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Vasant Panchami

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Vasant Panchami (Sanskrit: वसन्त पञ्चमी, romanized: Vasanta Pañcamī), also rendered Vasanta Panchami[4][5] and Saraswati Puja in honour of the Hindu goddess Saraswati, is a festival that marks the preparation for the arrival of spring. The festival is celebrated in Indian religions in different ways depending on the region. Vasant Panchami also marks the start of preparation for Holika and Holi, which take place forty days later.[6] The Vasant Utsava (festival) on Panchami is celebrated forty days before spring, because any season's transition period is 40 days, and after that, the season comes into full bloom.

Vasant Panchami
Goddess Saraswati, Goddess of knowledge. This print from the Ravi Varma Press derived from a painting by Raja Ravi Varma.
Official nameVasant Panchami[1]
Also calledSaraswati Puja
Observed byHindus, Sikhs and Jains in India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Java and Bali (Indonesia and many other countries)[2]
TypeCultural
SignificanceSpring, harvest, Goddess Saraswati[2]
CelebrationsWorship of Goddess Saraswati[2][3]
DateMagha Shukla Panchami
2023 date26 January (Thursday)
2024 date14 February (Wednesday)
Explanatory note
Hindu festival dates

The Hindu calendar is lunisolar but most festival dates are specified using the lunar portion of the calendar. A lunar day is uniquely identified by three calendar elements: māsa (lunar month), pakṣa (lunar fortnight) and tithi (lunar day).

Furthermore, when specifying the masa, one of two traditions are applicable, viz. amānta / pūrṇimānta. If a festival falls in the waning phase of the moon, these two traditions identify the same lunar day as falling in two different (but successive) masa.

A lunar year is shorter than a solar year by about eleven days. As a result, most Hindu festivals occur on different days in successive years on the Gregorian calendar.
Haate Khori is considered to be a holy start to a child's journey of education.

Nomenclature and date

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Vasant Panchami is celebrated every year on the fifth day of the bright half of the Hindu lunisolar calendar month of Magha, which typically falls in late January or February. Spring is known as the "King of all Seasons", so the festival commences forty days in advance. It is generally winter-like in northern India, and more spring-like in central and western parts of India on Vasant Panchami, which gives credence to the idea that spring is actually in full bloom 40 days after the Vasant Panchami day.[7]

The festival is particularly observed by Hindus in the Indian subcontinent, notably India and Nepal. [8][6] In southern states, the same day is called Sri Panchami.[7]

On the island of Bali and the Hindus of Indonesia, it is known as "Hari Raya Saraswati" (great day of Saraswati). It also marks the beginning of the 210-day long Balinese Pawukon calendar.[9]

Hinduism

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Goddess Saraswati dressed in a yellow sari on Vasant Panchami, Kolkata. She sits in a swing, holding a Veena, with books in one corner.

Saraswati Puja

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Vasant Panchami is a festival of Hindus that marks the beginning of preparations for the spring season. It is celebrated by people in various ways depending on the region. Vasant Panchami also marks the start of preparation for Holika and Holi, which occur forty days later. For many, Vasant Panchami is the festival dedicated to goddess Saraswati who is their goddess of knowledge, language, music, and all arts.[8] She symbolizes creative energy and power in all its forms, including longing and love. The season and festival also celebrate the agricultural fields' ripening with yellow flowers of mustard crop, which Hindus associate with Saraswati's favorite color. People dress in yellow saris or shirts or accessories, share yellow-colored snacks and sweets. Some add saffron to their rice and then eat yellow cooked rice as a part of an elaborate feast.[8]

Many families mark this day by sitting with babies and young children, encouraging their children to write their first words with their fingers, and some study or create music together.[8][7][10] The day before Vasant Panchami, Saraswati's temples are filled with food so that she can join the celebrants in the traditional feasting the following morning.[10] In temples and educational institutions, statues of Saraswati are dressed in yellow and worshiped.[10] Many educational institutions arrange special prayers or pujas in the morning to seek the blessing of the goddess. Poetic and musical gatherings are held in some communities in reverence for Saraswati.[11]

In Eastern India, primarily in the states of West Bengal, Assam, Tripura and Bihar, as well as in Nepal, people visit Saraswati temples and also worship Goddess Saraswati at home (Saraswati Puja). In West Bengal, it's one of the major festivals for Bengali Hindus and observed by many households; most schools arrange Saraswati puja for their students on their premises. In Bangladesh too, all major educational institutes and universities observe it with a holiday and a special puja.

