aesthetics", published in 2004 in October, Claire Bishop describes the aesthetic of Palais de Tokyo as a "laboratory", the "curatorial modus operandi" of art produced in the 1990s.[19] Bishop writes, "An effect of this insistent promotion of these ideas as artists-as-designer, function over contemplation, and open-endedness over aesthetic resolution is often ultimately to enhance the status of the curator, who gains credit for stage-managing the overall laboratory experience. As Hal Foster warned in the mid-1990s, 'the institution may overshadow the work that it otherwise highlights: it becomes the spectacle, it collects the cultural capital, and the director-curator becomes the star.'"[20] Bishop identifies Bourriaud's book as an important first step in identifying tendencies in the art of the 1990s[21] but also writes in the same essay that such work “seems to derive from a creative misreading of poststructuralist theory: rather than the interpretations of a work of art being open to continual reassessment, the work of art itself is argued to be in perpetual flux.”[22] Bishop also asks, "if relational art produces human relations, then the next logical question to ask is what types of relations are being produced, for whom, and why?"[23] She continues that "the relations set up by relational aesthetics are not intrinsically democratic, as Bourriaud suggests, since they rest too comfortably within an ideal of subjectivity as whole and of community as immanent togetherness."[24]
In "Traffic Control", published one year later in Artforum, artist and critic Joe Scanlan goes one step further in ascribing to relational aesthetics a palpable peer pressure. Scanlan writes, "Firsthand experience has convinced me that relational aesthetics has more to do with peer pressure than collective action or egalitarianism, which would suggest that one of the best ways to control human behavior is to practice relational aesthetics."
Exhibitions
editIn 2002, Bourriaud curated an exhibition at the San Francisco Art Institute, Touch: Relational Art from the 1990s to Now, "an exploration of the interactive works of a new generation of artists."[25] Exhibited artists included Angela Bulloch, Liam Gillick, Felix Gonzalez-Torres, Jens Haaning, Philippe Parreno, Gillian Wearing and Andrea Zittel. Critic Chris Cobb suggests that Bourriaud's "snapshot" of 1990s art is a confirmation of the term (and idea) of relational art, while illustrating "different forms of social interaction as art that deal fundamentally with issues regarding public and private space."[26]
In 2008, Guggenheim Museum curator Nancy Spector organized an exhibition with most of the artists associated with Relational Aesthetics, but the term itself was shelved in favor of calling the show Theanyspacewhatever. The exhibition included stalwarts Bulloch, Gillick, Gonzalez-Foerster, Höller, Huyghe, and Tiravanija, along with loosely affiliated artists Maurizio Cattelan, Douglas Gordon, Jorge Pardo, and Andrea Zittel.[27]
The LUMA Foundation has presented many artists associated with Relational Aesthetics.
References
edit- ^ Bourriaud, Nicolas, Relational Aesthetics p.113
- ^ "PLACE Program". Archived from the original on 2008-07-04. Retrieved 2008-06-03.
- ^ "BOILER - context". Archived from the original on 2008-05-22. Retrieved 2008-06-03.
- ^ As a term, "relational art" has become accepted over "relational aesthetics" by the art world and Bourriaud himself as indicated by the 2002 exhibition Touch: Relational Art from the 1990s to Now at San Francisco Art Institute, curated by Bourriaud.
- ^ "PLACE Program". Archived from the original on 2008-07-04. Retrieved 2008-06-03.
- ^ Simpson, Bennett. "Public Relations: Nicolas Bourriaud Interview."
- ^ Bishop, Claire. "Antagonism and Relational Aesthetics", pp. 54-55
- ^ Bourriaud, Nicolas. Relational Aesthetics, pp. 46-48
- ^ Bourriaud, Nicolas. Traffic, Catalogue Capc Bordeaux, 1996
- ^ "TRAFFIC CONTROL". www.mutualart.com.
- ^ Bourriaud p. 7
- ^ Bishop p. 54
- ^ Bourriaud, Nicolas, Caroline Schneider and Jeanine Herman. Postproduction: Culture as Screenplay: How Art Reprograms the World, p. 8
- ^ Bourriaud, Relational Aesthetics p. 113
- ^ Bourriaud p. 13
- ^ Stam, Robert (2015). Keywords in Subversive Film / Media Aesthetics. John Wiley & Sons. p. 282. ISBN 978-1118340615.
