Wikipedia

Scar (The Lion King)

Scar is a fictional character and the main antagonist of Disney's The Lion King franchise. He was created by screenwriters Irene Mecchi, Jonathan Roberts and Linda Woolverton and animated by Andreas Deja. Scar is introduced in the first film as the younger and envious brother of Mufasa, the ruler of the Pride Lands. Originally first in line to Mufasa's throne, until he is suddenly replaced by Mufasa's son, Simba, Scar decides to lead an army of hyenas in his plot to take the throne by killing Mufasa and Simba, who escapes into exile, ultimately blaming his brother's death on his nephew.

Scar
The Lion King character
First appearanceThe Lion King (1994)
Created by
Voiced by
Inspired byKing Claudius
In-universe information
Full nameTaka (in Six New Adventures and Mufasa: The Lion King)
Askari (in The Lion Guard)
NicknameScar
SpeciesAfrican lion
GenderMale
OccupationKing of Pride Rock (formerly)
Heir to the Throne of Pride Rock (formerly)
Leader of the Lion Guard (formerly)
FamilyMufasa (older brother)
Ahadi (father; in Six New Adventures)
Uru (mother; in Six New Adventures)
Mohatu (grandfather; in The Brightest Star)
RelativesSarabi (sister-in-law)
Simba (nephew)
Nala (niece-in-law)
Kiara (great-niece)
Kion (great-nephew)
Kovu (foster son)

Loosely based on King Claudius, the main antagonist of William Shakespeare's Hamlet, Scar's villainy was additionally inspired by German dictator Adolf Hitler, as well as stemming from lions' natural behaviors of pride takeovers. As the character's supervising animator, Deja based Scar's appearance on that of the original film voice actor Jeremy Irons, as well as the actor's performance as Claus von Bülow in Reversal of Fortune. Chiwetel Ejiofor voices the photorealistic version of the character in the 2019 remake of the film with Kelvin Harrison Jr., voicing him in the upcoming 2024 film.

As a character, Scar has garnered widespread acclaim from film critics, who greeted Irons's vocal performance with equal enthusiasm. However, Scar's violence, dark color palette and allegedly effeminate mannerisms were initially met with mild controversy. Nevertheless, Scar continues to be revered as one of Disney's greatest villains by various media publications, topping The Huffington Post's list and ranking within the top ten of similar lists published by Yahoo! Movies, the Orlando Sentinel, E! and CNN. He has also been ranked among the greatest villains in film history by Digital Spy and Entertainment Weekly.

Development

Conception and influences

The Lion King was first conceived in 1988.[1] The film was eventually pitched to Disney executives, one of whom was among the first to observe similarities between author Thomas M. Disch's treatment and William Shakespeare’s play Hamlet.[2][3] Although first citing these similarities as initially unintentional,[4] director Rob Minkoff always felt it was essential "to anchor [the film] with something familiar."[5] As directors, Minkoff and Roger Allers aspired to create "an animal picture based in a more natural setting,"[6] describing the film as "More true-life adventure than mythical epic."[7] Although not the first Disney film to have been inspired by Shakespeare's work,[8] The Lion King remains the studio's most prominent example,[9] due to close parallels between its characters and Hamlet,[citation needed] , while both stories revolve around main characters who struggle to come to terms with the reality that they must confront their treacherous uncles and avenge their fathers' deaths.[10] Scar is based on King Claudius.[11] According to Slate, while Claudius is mostly "a second-rate schemer, consumed by anxiety and guilt," Scar very much "delight[s] in his monstrosity;"[12] both characters are motivated by jealousy.[13] Meanwhile, The Week observed that although both characters ultimately die, Claudius is killed by protagonist, Hamlet, while Scar dies "at the hand of his former hyena minions, and not Simba, himself."[4] Additionally, the character shares similarities with Iago from Shakespeare's play Othello, as both antagonists are skilled in exploiting their victims' fears.[14]

