Saccharomyces pastorianus is a yeast used industrially for the production of lager beer, and was named in honour of Louis Pasteur by the German Max Reess in 1870.[1] This yeast's complicated genome appears to be the result of hybridisation between two pure species in the Saccharomyces species complex, a factor that led to difficulty in establishing a proper taxonomy of the species.
| Saccharomyces pastorianus | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Saccharomycetes |
| Order: | Saccharomycetales |
| Family: | Saccharomycetaceae |
| Genus: | Saccharomyces |
| Species: | S. pastorianus
|
| Binomial name | |
| Saccharomyces pastorianus Nguyen & Gaillardin ex. Beijerinck
| |
| Synonyms | |
|
Saccharomyces carlsbergensis | |
The now-defunct synonym Saccharomyces carlsbergensis was and continues to be used in scientific literature, but is invalid, as the name Saccharomyces pastorianus (Reess 1870) has taxonomic precedence. The name S. carlsbergensis is typically attributed to Emil Christian Hansen from the era when he worked for the Danish brewery Carlsberg in 1883,[2] but in actuality it was not officially described by Hansen as a distinct species[3] until 1908, along with another synonym, Saccharomyces monacensis.[4] The type strains of both synonyms are currently stored in yeast banks under the taxonomic name S. pastorianus.[5]
History
editSo-called bottom-fermenting strains of brewing yeast were described as early as the 14th century in Nuremberg[6] and have remained an indispensable part of both Franconian and Bavarian brewing culture in southern Germany through modern times.[7][8] During the explosion of scientific mycological studies in the 19th century, the yeast responsible for producing these so-called "bottom fermentations" was finally given a taxonomical classification, Saccharomyces pastorianus, by the German Max Reess in 1870.[9]
In 1883 the Dane Emil Hansen published the findings of his research at the Carlsberg brewery in Copenhagen and described the isolation of a favourable pure yeast culture that he labelled "Unterhefe Nr. I" (bottom-fermenting yeast no. 1),[10] a culture that he identified as identical to the sample originally donated to Carlsberg in 1845 by the Spaten Brewery of Munich.[11] This yeast soon went into industrial production in Copenhagen in 1884 as Carlsberg yeast no. 1.[12]
In 1904 Hansen published an important body of work where he reclassified the separate yeasts he worked with in terms of species, rather than as races or strains of the same species as he had previously done.[13] Here Hansen classified a separate species of yeast isolated from the Carlsberg brewery as S. pastorianus, a name derived from and attributed to Reess 1870. This strain was admitted to the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS) in 1935 as strain CBS 1538, Saccharomyces pastorianus Reess ex Hansen 1904. In a further publication in 1908, Hansen reclassified the original "Unterhefe Nr. I" as the new species Saccharomyces carlsbergensis and another yeast "Unterhefe Nr. II" as the new species Saccharomyces monacensis.[14] The taxonomy was attributed to Hansen 1908[15] and the yeasts entered into the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures in 1947 as CBS 1513 and CBS 1503 respectively.
Since the early 1900s, bottom-fermenting strains of brewery yeast have been typically classified as S. carlsbergensis in scientific literature, and the earlier valid name assigned to a bottom-fermenting yeast by Reess in 1870 was rejected without merit. This situation was rectified using DNA-DNA reallocation techniques in 1985 when Vaughan-Martini and Kurtzman returned the species name to S. pastorianus under the type strain CBS 1538 and relegated the two former species assigned by Hansen in 1908, S. carlsbergensis CBS 1513 and S. monacensis CBS 1503,[16] to the status of synonyms. These experiments also clearly revealed the hybrid nature of the lager brewing yeast species for the first time, even though one of the parental species was incorrectly classified in retrospect.[17] Nonetheless, over the last decades of the 20th century, debate continued in scientific literature regarding the correct taxon, with authors using both names interchangeably to describe lager yeast.
