Romantic realism is art that combines elements of both romanticism and realism. The terms "romanticism" and "realism" have been used in varied ways,[1] and are sometimes seen as opposed to one another.[2][3]
In literature and art
editThe term has long standing in literary criticism.[4] For example, Joseph Conrad's relationship to romantic realism is analyzed in Ruth M. Stauffer's 1922 book Joseph Conrad: His Romantic Realism. Liam O'Flaherty's relationship to romantic realism is discussed in P.F. Sheeran's book The Novels of Liam O'Flaherty: A Study in Romantic Realism. Fyodor Dostoyevsky is described as a romantic realist in Donald Fanger's book, Dostoevsky and Romantic Realism: A Study of Dostoevsky in Relation to Balzac, Dickens, and Gogol. Historian Jacques Barzun argued that romanticism was falsely opposed to realism[5] and declared that "...the romantic realist does not blink his weakness, but exerts his power."[6]
The term also has long standing in art criticism.[7] Art scholar John Baur described it as "a form of realism modified to express a romantic attitude or meaning".[8] According to Theodor W. Adorno, the term "romantic realism" was used by Joseph Goebbels to define the official doctrine of the art produced in Nazi Germany, although this usage did not achieve wide currency.[9]
In 1928 Anatoly Lunacharsky, People's Commissar for Education of the Soviet Union, wrote:
The proletariat will introduce a strong romantic-realist current into all art. Romantic, because it is full of aspirations and is not yet a complete class, so that the mighty content of its culture cannot yet find an appropriate framework for itself; realistic insofar as Plekhanov noted, insofar as the class that intends to build here on earth and is imbued with deep faith in such construction is intimately connected with reality as it is.[10]
Novelist and philosopher Ayn Rand described herself as a romantic realist,[11] and many followers of Objectivism who work in the arts apply this term to themselves. As part of her aesthetics, Rand defined romanticism as a "category of art based on the recognition of the principle that man possesses the faculty of volition",[12] a realm of heroes and villains, which she contrasted to naturalism. She wanted her art to be a portrayal of life "as it could be and should be".[13] She wrote: "The method of romantic realism is to make life more beautiful and interesting than it actually is, yet give it all the reality, and even a more convincing reality than that of our everyday existence."[14] Her definition did not limit itself to the positive though. She considered Fyodor Dostoyevsky to be a romantic realist as well.[12]
In music
edit"Realism" in music is often associated with the use of music for the depiction of objects, whether they be real (as in Bedřich Smetana's "Peasant Wedding" of Die Moldau) or mythological (as in Richard Wagner's Ring cycle). Musicologist Richard Taruskin discusses what he calls the "black romanticism" of Niccolò Paganini and Franz Liszt, i.e., the development and use of musical techniques that can be used to depict or suggest "grotesque" creatures or objects, such as the "laugh of the devil", to create a "frightening atmosphere".[15] Thus, Taruskin's "black romanticism" is a form of "romantic realism" deployed by nineteenth-century virtuosi with the intent of invoking fear or "the sublime".
In the nineteenth-century, historians traditionally associate romantic realism with the works of Richard Wagner.[16] It featured settings that are claimed to have historical accuracy in accordance with the prevailing myth of realism.[17] These works formed part of Wagner's notion based on aesthetic realism called the "invisible theater", which sought to create the fullest illusion of reality inside the theater.[17]
There are scholars who also identify musicians such as Hector Berlioz and Franz Liszt as romantic realists.[18] Liszt was noted for his romantic realism, free tonality, and program-music as an adherent of the New German School.[19] Historians also cite how totalitarian dictators choose romantic realism as the music for the masses.[20] It is said that Adolf Hitler favored Parsifal while Joseph Stalin liked Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's piano concertos.[20]
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ Stauffer, Ruth M. (2006) [1922]. Joseph Conrad: His Romantic-Realism. Kessinger Publishing. p. 13. ISBN 1-4286-5840-8.
It would be wearisome even to enumerate the books and essays that have been written in all languages to define these two terms.
- ^ Abercrombie, Lascelles (1963) [1926]. Romanticism. New York: Barnes and Noble. p. 61.
For there is an element directly opposed to romanticism : it is realism. The true antithesis, then, is between romanticism and realism.
- ^ Cowardin Jr., Samuel Pendleton; More, Paul Elmer (1939). The Study of English Literature. New York: Henry Holt and Company. p. 138.
And it follows as a corollary that realism is, on the whole, the opposite of romanticism; for, as we have seen, romanticism is usually bound up with idealism.
- ^ Becker, George J. (1980). Realism in Modern Literature. New York: Frederick Ungar. p. 102. ISBN 0-8044-2031-9.
Essentially exhibiting a paradox, this term has come into being among critics and historians in an attempt to characterize writing of the nineteenth century which is incompletely realistic.
