STS-41-G (formerly STS-17) was the 13th flight of NASA's Space Shuttle program and the sixth flight of Space Shuttle Challenger. Challenger launched on October 5, 1984, and conducted the second shuttle landing at Kennedy Space Center on October 13, 1984. It was the first shuttle mission to carry a crew of seven, including the first crew with two women (Sally K. Ride and Kathryn D. Sullivan), the first American Extravehicular activity (EVA) involving a woman (Sullivan), the first Australian-born person to journey into space as well as the first astronaut with a beard[2][3] (Paul D. Scully-Power) and the first Canadian astronaut (Marc Garneau).
 ERBS during deployment | |
| Names | Space Transportation System-13 |
|---|---|
| Mission type | Satellite deployment Radar imaging |
| Operator | NASA |
| COSPAR ID | 1984-108A |
| SATCAT no. | 15353 |
| Mission duration | 8 days, 5 hours, 23 minutes, 33 seconds |
| Distance travelled | 5,293,847 km (3,289,444 mi) |
| Orbits completed | 133 |
| Spacecraft properties | |
| Spacecraft | Space Shuttle Challenger |
| Launch mass | 110,120 kg (242,770 lb) |
| Landing mass | 91,746 kg (202,265 lb) |
| Payload mass | 8,573 kg (18,900 lb) |
| Crew | |
| Crew size | 7 |
| Members | |
| EVAs | 1 |
| EVA duration | 3 hours, 29 minutes |
| Start of mission | |
| Launch date | October 5, 1984, 11:03:00 UTC (7:03 am EDT) |
| Launch site | Kennedy, LC-39A |
| Contractor | Rockwell International |
| End of mission | |
| Landing date | October 13 1984, 16:26:33 UTC (12:26:38 pm EDT) |
| Landing site | Kennedy, SLF Runway 33 |
| Orbital parameters | |
| Reference system | Geocentric orbit[1] |
| Regime | Low Earth orbit |
| Perigee altitude | 351 km (218 mi) |
| Apogee altitude | 391 km (243 mi) |
| Inclination | 57° |
| Period | 92 minutes |
| Instruments | |
| |
 STS-41-G mission patch  Top: Scully-Power, Crippen and Garneau Bottom: McBride, Ride, Sullivan and Leestma. The gold astronaut pin replica near McBride signifies Unity. | |
STS-41-G was the third shuttle mission to carry an IMAX camera on board to document the flight. Launch and in-orbit footage from the mission (including Sullivan and Leestma's EVA) appeared in the 1985 IMAX movie The Dream is Alive.
Crew
edit| Position | Astronaut | |
|---|---|---|
| Commander |  Robert L. CrippenFourth and last spaceflight | |
| Pilot | Jon McBride Only spaceflight | |
| Mission Specialist 1 | Kathryn D. Sullivan First spaceflight | |
| Mission Specialist 2 Flight Engineer |
Sally Ride Second and last spaceflight | |
| Mission Specialist 3 | David Leestma First spaceflight | |
| Payload Specialist 1 | / Paul Scully-PowerOnly spaceflight Sponsor: US Navy | |
| Payload Specialist 2 |  Marc GarneauFirst spaceflight Sponsor: Canadian Space Agency | |
| Position | Astronaut | |
|---|---|---|
| Payload Specialist 1 | Robert E. Stevenson
| |
| Payload Specialist 2 | Robert Thirsk, CSA
| |
Spacewalk
edit- Personnel: Leestma and Sullivan
- Date: October 11, 1984 (≈15:30–19:00 UTC)
- Duration: 3 hours, 29 minutes
Crew seat assignments
edit| Seat[4] | Launch | Landing |  Seats 1–4 are on the flight deck. Seats 5–7 are on the mid-deck. |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Crippen | ||
| 2 | McBride | ||
| 3 | Sullivan | Leestma | |
| 4 | Ride | ||
| 5 | Leestma | Sullivan | |
| 6 | Scully-Power | ||
| 7 | Garneau | ||
Mission summary
edit
On October 5, 1984, Challenger launched from the Kennedy Space Center at 7:03:00 a.m. EDT, marking the start of the STS-41-G mission. On board were seven crew members – the largest flight crew ever to fly on a single spacecraft at that time. They included commander Robert L. Crippen, making his fourth Shuttle flight and second in six months (Crippen became the first American astronaut to complete two space missions in the same calendar year); pilot Jon A. McBride; three mission specialists – David C. Leestma, Sally K. Ride and Kathryn D. Sullivan – and two payload specialists, Paul D. Scully-Power and Marc Garneau, the first Canadian citizen to serve as a Shuttle crew member, as well as the first Canadian in space. The mission also marked the first time two female astronauts had flown together.
Sullivan became the first American woman to walk in space when she and Leestma performed a 3-hour Extravehicular activity (EVA) on October 11, 1984, demonstrating the Orbital Refueling System (ORS) and proving the feasibility of refueling satellites in orbit.
Nine hours after liftoff, the 2,307 kg (5,086 lb) Earth Radiation Budget Satellite (ERBS) was deployed from the payload bay by the Canadarm robot arm, and its on-board thrusters boosted it into orbit 560 km (350 mi) above the Earth. ERBS was the first of three planned satellites designed to measure the amount of energy received from the Sun and reradiated into space. It also studied the seasonal movement of energy from the tropics to the polar regions.