The original plot of The Lion King revolved around a rivalry between lions and baboons.[15] A baboon himself, Scar was their leader.[16] After this plot was abandoned, Scar was re-written into a rogue lion lacking any blood relation to both Mufasa and Simba.[17][18] The writers eventually decided that making Scar and Mufasa brothers would make the film more interesting.[19] At one point, Scar owned a pet python as a sidekick, but this character was abandoned.[15] Because the film was originally intended to be much more adult-oriented, Scar was to have become infatuated with Simba's childhood friend and eventual love interest, Nala, wanting the young lioness to rule alongside him as his queen,[20] and consequentially banishing the character[15] when she refuses.[21] This concept was to have been further explored during a reprise of Scar's song "Be Prepared",[22] but both the idea and the song were ultimately removed from the film, because they were deemed too "creepy.” In addition to that, there was a scene in which Scar was originally going to defeat Simba and throw him off Pride Rock, before he's engulfed by flames. This ending was cut, for being far too dark for young viewers.[20] To further emphasize the character's villainy and tyranny, the writers loosely based Scar on Adolf Hitler.[23] According to The Jerusalem Post, Scar's song "Be Prepared" "features goose-stepping hyenas in a formation reminiscent of a Nuremberg rally."[24] This idea was first suggested by story artist Jorgen Klubien.[24]

According to the directors, "[a] patronizing quality" was vital to Scar's role in the film.[25] Minkoff told the Los Angeles Times, "When Scar puts the guilt trip on Simba, that's an intense idea and probably something that is not typical of the other Disney pictures, in terms of what the villain does."[25] Additionally, Scar serves as a departure from previous Disney villains, because they "came off at least as buffoonish as they were sinister".[25] Because Scar is the film's main antagonist,[26] supervising animator Andreas Deja believed that "villains work really well when they're subtle,” explaining, "to see them think and scheme and plot is much more interesting than showing them beating somebody up."[25] By blaming Mufasa's death on an innocent Simba, Scar ultimately triggers "a cycle of guilt, flight, denial and redemption, as the hero goes into self-imposed exile, before finally reconciling with his father's memory, returning to face his wicked uncle and generally coming of age."[25] The character's first line in The Lion King "essentially summarizes the entire film, providing foreshadowing". It reads, "Life's not fair is it? You see I—well, I shall never be King. And you shall never see light of another day. Adieu,” which subtly reveals the plot, as well as "the reason why [Scar] decides to murder his own brother."[13] (This line is given minor edits for the 2019 remake: "Life's not fair. Is it, my little friend? While some are born to feast, others spend their lives in the dark, begging for scraps. The way I see it, you and I are exactly the same: we both want to find a way out.").

Voice

1994 incarnation

Tim Curry, Malcolm McDowell, Alan Rickman, Patrick Stewart, and Ian McKellen were all originally considered for the role of Scar.[27] However, the role was ultimately won by actor Jeremy Irons,[23] because of his classical theater training, because the directors had deliberately wanted Scar "to come across as a Shakespearean character."[27] Successfully recruiting Irons for the film was considered an unprecedented achievement for the studio because, at the time, it was rare for a dramatic actor of Irons's caliber to agree to voice an animated character,[28] especially immediately after winning an Academy Award.[25] In fact, the Oscar-winning actor[29] nearly declined, because, in fear of jeopardizing his successful career, he was "[h]esitant to jump from a dramatic role to an animated feature."[30] Prior to The Lion King, Irons was famous for starring as several villains and antagonists in live-action films "geared towards adults."[31] Although he had starred in a children's film before, the actor admitted that it did not mirror the success of The Lion King,[31] a film that has since gained notoriety for its cast of well known, award-winning Hollywood actors,[32] which animation historian Jerry Beck referred to in his book The Animated Movie Guide as "the most impressive list of actors ever to grace an animated film."[33]

 
 
Actors Tim Curry (left) and Malcolm McDowell (right) were both considered for the role of Scar. Ultimately, the role went to then-recent Academy Award-winner Jeremy Irons.