Genomics
editThe lager yeast Saccharomyces pastorianus has been known to be an interspecific hybrid between Saccharomyces cerevisiae and another Saccharomyces yeast since at least 1985,[18] but the exact nature of its parents and its proper taxonomy continued to be the subject of much debate. Various candidates for the non-cerevisiae parent have been proposed, such as CBS 1503 (formerly known as S. monacensis)[19][20] and CBS 395 (alternately known as S. bayanus bayanus or S. uvarum) a strain whose taxonomy is also hotly debated.[21][22] Most commonly strain CBS 380 (S. bayanus) has been attributed as the second parent, but it has also been conclusively demonstrated as possessing a hybrid genotype of its own.[23]
In 2011 it was postulated that the unidentified genome sequence belonged to a yet to be classified natural species.[24] This was confirmed shortly after with the discovery in Argentina of the new species, Saccharomyces eubayanus, with a genome 99% identical to the non-cerevisiae portion of the S. pastorianus genome, irrefutably confirming it to be the second parental species.[25] S. eubayanus has since been discovered in China, Tibet and Mongolia, further confirming both the existence of the species and its 99% genome similarity to the non-cerevisiae parent.[26]
As of 2014, most authorities have agreed that the bottom-fermenting yeast S. pastorianus was created by the inter-specific hybridisation between S. eubayanus and S. cerevisiae, but had not reached consensus on whether the mating event took place in Asia or Europe.[27]
Future genome work
editDebate over taxonomy appears to have concluded, thus new research is now focused on the variation observed within members of S. pastorianus proper. Analyses of lager brewing yeasts have revealed they could be classified into two groups based on their DNA structure, Frohberg type and Saaz type.[28][29] In 2008 it was further concluded that the two groups were the result of two separate hybridisation events with the parent S. cerevisiae coming from a distinct ale/beer brewing origin.[30]
As of 2014, the two groups of lager brewing yeasts are classified as either type I: Saaz type, allotriploid strains that appear to have lost large portions of their S. cerevisiae genome. These include strains CBS 1513 (formerly classified as S. carlsbergensis) and CBS 1503 (formerly classified as S. monacensis) or type 2: Frohberg type, allotetraploid strains that contain near complete sets of genomes from both parents. These include the strain Weihenstephan WS 34/70 considered close to the type strain of S. pastorianus CBS 1538.[31][32]
In 2015, researchers succeeded in creating novel lager brewing yeasts by hybridizing selected strains of S. cerevisiae with S. eubayanus.[33] These new hybrid yeasts inherited beneficial properties from both parent strains (e.g. maltotriose use, cold tolerance and flocculation) and outperformed them during fermentation (faster fermentation and higher alcohol yield). It is expected that the diversity of lager yeast strains will increase greatly in the future.
On-going research is being conducted in the field of intraspecific Saccharomyces hybridization. One paper created novel hybrids from S. cerevisiae and S. arboricola. Their findings were typical of similar studies, fermentation performance was more robust and the progeny/hybrids produced a mosaic of volatile sensory chemicals.[34]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Reess, M. 1870. Botanische Untersuchungen über die Alkoholgährungspilze. pp 29-30
- ^ Hansen EC. 1883. Undersøgelser over Alkoholgjærsvampenes Fysiologi og Morfologi. II. Om Askosporedannelsen hos Slægten Saccharomyces. Meddelelser fra Carlsberg Laboratoriet 2: 29–102.
- ^ "Saccharomyces carlsbergensis".
- ^ .Hansen, E. C. 1908. Recherches sur la physiologie et la morphologie des ferments alcooliques. XIII. Nouvelles etudes sur des levures de brasserie a fermentation basse. C. R. Trav. Lab, Carlsberg 7:179-217.
- ^ "Cbs 1513".
- ^ Sprotte, J. (2005) Von 1303/1305 bis zum Jahre 2005. 700 Jahre Nürnberger Bier, in Jahrbuch der Gesellschaft für Geschichte des Brauwesens 2005, Institut für Gärungsgewerbe Berlin, pp. 87–131.
- ^ Otto Puchner und Rudolf Muck. (1950) Die frühesten Verordnungen über das Brauwesen in der freien Reichsstadt Nürnberg, insbesondere das Gebot, nur Gerste zum Bierbrauen zu verwenden und der Übergang zur Untergärung, in: Deutsche Brauwirtschaft 59, S. 367-369, 382-385.
- ^ Hackel-Stehr, K. (1987) Das Brauwesen in Bayern, Vom 14. bis 16. Jahrhundert. Insbesondere die Entstehung und Entwicklung des Reinheitsgebotes (1516). Inaugural-Dissertation, Technischen Universitat, Berlin.
- ^ Reess, M. 1870. Botanische Untersuchungen über die Alkoholgährungspilze. pp 29-30
- ^ Hansen EC. 1883. Undersøgelser over Alkoholgjærsvampenes Fysiologi og Morfologi. II. Om Askosporedannelsen hos Slægten Saccharomyces. Meddelelser fra Carlsberg Laboratoriet 2: 29–102
- ^ Meussdoerffer, Franz G. "A comprehensive history of beer brewing." Handbook of brewing: processes, technology, markets (2009): 1-42.
- ^ Boulton, Christopher, and David Quain. Brewing yeast and fermentation. John Wiley & Sons, 2008.