- ^ Bourriaud pp. 17-18
- ^ "BBC iPlayer - BBC Four". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2016-11-21.
- ^ Bishop p.52
- ^ Bishop p.53
- ^ Bishop p.53.
- ^ Bishop p.52
- ^ Bishop, p.65
- ^ Bishop p.67
- ^ "Features | Nicolas Bourriaud and Karen Moss". Stretcher.org. Retrieved 2016-11-21.
- ^ Cobb, Chris (2002-12-14). "Features | Touch - Relational Art from the 1990s to Now". Stretcher.org. Retrieved 2016-11-21.
- ^ "theanyspacewhatever". web.guggenheim.org.
Further reading
edit- Bishop, Claire (Fall 2004). "Antagonism and Relational Aesthetics". October. 110 (110): 51–79. doi:10.1162/0162287042379810. ISSN 0162-2870. JSTOR 3397557. S2CID 9591417.
- Bourriaud, Nicolas (2002). Relational Aesthetics. Translated by Simon Pleasance & Fronza Woods with the participation of Mathieu Copeland. Dijon: Les presses du réel. p. 113. ISBN 978-2-84066-060-6. OCLC 1045824516.
- Bourriaud, Nicolas (2002). Schneider, Caroline (ed.). Postproduction: Culture as Screenplay: How Art Reprograms the World. Translated by Jeanine Herman. New York: Lukas & Sternberg. ISBN 9780971119307. OCLC 224720888.
- Dezeuze, Anna (November 2006). "Everyday Life, 'Relational Aesthetics' and the 'Transfiguration of the Commonplace'". Journal of Visual Art Practice. 5 (3): 143–152. doi:10.1386/jvap.5.3.143_1. S2CID 191465284.
- Downey, Anthony (May 2007). "Towards a Politics of (Relational) Aesthetics". Third Text. 21 (3): 267–275. doi:10.1080/09528820701360534. S2CID 144661814.
- Hemment, Drew (August 2006). "Locative Arts" (PDF). Leonardo. 39 (4: Pacific Rim New Media Summit Companion): 348–355, 331. doi:10.1162/leon.2006.39.4.348. JSTOR 20206267. S2CID 57562967.
- Johansson, Troels Degn (23–25 October 2001). Marie le Sourd; et al. (eds.). Visualizing Relations: Superflex's Relational Art in the Cyberspace Geography. Culture in the Cyber-Age: report from the Asia-Europe Forum, Kyongju, South Korea, October 23–25. Singapore: Asia-Europe Foundation.
- Jones, Kip (April 2006). "A Biographic Researcher in Pursuit of an Aesthetic: The use of arts-based (re)presentations in 'performative' dissemination of life stories". Qualitative Sociology Review. II (1: "Biographical Sociology"). ISSN 1733-8077. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
- Levinson, Jerrold (Winter 1989). "Refining Art Historically". The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism. 47 (1): 21–33. doi:10.2307/431990. JSTOR 431990.
- Nakajima, Seio (April 2012). "Prosumption in Art". American Behavioral Scientist. 56 (4): 550–569. doi:10.1177/0002764211429358. S2CID 146148268.
- Scanlan, Joe (Summer 2005). "Traffic Control: Joe Scanlan on Social Space and Relational Aesthetics". Artforum. Vol. 43, no. 10. p. 123. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
- Simpson, Bennett (April 2001). "Public Relations: Nicolas Bourriaud Interview". Artforum. Vol. 39, no. 8. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
- Stahl, Antje (9 May 2011). "Frankreichs Kunststreit: Künstler als Köche verderben den Brei". Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (in German). Frankfurt, Germany. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
- Svetlichnaja, Julia (December 19–21, 2005). Relational Paradise as a Delusional Democracy—a Critical Response to a Temporary Contemporary Relational Aesthetics. BISA 31st Annual Conference, "Art and Politics" panel. University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Scotland. Archived from the original (Microsoft Word document) on 12 December 2006. Retrieved 8 December 2019.