As directors, Minkoff and Allers "work[ed] very closely with the actors to create their performance."[34] Describing Irons as "a gentleman and a brilliant actor," Allers revealed that the actor was constantly offering "extra interpretations of lines which were fantastic."[5] Producer Don Hahn recalled that Irons "really wanted to play with the words and the pacing," specifically referring to a scene in which Scar coaxes Simba onto a rock and tricks the cub to stay there and await his father's arrival, dubbing it "a father and son thing." According to Hahn, "The comedy in [Irons's] inflection comes from Scar sounding so disdainful he can barely summon the will to finish the sentence."[25] Irons's physical appearance and mannerisms served as inspiration for Scar's supervising animator Andreas Deja, namely his flicking his paw in disgust.[25] Critics have cited physical similarities between Irons and Scar.[35]

In a reference to the role that earned Irons an Academy Award, Claus von Bülow in Reversal of Fortune, the writers gave Scar one of von Bülow's lines, "You have no idea," which is uttered by Irons in a similar tone.[36][37] According to author Rachel Stein of New Perspectives on Environmental Justice: Gender, Sexuality, and Activism, Irons relies "on his history of playing sexually perverse, socially dangerous male characters to animate his depiction of Scar."[38] On the contrary, Irons revealed to Connect Savannah that the similarities between the voices of Scar and von Bülow were largely unintentional, explaining, "Whatever voice came was arrived at by looking at the initial sketches and from the freedom the directors gave me to try anything." Irons concluded, "The fact that he may occasionally remind you of Claus, comes from the fact that they both share the same voice box."[39]

While recording Scar's song, "Be Prepared," Irons encountered challenges with his singing voice. The actor reportedly "blew out his voice" upon belting the line "you won't get a sniff without me," rendering him incapable of completing the musical number.[40] Consequently, Disney was forced to recruit American voice actor Jim Cummings, who had also been providing the voice of The Lion King's laughing hyena Ed at the time,[41] to impersonate Irons and record the rest of the song.[42] Jim Cummings told The Huffington Post that "[s]tunt singing" is actually something the actor continues to do regularly, having done the same for American actor Russell Means, voice of Chief Powhatan in Disney's Pocahontas.[43] Critics observed that Irons "fakes his way through 'Be Prepared' in the grand tradition of talk-singing," drawing similarities between him and American actor James Cagney and English actor Rex Harrison.[44] Deja revealed that, during a recording session, Irons's stomach was grumbling. Deja joked, "The growling sound could be heard in his recording, so we had to record that part of his dialog all over again."[45] As a result of Irons's prominent British accent, critics have compared both the actor and Scar to Shere Khan, the villain of Disney's earlier film The Jungle Book, voiced by English actor George Sanders.[25]

2019 incarnation

Chiwetel Ejiofor was officially chosen on November 1, 2017 for the role of Scar in the CGI 2019 remake directed by Jon Favreau, as he had impressed Favreau, after watching his antagonistic performance as Baron Mordo in the Marvel film Doctor Strange (2016).[46] Ejiofor said that "especially with Scar, whether it's a vocal quality that allows for a certain confidence or a certain aggression, to always know that at the end of it you're playing somebody who has the capacity to turn everything on its head in a split second with outrageous acts of violence—that can completely change the temperature of a scene".[47] Favreau said of casting Ejiofor, "[He] is just a fantastic actor, who brings us a bit of the mid-Atlantic cadence and a new take on the character. He brings that feeling of a Shakespearean villain to bear because of his background as an actor. It's wonderful when you have somebody as experienced and seasoned as Chiwetel; he just breathes such wonderful life into this character."[48] When Jeremy Irons was interviewed on Larry King Now on November 30, 2016, he expressed interest in reprising the role.[49]

In August 2021, it was announced that Kelvin Harrison Jr. would voice Young Scar in Barry Jenkins' 2024 follow-upcoming film of the remake version.[50]