- ^ Hansen, E.C. 1904. Grundlinien zur Systematik der Saccharomyceten. Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie und Parasitenkunde Abteilung 2. 12:529-538
- ^ Hansen, E. C. 1908. Recherches sur la physiologie et la morphologie des ferments alcooliques. XIII. Nouvelles etudes sur des levures de brasserie a fermentation basse. C. R. Trav. Lab, Carlsberg 7:179-217
- ^ Hansen, E. C. 1908. Recherches sur la physiologie et la morphologie des ferments alcooliques. XIII. Nouvelles etudes sur des levures de brasserie a fermentation basse. C. R. Trav. Lab, Carlsberg 7:179-217
- ^ "CBS Database".
- ^ VAUGHAN-MARTINI, ANN, and CLETUS P. KURTZMAN. "Deoxyribonucleic acid relatedness among species of the genus Saccharomyces sensu stricto." International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 35.4 (1985): 508-511
- ^ MARTINI, ANN VAUGHAN, and CLETUS P. KURTZMAN. "Deoxyribonucleic acid relatedness among species of the genus Saccharomyces sensu stricto."International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 35.4 (1985): 508-511
- ^ Borsting C, Hummel R, Schultz ER, et al. 1997. Saccharomyces carlsbergensis contains two functional genes encoding the acyl-CoA binding protein, one similar to the ACB1 gene from S. cerevisiae and one identical to the ACB1 gene from S. monacensis. Yeast 13: 1409–1421
- ^ Casaregola, Serge, et al. "Analysis of the constitution of the beer yeast genome by PCR, sequencing and subtelomeric sequence hybridization." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 51.4 (2001): 1607-1618
- ^ Vaughan-Martini A, Martini A (2011) Chapter 61 - Saccharomyces Meyen ex Reess (1870). In: The Yeasts (Fifth Edition). London: Elsevier. pp. 733–746.
- ^ Pérez-Través, Laura, et al. "On the Complexity of the Saccharomyces bayanus Taxon: Hybridization and Potential Hybrid Speciation." PLoS ONE 9.4 (2014): e93729.
- ^ Vaughan-Martini A, Martini A (2011) Chapter 61 - Saccharomyces Meyen ex Reess (1870). In: The Yeasts (Fifth Edition). London: Elsevier. pp. 733–746.
- ^ Nguyen, Huu-Vang, et al. "Deciphering the hybridisation history leading to the lager lineage based on the mosaic genomes of Saccharomyces bayanus strains NBRC1948 and CBS380T." PLoS ONE 6.10 (2011): e25821
- ^ Libkind, Diego, et al. "Microbe domestication and the identification of the wild genetic stock of lager-brewing yeast." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108.35 (2011): 14539-14544.
- ^ Bing, Jian, et al. "Evidence for a Far East Asian origin of lager beer yeast."Current Biology 24.10 (2014): R380-R381
- ^ Boynton, Primrose J., and Duncan Greig. "The ecology and evolution of non-domesticated Saccharomyces species." Yeast (2014).
- ^ Rainieri S, et al. Pure and mixed genetic lines of Saccharomyces bayanus and Saccharomyces pastorianus and their contribution to the lager brewing strain genome. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2006 Jun;72(6):3968-74
- ^ Walther, Andrea, Ana Hesselbart, and Jürgen Wendland. "Genome Sequence of Saccharomyces carlsbergensis, the World's First Pure Culture Lager Yeast."G3: Genes| Genomes| Genetics 4.5 (2014): 783-793
- ^ Dunn, Barbara, and Gavin Sherlock. "Reconstruction of the genome origins and evolution of the hybrid lager yeast Saccharomyces pastorianus." Genome research 18.10 (2008): 1610-1623.
- ^ Gibson, Brian R., et al. "Comparative physiology and fermentation performance of Saaz and Frohberg lager yeast strains and the parental species Saccharomyces eubayanus." Yeast 30.7 (2013): 255-266.
- ^ Walther, Andrea, Ana Hesselbart, and Jürgen Wendland. "Genome Sequence of Saccharomyces carlsbergensis, the World's First Pure Culture Lager Yeast."G3: Genes| Genomes| Genetics 4.5 (2014): 783-793
- ^ Krogerus, Kristoffer, et al. "New lager yeast strains generated by interspecific hybridization." Journal of Industrial Microbiology 42 (2015): 769-778.
- ^ Winans, Matthew J.; Yamamoto, Yuki; Fujimaru, Yuki; Kusaba, Yuki; Gallagher, Jennifer E. G.; Kitagaki, Hiroshi (2020). "Saccharomyces arboricola and Its Hybrids' Propensity for Sake Production: Interspecific Hybrids Reveal Increased Fermentation Abilities and a Mosaic Metabolic Profile". Fermentation. 6: 14. doi:10.3390/fermentation6010014.