Another major mission activity was the operation of the Shuttle Imaging Radar-B (SIR-B). The SIR-B was part of the OSTA-3 experiment package in the payload bay, which also included the Large Format Camera (LFC) to photograph the Earth, another camera called MAPS which measured air pollution, and a feature identification and location experiment called FILE, which consisted of two TV cameras and two 70 mm (2.8 in) still cameras.
The SIR-B was an improved version of a similar device flown on the OSTA-1 package during STS-2. It had an eight-panel antenna array measuring 11 × 2 m (36.1 × 6.6 ft). It operated throughout the flight, but problems were encountered with Challenger's Ku-band antenna, and therefore much of the data had to be recorded on board the orbiter rather than transmitted to Earth in real-time as was originally planned.
Payload Specialist Scully-Power, an employee of the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), performed a series of oceanography observations during the mission.[5] Garneau conducted a series of experiments sponsored by the Canadian government, called CANEX, which were related to medical, atmospheric, climatic, materials and robotic science. A number of Getaway Special (GAS) canisters, covering a wide variety of materials testing and physics experiments, were also flown.
A claim was later made that the Soviet Terra-3 laser testing center was used to track Challenger with a low-power laser on October 10, 1984. This supposedly caused the malfunction of on-board equipment and the temporary blinding of the crew, leading to a U.S. diplomatic protest.[6] However, this story has been comprehensively denied by the crew members.[7] In 2022, former Soviet Minister of Industry informed the Russian press that the Soviets had used a laser locater to lock onto the shuttle and hold the lock until it was 800 km from the test site.[8]
During the 8 days, 5 hours, 23 minutes, and 33 seconds mission, Challenger traveled 5,293,847 km (3,289,444 mi) and completed 133 orbits. It landed at the Shuttle Landing Facility (SLF) at Kennedy Space Center – becoming the second shuttle mission to land there – on October 13, 1984, at 12:26 p.m. EDT.[9]
The STS-41-G mission was later described in detail in the book Oceans to Orbit: The Story of Australia's First Man in Space, Paul Scully-Power by space historian Colin Burgess.
Almost forty years after the flight, one of the OMS engines installed on Challenger for STS-41-G was reused and repurposed as the main engine for the Orion capsule on the Artemis I test flight around the Moon. The engine fired multiple times to adjust altitude and velocity, including bringing the capsule into and out of a Distant Retrograde Orbit around the Moon.
Mission insignia
editThe thirteen complete stars in the blue field of the U.S. flag of the mission insignia symbolize the flight's numerical designation in the Space Transportation System's mission sequence and being essentially the 13th undertaken flight, by 'obscuring' the remaining stars. (The 17 stars in the black field were indicative of the flight's original designation as STS-17.) Central, as if it is launching, is an astronaut insignia in gold, which was presented to each astronaut since Project Mercury, after completing their first spaceflight, as a reference to the mostly rookie crew. Gender symbols are placed next to each astronaut's name (the male symbol was 'buffed up' as to make it feasible to visualize on the patch), and a Canadian flag icon is placed next to Garneau's name.
Wake-up calls
editNASA began a tradition of playing music to astronauts during the Project Gemini, and first used music to wake up a flight crew during Apollo 15. Each track is specially chosen, often by the astronauts' families, and usually has a special meaning to an individual member of the crew, or is applicable to their daily activities.[10]
| Flight Day | Song | Artist/Composer |
|---|---|---|
| Day 2 | "Flashdance... What a Feeling" | Irene Cara |
| Day 3 | "Theme From Rocky" | Bill Conti |
See also
edit
References
edit- ^ "Launch Log". Jonathan's Space Report. Retrieved January 15, 2022.
- ^ Rancourt, Linda (October 4, 1984). "Scully-Power shuttle flight counted down". The Day. pp. 1, 10.
- ^ Bilton, Ross (April 23, 2016). "Paul Scully-Power: the first Australian, and hipster, in space". The Australian.
- ^ "STS-41G". Spacefacts. Retrieved February 26, 2014.
- ^ Eldevik, Tor; Dysthe, Kristian B. (July 3, 2001). "Spiral Eddies". Journal of Physical Oceanography. 32 (3): 851. Bibcode:2002JPO....32..851E. doi:10.1175/1520-0485(2002)032<0851:SE>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0022-3670.
- ^ Kononenko, Boris (June 1996). "Federation of American Scientists – "Silent Space Is Being Monitored"". Retrieved December 11, 2006.
- ^ Baldo, Paolo (2009). "Intervista esclusiva all'astronauta Jon McBride" [Exclusive interview with astronaut Jon McBride] (in Italian). Retrieved February 15, 2015.
- ^ "Cold War Weapons: Lasters - RT Documentary". Russia Today. October 24, 2022.
- ^ "41-G (13)". NASA. Archived from the original on December 31, 2016. Retrieved February 13, 2018.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ Fries, Colin (June 25, 2007). "Chronology of Wakeup Calls" (PDF). NASA. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 20, 2023. Retrieved August 13, 2007. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
Bibliography
edit- Cooper, Henry S. F., Jr., Before Lift-off: The Making of a Space Shuttle Crew, Johns Hopkins University Press 1987 (Cooper's report on the selection, forming and training of the STS-41-G crew)
External links
edit- NASA mission summary Archived March 29, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
- STS-41-G Video Highlights Archived March 23, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
- The Dream is Alive IMAX film with footage from STS-41-G
- STS-41-G NST Program Mission Report