Design and characterization

The studio originally dismissed The Lion King as a risk, because, at the time, it was believed that the greatest films starred people.[51] Concerned about the novelty of the film, Disney chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg decided to divide the studio into two separate animated films, The Lion King and Pocahontas, the latter of which was dubbed "the home run” because it was expected to be the more successful of the two projects.[52] Disney's more seasoned and experienced animators gravitated towards Pocahontas, while the studio's newer animators were relegated to working on The Lion King, dubbing themselves the "B-team."[53] However, Allers received Katzenberg's decision as an opportunity for "newer animators to step up to leadership roles",[53] among them Andreas Deja, who became Scar's supervising animator.[53] Well-known for animating several Disney villains,[54] Deja summarized the experience as "more fun than drawing heroes" because "You have so much more to work with, in terms of expressions and acting and drawing-wise, than you would have with a nice princess or a prince, where you have to be ever so careful with the draftsmanship."[55]

"[A]t Disney ... the people responsible for each movie see that you are good at animating a specific type of character, they will keep giving similar characters to you. Also, I animated a couple of those villains because I asked to. I told the studio that I could do something good with these characters, since they really spoke to me. I showed that I had a passion for it, which I believe to be very important. Villains are very interesting characters, they have the most 'juice' in them, and they invite you to explore them. So, if something fascinates you, then you should probably explore it."
— Supervising animator Andreas Deja on animating Disney villains[45]

Before becoming involved with The Lion King, Deja had already developed a reputation for animating Disney villains.[45][54] Prior to animating Scar, Deja had just recently served as the supervising animator of Gaston and Jafar, the villains in Disney's Beauty and the Beast and Aladdin, respectively.[25] Initially, Deja had been considering the idea of animating a hero for a change,[45] contemplating taking on the task of animating Simba, instead.[56] However, Deja relented upon learning that Scar would be voiced by Irons, feeling that it would be "fun" to animate a character voiced by such a prestigious actor.[56] Meanwhile, Minkoff and Allers had already had Deja in mind for animating Scar, long before the animator approached the directors about the position.[56] The level anthropomorphism used in The Lion King exceeded that of any Disney animated film by which it was preceded.[57] Because Scar is an animal, as opposed to a human,[58] Deja and the animators experienced certain challenges and limitations when it came to instilling movement in the character,[58] and thus experimented with manipulating Scar's facial expressions, specifically the way in which he tilts his head condescendingly, raises his eyebrows and lifts his chin.[25] The animals were each drawn with certain human-like attributes and characteristics, in order to help convey emotions and tell the story.[57] Meanwhile, the studio recruited live lions for the animators to study, while drawing.[59] As the film's villain, Scar is the only lion drawn with claws.[15]

Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly described Scar as "a figure of both pity and evil, and of treacherous comedy" with Irons "filling this devious coward with elegantly witty self-loathing."[60] As an animator, Deja believes that "If you have a great voice to work with, your work is half done."[61] Enjoying the way in which Irons "has a way with words and phrasing,"[61] Deja deliberately based much of Scar's appearance on the actor himself, specifically the shape of his mouth and facial expressions.[45] Several of the actor's physical attributes were incorporated into Scar's design, with Irons admitting to recognizing his own baggy eyes in his character.[25] Additionally, Deja studied Irons's performances in the films Reversal of Fortune and Damage, for inspiration.[25][62]

Music

Scar sings the musical number "Be Prepared," written by songwriters Elton John and Tim Rice, while contemplating Mufasa's death plot and bringing the hyenas along. Described as the film's "darkest" song, a "pompous,"[63] "fascistic paean to usurpers,"[64] the musical sequence depicts the lion "as a big-cat fascist."[65] According to Business Insider, in addition to loosely basing the character on Adolf Hitler, to further emphasize Scar's tyranny, the filmmakers directly based his song "Be Prepared," which references Nazism by having Scar's army of hyenas goose step, while addressing them from a high ledge, similar to the way in which Hitler would have from a balcony,[23] in the Nazi propaganda film Triumph of the Will (1935),[66] which documents Nazi Germany during 1934.[67]