- ^ Barzun, Jacques (1975) [1943]. Classic, Romantic, and Modern (revised second ed.). University of Chicago Press. p. 58. ISBN 0-226-03852-1.
I now want to argue against this postponement of the realistic label and to suggest that on the evidence just set forth, romanticism is realism.
- ^ Barzun, Jacques (1975) [1943]. Classic, Romantic, and Modern (revised second ed.). University of Chicago Press. p. 77. ISBN 0-226-03852-1.
- ^ Goodrich, Lloyd; Baur, John I. H. (1961). American Art of Our Century. New York: Frederick A. Praegar. p. 121.
Romantic realism, long a powerful movement in American painting, has unquestionably waned since 1940. It has never disappeared, and some of its finest examples are recent ones, but it is significant that most of the painting reproduced here are by artist now dead or well past their middle years
- ^ Goodrich, Lloyd; Baur, John I. H. (1961). American Art of Our Century. New York: Frederick A. Praegar. p. 121.
- ^ Dahlhaus, Carl (1985). Realism in Nineteenth-century Music. trans. by Mary Whittall. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 58. ISBN 0-521-26115-5.
The vague universality of the term 'romantic realism', which helped it to become a catchphrase, led eventually to political misuse as well. ... T.W. Adorno, paradoxically enough, cited Joseph Goebbels, who had spoken of 'romantic realism', evidently in order to signify his approval ...
- ^ Lunacharsky, Anatoly (1928). "Romanticism". Krasnaya Gazeta. Translated by P., Anton. Leningrad.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Rand, Ayn (1971). The Romantic Manifesto: A Philosophy Of Literature (revised ed.). New York: Signet. p. 167. ISBN 0-451-14916-5.
- ^ a b Rand, Ayn. The Romantic Manifesto.
- ^ Rand, Ayn (1995). Berliner, Michael S (ed.). Letters of Ayn Rand. New York: Dutton. p. 243. ISBN 0-525-93946-6.
- ^ Rand, Ayn (1995). Berliner, Michael S (ed.). Letters of Ayn Rand. New York: Dutton. pp. 242–243. ISBN 0-525-93946-6.
- ^ Taruskin, Richard (2005). The Oxford History of Western Music. Volume 3: The Nineteenth Century. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 255 and 264. ISBN 978-0-19-516979-9.
- ^ Peteri, Gyorgy (2010). Imagining the West in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 135. ISBN 978-0-8229-6125-3.
- ^ a b Williams, Simon (2004). Wagner and the Romantic Hero. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 150. ISBN 978-1-139-45166-6.
- ^ Dahlhaus, Carl (1985). Realism in Nineteenth-Century Music. Cambridge: CUP Archive. p. 56. ISBN 0-521-26115-5.
- ^ Baker, Theodore (1900). A Biographical Dictionary of Musicians. New York: G. Schirmer. p. 358.
- ^ a b Godwin, Joscelyn (1987). Harmonies of Heaven and Earth: Mysticism in Music from Antiquity to the Avant-Garde. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-62055-095-3.
References
edit- Abercrombie, Lascelles (1963) [1926]. Romanticism. New York: Barnes and Noble. OCLC 325656.
- Barzun, Jacques (1975) [1943]. Classic, Romantic, and Modern (revised second ed.). University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-03852-1.
- Becker, George J. (1980). Realism in Modern Literature. New York: Frederick Ungar. ISBN 0-8044-2031-9.
- Cowardin Jr., Samuel Pendleton; More, Paul Elmer (1939). The Study of English Literature. New York: Henry Holt and Company. OCLC 2861425.
- Dahlhaus, Carl (1985). Realism in Nineteenth-century Music. trans. by Mary Whittall. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-26115-5.
- Fanger, Donald (1998) [1965]. Dostoevsky and Romantic Realism: A Study of Dostoevsky in Relation to Balzac, Dickens, and Gogol. Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press. ISBN 0-8101-1593-X.
- Goodrich, Lloyd; Baur, John I. H. (1961). American Art of Our Century. New York: Frederick A. Praegar. OCLC 422186219.
- Rand, Ayn (1995). Berliner, Michael S (ed.). Letters of Ayn Rand. New York: Dutton. ISBN 0-525-93946-6. OCLC 31412028.
- Rand, Ayn (1971). The Romantic Manifesto: A Philosophy Of Literature (revised ed.). New York: Signet. ISBN 0-451-14916-5.
- Sheeran, P.F. (1976). The Novels of Liam O'Flaherty: A Study in Romantic Realism. Dublin: Wolfhound Press. ISBN 0-9503454-6-6.
- Stauffer, Ruth M. (2006) [1922]. Joseph Conrad: His Romantic-Realism. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 1-4286-5840-8.