In the state of Odisha, the festival is celebrated as Basanta Panchami/Sri Panchami /Saraswati Puja. Homas and Yagnas are done in schools and colleges across the state. Students celebrate Saraswati puja with great sincerity and fervor. Usually, children four and five years old start learning on this day in a unique ceremony named 'Khadi-Chuan' or 'Vidya-Arambha'.[12] This is alternatively known as "Haate-Khori" among Bengali Hindus.[citation needed]

In southern states such as Andhra Pradesh, the same day is called Sri Panchami where "Sri" refers to her as another aspect of the one goddess Devi.[11][13][7]

Other deities

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Vasant Panchami, in some places, celebrates the Hindu god of love Kama (left) with Rati, shown above at the Khajuraho temple.

Another legend behind Vasant Panchami is based on the Hindu god of love called Kama.[14] Pradyumna is Kamadeva reborn as Krishna's son. Thus Vasant Panchami is also known as "Madana Panchami". Pradyumna is the son of Rukmini and Krishna. He awakens the passions of the earth (and its people) and thus the world blooms anew.

It is remembered as the day when the Seers (Rishis) approached Kama to wake up Shiva from his Yogic meditation. They support Parvati who is doing a penance to get Shiva as husband and seek Kama's help to bring Shiva back from his meditation to worldly desires. Kama agrees and shoots arrows, made of flowers and bees, at Shiva from his heavenly bow of sugarcane in order to arouse him to pay attention to Parvati. Lord Shiva awakens from his meditation. When his third eye opens, a fireball is directed to Kama. Kama the Lord of desires is burnt to ashes. This initiative is celebrated by Hindus as Vasant Panchami.[8]

Vasant Panchami is associated with the emotions of love and emotional anticipation in Kutch (Gujarat) and is celebrated by preparing bouquets and garlands of flowers set with mango leaves, as a gift. People dress in saffron, pink, or yellow and visit each other. Songs about Krishna's pranks with Radha, considered to mirror Kama-Rati, are sung.[15] This is symbolized with the Hindu deity Kama with his wife Rati.[11][10]

Traditionally, in Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Uttar Pradesh, after bathing in the morning, people worship Shiva and Parvati. Offerings of mango flowers and the ears of wheat are traditionally made.[16]

Deo temple: Sun God

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The shrine of the Sun God in Aurangabad district, Bihar known as the Deo-Sun Shrine, was established on Basant Panchami. The day is celebrated to commemorate the founding of the shrine by King Aila of Allahabad and the birthday of the Sun-Deo God. The statues are washed and old red clothes on them are replaced with new ones on Basant Panchami. Devotees sing, dance and play musical instruments.[17]

Other

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A kite flying at Basant Panchami event. At least since the 19th century, kite flying on Basant has been a popular event in north India well as in the region around Lahore, Pakistan. Kite flying is also traditional in west India on Uttarayan, in Mathura on Viskwakarma Puja and in south India.[18]

People celebrate the day by wearing yellow (white), eating sweet dishes and displaying yellow flowers in homes. In Rajasthan, it is customary for people to wear jasmine garlands.[19] In Maharashtra, newly married couples visit a temple and offer prayers on the first Basant Panchami after the wedding. wearing yellow dresses. In the Punjab region, Hindus wear yellow turban or headdress. In Uttarakhand, in addition to Saraswati Puja, people worship Shiva, Parvati as the mother earth and the crops or agriculture. People eat yellow rice and wear yellow. It is also a significant school supplies shopping and related gift-giving season.[7]

In the Punjab region, Basant is celebrated as a seasonal festival by all faiths and is known as the Basant Festival of Kites. Children buy dor (thread) and guddi or patang (kites) for the sport. The people of the Punjab wear yellow clothes and eat yellow rice to emulate the yellow mustard (sarson) flower fields, or play by flying kites.[3][20][7] According to Desai (2010), the tradition of flying kites on various festivals is also found in northern and western Indian states: Hindus in Rajasthan and especially in Gujarat associate kite flying with the period prior to Uttarayan; in Mathura (Uttar Pradesh), kites are flown on Dussehra; in Bengal kite flying takes place on Viskwakarma Puja in September. The sport is also found in Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and parts of south India.[18]

On Bali and among Indonesian Hindus, Hari Raya Saraswati (the festival's local name) is celebrated with prayers in family compounds, educational institutions, and public venues from morning to noon. Teachers and students wear brightly coloured clothes instead of their usual uniforms, and children bring traditional cakes and fruit to school for offerings in a temple.[21]

Sikhism

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Namdhari Sikhs have historically celebrated Basant Panchami to mark the beginning of spring.[22] Other Sikhs treat it as a spring festival, and joyfully celebrate it by wearing yellow colored clothes, emulating the bright yellow mustard flowers in the fields.[3]

Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the founder of the Sikh Empire, encouraged the celebration of Basant Panchami as a social event in the Gurdwaras. In 1825 CE he gave 2,000 rupees to the Harmandir Sahib Gurdwara in Amritsar to distribute food.[23] He held an annual Basant fair and sponsored kite flying as a regular feature of the fairs.[24] Maharaja Ranjit Singh and his queen Moran would dress in yellow and fly kites on Basant Panchami.[25] Maharaja Ranjit Singh would also hold a darbar or court in Lahore on Basant Panchami which lasted ten days when soldiers would dress in yellow and show their military prowess.[26]

In the Malwa region, the festival of Basant Panchami is celebrated with wearing of yellow dress and kite flying.[27] In Kapurthala and Hoshiarpur, a Basant Panchami fair is held. People attend the fair wearing yellow clothes, turbans or accessories.[28] Sikhs also remember the martyrdom of the child Haqiqat Rai on Basant Panchmi, who was arrested by the Muslim ruler Khan Zakariya Khan after being falsely accused of insulting Islam. Rai was given the choice of converting to Islam or death and, having refused conversion, was executed on the Basant Panchami of 1741 in Lahore, Pakistan.[29][30][31]

Nihangs go to Patiala on Basant Panchami and dress in pink and yellow on the month of Vaisakh (not only Basant Panchami day).[32]

Pakistan

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Kite flying in Lahore goes back centuries. After creation of Pakistan it evolved into a highly competitive sport which is not limited to "basant" only. There are regional teams, competitions, and trophies. Kite And string making is an industry all over central Punjab providing livelihood to thousands.

Given the shared history and culture in the Indian subcontinent, the Punjabi Muslims in and around Lahore also celebrate kite flying as a sport in Pakistan from home rooftops during the Basant season.[18] In 2003, the Supreme Court of Pakistan attempted to ban the manufacture, trade, and flying of kites in Lahore on the basis of fatal incidents involving 'glass-coated' stray strings originally used in kite-battles in Lahore.[33] In 2005 Lahore announced that Vasant Panchami could be celebrated in a forest outside of Lahore. In 2017 the ban on Vasant Panchami was briefly lifted and reimposed.[34]

 
Basant Celebrations at the Dargah

Sufi Muslim Basant

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According to Lochan Singh Buxi, Basant Panchmi is a Hindu festival adopted by some Indian Muslim Sufis in the 12th century to mark the grave of the Muslim Sufi saint dargah of Nizamuddin Aulia in Delhi and ever since, has been observed by the Chishti order.[35] According to local Sufi traditions, the poet Amir Khusrau saw Hindu women carry yellow flowers to a temple on Basant and they were dressed in yellow, and he adopted their culture to give some happiness to Nizamuddin Aulia because his nephew died few days ago and he was not recovering from grief, one the Chishti order of Sufi Indian Muslims continue to practice.[36]