According to Entertainment Weekly, the concept originated from a sketch by story artist Jorgen Klubien, in which Scar was depicted as Hitler. Although hesitant that then-Disney Animation chief Jeffrey Katzenberg would approve, the filmmakers decided to pursue it, describing the sequence as a "Triumph of the Will-style mock-Nuremberg rally."[64] The St. Louis Post-Dispatch reviewed, "those goose-stepping hyenas seem a little much in hindsight,"[68] while Film School Rejects coined it a "hellish gathering."[69]

Appearances

Animated films

The Lion King (1994)

Scar debuted in The Lion King (1994). The scheming younger brother of Mufasa, Scar was next-in-line to take the throne, until his nephew Simba, Mufasa's son, was born, replacing him. Determined to seize the throne, Scar devises a plan to kill both Simba and Mufasa. After trapping Simba in a vast gorge, Scar signals his hyena minions, Shenzi, Banzai and Ed, to trigger a wildebeest stampede. Although Mufasa saves Simba, the king is weakened and unable to climb out of the gorge to safety. When Mufasa begs Scar for help, Scar instead digs his claws into his brother's paws. At that moment, Mufasa realizes that Scar is responsible for the stampede and the last thing he hears is Scar menacingly saying "long live the king,” before sending him to his death. Convincing Simba that he is to blame for Mufasa's death, Scar advises the prince to run away and never return, then orders the hyenas to kill him. Scar returns to Pride Rock and tells the pride that both Mufasa and Simba died in the stampede, before becoming king and allowing the hyenas into the Pride Lands. Unbeknownst to Scar, Simba was able to escape the hyenas.

Years go by as Scar squanders the kingdom's resources and allows his army of hyenas to wreak havoc upon the Pride Lands, which turn barren. In addition, he forbids anyone from mentioning Mufasa's name in his presence (mainly to try and get out of his shadow). Meanwhile, aided by his friends Nala, Timon and Pumbaa, an adult Simba returns to Pride Rock and witnesses Scar striking his mother, Sarabi, and he confronts his uncle, who then demands that Simba admit to the pride that he killed Mufasa. As he prepares to throw Simba off Pride Rock, Scar whispers to Simba that he was the one who killed Mufasa, confident that the secret will die with Simba. Instead, this angers Simba to the point that he leaps up and tackles Scar to the ground, then forces his uncle to admit his action to the pride, initiating a battle between the pride and Scar's hyenas. Scar tries to escape but is cornered by Simba on the top of Pride Rock; Scar begs for mercy and even attempts to blame his doings on the hyenas, unaware that they are listening nearby. Simba spares Scar on the condition that Scar permanently departs. Scar briefly pretends to do so, but then attacks Simba, and they fight. Scar knocks Simba on his back, but as he lunges to deliver the killing blow, Simba kicks Scar over the cliff ledge to the base of Pride Rock. Scar survives but is cornered by the vengeful hyenas, who attack and kill him for his attempted betrayal, ending his threat to Simba and his family for good.

The Lion King II: Simba's Pride

Due to his death in The Lion King, Scar's appearance and presence in the sequel The Lion King II: Simba's Pride (1998) is limited. Upon (and despite) Scar's demise, a rivaling pride of lions, known as the Outsiders, decide to remain loyal to him, led by his most devoted follower, Zira. Zira's son, Kovu, is chosen to serve as Scar's heir. Simba banishes the Outsiders to the Outlands and forbids his daughter, Kiara, from going there. She goes there, anyway, however, and meets and befriends Kovu. Meanwhile, Zira trains Kovu to murder Simba, but when he becomes an adult, he has a change of heart, as he begins to develop feelings for Kiara.

