Ōsugi Sakae (大杉 栄, January 17, 1885 – September 16, 1923) was a prominent Japanese anarchist[1] who was jailed multiple times for his writings and activism. He was murdered alongside his partner, Itō Noe, in what became known as the Amakasu Incident.
Ōsugi Sakae | |
|---|---|
| 大杉 栄 | |
 Ōsugi c. 1920 | |
| Born | January 17, 1885 Marugame, Japan |
| Died | September 16, 1923 (aged 38) Tokyo, Japan |
Biography
editŌsugi was born on January 17, 1885. He was raised in Tokyo and Sendai. During Ōsugi's early youth, his father fought in the First Sino-Japanese War. As a teenager in military school, he was disciplined—likely for homosexual activity—and later expelled after a fight. In 1902, he returned to Tokyo.[2] His mother died later that year. He began to experiment with Christianity, associate with the Heimin-sha socialist group, and attend foreign language school.[3]
After graduating from foreign language school, Ōsugi was arrested during a Tokyo trolley fare increase demonstration in 1906 and later released on bail. He married Hori Yasuko and became an Esperanto teacher. The same year, his writing began to attract attention. He edited Katei zasshi and was charged by the government for writing "Shimpei shokun ni atau" and "Seinen ni uttau". He spent part of 1907 in jail and returned twice in 1908, for the Rooftop Incident and the Red Flag Incident.[3] His father died in 1909, while Ōsugi was in prison. After his release in 1910, he published Kindai shisō (1912–1914), Heimin Shimbun (1914–1915), and Kindai shisō again, briefly. In the same time period, he met and began affairs with Ichiko Kamichika and Itō Noe. In 1916, as Itō left her family for Ōsugi, Kamichika stabbed Ōsugi. Ōsugi was divorced by 1917 and had a daughter with Itō.[4]
Ōsugi briefly published Bummei hihyō and Rōdō shimbun in 1918, and Rōdō undō from 1919–1920 (and again in 1921). He was briefly jailed in-between for hitting a police officer and his second daughter was born.[5] He would have two more daughters, in 1921 and 1922. Ōsugi went to Shanghai in 1920 for the Congress of Far Eastern Socialists, to Osaka in 1922 to found a national labor union, and to Berlin in 1923 for the International Congress of Anarchists. However, before he could attend, he was arrested in a St. Denis May Day demonstration and deported. Several months after returning to Japan, he was murdered alongside Itō and his nephew in the Kantō Massacre aftermath of the September 1923 Great Kantō earthquake.[6] This crime became known as the Amakasu incident.[7]
In June 1920 Osugi was contacted by the Korean Yi Ch'un-Suk, who persuaded him to come to Shanghai and meet with Asian Communists involved with the Far Eastern Bureau of the Comintern.[8]
Director Kiju Yoshida made Eros + Massacre (エロス＋虐殺) in 1969, about Ōsugi's life.[9]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Cybriwsky 2011, p. 104.
- ^ Stanley 1982, p. xv.
- ^ a b Stanley 1982, p. xvi.
- ^ Stanley 1982, p. xvii.
- ^ Stanley 1982, pp. xvii–xviii.
- ^ Stanley 1982, p. xviii.
- ^ Cybriwsky 2011, p. 21.
- ^ Robert, Scalapino (1967). The Japanese Communist Movement 1920-19667. Berkeley: University of California Press.
- ^ Desser, David (1988). Eros Plus Massacre: An Introduction to the Japanese New Wave Cinema. Indiana University Press. pp. 73. ISBN 978-0-253-20469-1.
Bibliography
edit- Cybriwsky, Roman (2011). Historical Dictionary of Tokyo. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-7489-3.
- Stanley, Thomas A. (1982). Ōsugi Sakae, Anarchist in Taishō Japan: The Creativity of the Ego. Harvard University Asia Center. ISBN 978-0-674-64493-9.
Further reading
edit- Filler, Stephen (2012). "The Theory and Practice of Early Literary Anarchism in Japan: Osugi Sakae, Arahata Kanson, and Miyajima Sukeo, 1911–1923". Studies in the Literary Imagination. 45 (2): 47–79. doi:10.1353/sli.2012.0010. eISSN 2165-2678. ISSN 0039-3819. S2CID 159485477 – via Gale.
- Fletcher, Miles (1983). "Review of Ōsugi Sakae: Anarchist in Taishō Japan: The Creativity of the Ego". Journal of Japanese Studies. 9 (2): 399–404. doi:10.2307/132310. ISSN 0095-6848. JSTOR 132310.
- Endo, Katsuhiko (2012). "A Unique Tradition of Materialism in Japan: Osugi Sakae, Tosaka Jun, and Uno Kozo". Positions: Asia Critique. 20 (4): 1009–1039. doi:10.1215/10679847-1717654. ISSN 1527-8271 – via Project MUSE.
- Fletcher, Miles (1983). "Review of Ōsugi Sakae: Anarchist in Taishō Japan: The Creativity of the Ego". Journal of Japanese Studies. 9 (2): 399–404. doi:10.2307/132310. ISSN 0095-6848. JSTOR 132310.
- Kinmouth, Earl H. (1987). "Review of Ōsugi Sakae: Anarchist in Taishō Japan: The Creativity of the Ego". The American Historical Review. 92 (5): 1261. doi:10.2307/1868610. ISSN 0002-8762. JSTOR 1868610.
- Large, Stephen S. (1982). "Review of Osugi Sakae, Anarchist in Taisho Japan: The Creativity of the Ego". Monumenta Nipponica. 37 (4): 541–543. doi:10.2307/2384174. ISSN 0027-0741. JSTOR 2384174.
- McCormack, Gavan (1983). "Review of Osugi Sakae: Anarchist in Taisho Japan". Pacific Affairs. 56 (4): 746–747. doi:10.2307/2758616. ISSN 0030-851X. JSTOR 2758616.
- Notehelfer, F. G. (1983). "Review of Review of Ōsugi Sakae: Anarchist in Taishō Japan". The Journal of Asian Studies. 42 (3): 678–680. doi:10.2307/2055559. ISSN 0021-9118. JSTOR 2055559.
- Powell, B. (1984). "Review of Ōsugi Sakae: Anarchist in Taishō Japan: The Creativity of the Ego". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 47 (1): 185–186. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00022680. ISSN 0041-977X. JSTOR 618373.
- Sakae Osugi (December 17, 1992). The Autobiography of Osugi Sakae. University of California Press.
External links
edit- The Anarchist Movement in Japan, a pamphlet by John Crump; includes information on Ōsugi Sakae and Kōtoku Shūsui
- e-texts of Ōsugi Sakae at Aozora Bunko
- Ōsugi Sakae Archive at marxists.org
- Osugi and Bakunin compares Osugi's internationalism with Bakunin's Slavic chauvinism.
- The Legends of Ōsugi Sakae and Noe Ito