Ruuli (also spelled as Ruruuli-Lunyala, Ruli, Luruuri-Lunyara, Ruruli-Lunyara, Ruruli-Runyala, and Luduuli) is the Bantu language spoken by the Baruuli and Banyala people of Uganda primarily in Nakasongola and Kayunga districts. It is closely to the Nyoro language
| Ruuli | |
|---|---|
| Luduuli | |
| Native to | Uganda |
| Ethnicity | Baruuli |
Native speakers | 160,000 (2002 census)[1] |
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | ruc |
| Glottolog | ruul1235 |
JE.103[2] | |
Ruruuli and Lunyala are two major varieties of the language that have approximately ninety percent mutual intelligibility. The Baruuli and Banyala people are considered to be two separate ethnic groups although both communities have very similar cultural practices, for example with names and the nomenclature systems.[3]
Phonology
editTone is very important in Ruuli as it is a tonal language. Different tones play a large part in making phonemes distinct when they are spoken.[3]
Consonants
editThere are 21 consonants in the Ruuli.[3]
| Bilabial | Labio-dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | /p/ /b/ | /t/ /d/ | /c/ /ɟ/ | /k/ /g/ | |
| Fricative | /β/ | /f/ /v/ | /s/ /z/ | ||
| Trill | /r/ | ||||
| Lateral | /l/ | ||||
| Nasal | /m/ | /n/ | /ɲ/ | /ŋ/ | |
| Approximant | /w/ | /j/ |
Vowels
editRuuli uses five phonemic vowels and all five have a short and long form. The vowels in the Ruuli phonemic inventory are /i/, /u/, /e/, /o/, and /a/.[3]
Morphology
editNouns
editNouns in Bantu languages usually consist of a nominal prefix and a stem. The prefixes that are attached can be specific to the noun classes that a noun form is attached to, but not all nouns have prefixes that signal noun class. Noun class is ultimately decided by the prefixes on the verbs and adjectives in the clause. Typically Bantu nouns are paired in two class, singular and plural, which can also be referred to as gender, although this may not be the case for all nouns. [3]
Adjectives
editIn Bantu languages adjectives use adjectival prefixes to ensure that adjectives and nouns agree within a clause. Adjectives in Bantu languages are not usually "pure" adjectives and many are derived from verbs. There are a few underived adjectives but a majority of the adjectives in Ruuli are derived.
References
edit- ^ Ruuli at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. New Updated Guthrie List Online
- ^ a b c d e Namyalo S, Witzlack-Makarevich A, Kiriggwajjo A, Atuhairwe A, Molochieva Z, Mukama RG, Zellers M (2021). A dictionary and grammatical sketch of Ruruuli-Lunyala (pdf). Berlin: Language Science Press. doi:10.5281/zenodo.5548947. ISBN 978-3-96110-329-4.
External links
edit- Ruuli DoReCo corpus compiled by Alena Witzlack-Makarevich, Saudah Namyalo, Anatol Kiriggwajjo and Zarina Molochieva. Audio recordings of narrative texts with transcriptions time-aligned at the phone level, translations, and time-aligned morphological annotations.