Controversy

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Vasant Panchami has been a historic occasion of dispute at the archaeological site of Bhojshala (Dhar, Madhya Pradesh) with evidence of an early Saraswati temple (locally called Waghdevi). On the site of Bhojshala is a later era Kamal-Maula mosque, which Muslims use for Friday prayers. The Archeological Survey of India (ASI) has provided annual guidelines, when the Vasant Panchami festival falls on a Friday, announcing hours when Hindus can worship at Bhojshala on Vasant Panchami, and when Muslims can. However, in past years, the Muslim community scheduled earlier has refused to vacate the premises, leading to riots and disorder such as in the 1980s and 1990s.[37][38][39]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "National Portal यफ India".
  2. ^ a b c James G. Lochtefeld (2002). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z. The Rosen Publishing Group. pp. 741–742. ISBN 978-0-8239-3180-4.
  3. ^ a b c Nikky-Guninder Kaur Singh (2011). Sikhism: An Introduction. I.B.Tauris. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-85773-549-2.
  4. ^ Rinehart, Robin (2004). Contemporary Hinduism: Ritual, Culture, and Practice. ABC-CLIO. p. 135. ISBN 978-1-57607-905-8.
  5. ^ Dalal, Roshen (2010). The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths. Penguin Books India. p. 384. ISBN 978-0-14-341517-6.
  6. ^ a b Christian Roy (2005). Traditional Festivals: A Multicultural Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 192–193. ISBN 978-1-57607-089-5.
  7. ^ a b c d e f R. Manohar Lall (1933). Among the Hindus: A Study of Hindu Festivals. Asian Educational Services. pp. 27–33. ISBN 978-81-206-1822-0. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
  8. ^ a b c d e J. Gordon Melton (2011). Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations. ABC-CLIO. pp. 902–903. ISBN 978-1-59884-206-7.
  9. ^ "Bali Cultural Ceremony and Ritual". Balispirit.com. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2017.
  10. ^ a b c d Roy, Christian. Traditional Festivals: A Multicultural Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. Vol.2. pp. 192-195. 2005. ISBN 9781576070895
  11. ^ a b c Vema, Manish. Fast and Festivals of India. Diamond Pocket Books. p.72. 2000. ISBN 9788171820764
  12. ^ "2022 Vidyarambham Pooja Date and Puja Timings". 9 November 2017.
  13. ^ Festivals of India, Swami Mukundananda (2015)
  14. ^ "Banabhatta's Kadambari | Latest News & Updates at DNAIndia.com". DNA India. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
  15. ^ Dilipsinh, K. S. (2004) "Ch.8 - The Festival of Spring" from Kutch: In Festival And Custom. Har-Anand Publications. p. 98. ISBN 9788124109984
  16. ^ R. Manohar Lall (1933). Among the Hindus: A Study of Hindu Festivals. Asian Educational Services. pp. 27–29. ISBN 978-81-206-1822-0.
  17. ^ Anirudha Behari Saran; Gaya Pandey (1992). Sun Worship in India: A Study of Deo Sun-Shrine. Northern Book Centre. p. 68. ISBN 978-81-7211-030-7.
  18. ^ a b c Nikita Desai (2010). A Different Freedom: Kite Flying in Western India; Culture and Tradition. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 32–34, 60, 99–100, 151. ISBN 978-1-4438-2310-4.
  19. ^ Journal of the Indian Anthropological Society, Volume 30 (1995)
  20. ^ "Basant Panchami 2017: All You Need To Know Of The Spring Festival And Saraswati Puja", NDTV ;(February 1, 2017)
  21. ^ "Bali Cultural Ceremony and Ritual". Balispirit.com. Retrieved 8 October 2017.
  22. ^ Satwant Kaur Rait (2005). Sikh Women in England: Their Religious and Cultural Beliefs and Social Practices. Trentham. pp. 43–44. ISBN 978-1-85856-353-4.
  23. ^ Hari Ram Gupta (1991). History of the Sikhs: The Sikh lion of Lahore, Maharaja Ranjit Singh, 1799-1839. Munshiram Manoharlal. ISBN 9788121505154.
  24. ^ Camille Mirepoix (1967). Now Pakistan. Grenich. p. 142.
  25. ^ Hasan, Masudul (1971). Unique Women of the World: Being Unique Stories of the Sidelights of the Lives, Loves, and Mysteries of Famous Women of All Times, All the World Over. Unique Publications. p. 96.
  26. ^ Gulcharan Singh (1993), page 20, The Sikh Courier International, Volumes 33-37
  27. ^ "The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Bathinda Edition". Tribuneindia.com. Retrieved 17 February 2014.
  28. ^ "The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Jalandhar Edition". Tribuneindia.com. Retrieved 17 February 2014.
  29. ^ Maan Singh Nirankari (2008). Sikhism, a Perspective. Unistar Books. p. 154. ISBN 978-81-7142-621-8.
  30. ^ Pande, Alka (1999), Folk Music & Musical Instruments of Punjab: From Mustard Fields to Disco Lights, Volume 1, page 7, ISBN 978-1890206154
  31. ^ Lakshman Singh (Bhagat) (2006). The Sikh Martyrs. Singh Brothers. pp. 118–122. ISBN 978-81-7205-382-6.
  32. ^ "Nihang Rehat". 3 June 2008. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
  33. ^ "Basant That Was - And The Case For Safely Restoring The Festivities".
  34. ^ "Basant ban: Pakistan snaps a thread from its own culture".
  35. ^ Lochan Singh Buxi (1994). Prominent Mystic Poets of Punjab: Representative Sufi Poetry in Punjabi, with English Rendering. pp. 49–50. ISBN 978-81-230-0256-9.
  36. ^ Paul E Losensky (2013). In the Bazaar of Love: The Selected Poetry of Amir Khusrau. Penguin Books. p. 27. ISBN 978-81-8475-522-0.
  37. ^ Rajendra Vora; Anne Feldhaus (2006). Region, Culture, and Politics in India. Manohar. pp. 327–329. ISBN 978-81-7304-664-3.
  38. ^ Indore celebrates Basant Panchmi, The Times of India, February 2, 2017
  39. ^ "Bhojshala-Kamal Maula mosque row: What is the dispute over the temple-cum-mosque all about?", India Today, Shreya Biswas (February 12, 2016)
  • "Vasant Panchmi", a book by Anurag Basu.
  • "Kite Festival" by Sanjeev Narula.
  • Saraswati Puja: Quotes, Wishes, Mantras, Images, Songs
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