Scar makes a brief cameo appearance in the film, during Simba's nightmare. In the nightmare, Simba runs down the cliff, where his father died in the stampede, attempting to rescue him. Scar appears, however, and, then, turns into Kovu and throws Simba off the cliff. Scar makes another appearance, in a pool of water, as a reflection, after Kovu is exiled from the Pridelands.

The Lion King 1½

In The Lion King 1½ (2004), once again, Scar does make some appearances but does not speak. However, once again, his role remains vital, story wise. In the film, Nala, now Simba's queen, mentions Scar when she explains to Timon and Pumbaa why Simba left.

Scar makes three cameo appearances at the film's climax. The first cameo is the scene where he backs Simba up against the ledge, right when lightning strikes the base of Pride Rock; the second is during the scene where he admits to murdering Mufasa, before being pinned down by Simba; and the third is when he is defeated by Simba and kicked off the edge of Pride Rock. He survives this fall, but is attacked and killed by the hyenas that he betrayed.

Animated series

The Lion King's Timon & Pumbaa

Despite his death in the original film, Scar makes a few appearances in the spin-off television series The Lion King's Timon & Pumbaa. However, likely because of his death, his appearances are limited to brief non-speaking cameos. He is seen in the season two episode "Zazu's Off-By-One Day" when Zazu cleans out his trash can in search for the jungle inspector, and the animated wraparound segment in the Around the World with Timon & Pumbaa international video when Timon drags him to try to restore Pumbaa's lost memories.

The Lion Guard

Scar is portrayed in paintings throughout season one of The Lion Guard television series, which explains some of his backstory. When Scar was younger—as per tradition to all second born children of the current reigning "Lion King"—he led the Lion Guard who protected The Pride Lands and defended "The Circle of Life" from all enemies before his great-nephew Kion led the Guard. Like Kion, Scar was also gifted with The Roar of the Elders, which causes the lions of the Pride Lands' past to roar with the user. However, the power convinced Scar to believe that with this power, he should be the king instead of Mufasa, but when his fellow Lion Guard members refused to aid him in his plan to dethrone Mufasa, Scar killed them with the Roar in anger. As a result, Scar was stripped of the Roar forever, as he used it against its intended purpose.

Scar appears as a fiery spirit in a volcano in season two (voiced by David Oyelowo[70]) starting in the episode The Rise of Scar, when Kion unknowingly summons him after using the Roar of the Elders in anger when Janja the hyena provokes him. After being summoned, Scar conspires with Janja and the other animals in the Outlands to take over the Pride Lands and defeat the new Lion Guard and Simba, who were initially unaware that Scar had returned.

Later in the season, the Lion Guard finds out that Scar has returned while they are in the Outlands getting volcanic ash needed to cure Simba from a scorpion sting. Upon returning to the Pride Lands, Kion acknowledges to his team that they have a tough fight ahead, but remains confident that they will be able to defeat Scar. Scar's army begins sacking various locations in the Pride Lands, causing great unrest, until the Lion Guard trains the residents of the Pride Lands into a militia capable of fending off the Outlanders.

In season three’s one-hour premiere Battle for the Pride Lands, Scar battles the Lion Guard, attempting to burn down Pride Rock, as well as kill Janja and his clan along with them for being tempted to defect to Jasiri's clan. At the end of the episode, Kion defeats Scar by summoning the Great Kings of the Past, to bring punishment onto Scar for his actions, which results in his evaporation, freeing the Pride Lands and the Outlands from his rule forever. In a flashback of that same episode, it is revealed that an adolescent Scar (born Askari) met a rogue lion who offered his help in overthrowing Mufasa, but the rogue's cobra companion bit Scar on the eye (leaving a scar) and poisoned him, which gradually increased his jealousy and brought out his darkest qualities. Scar threw the rogue lion and his cobra with the Roar to their deaths in lava, and was given the nickname "Scar" by Mufasa who was claimed to be apathetic to Scar's plight. Scar then adopted the nickname and began plotting to personally kill his brother. This all motivates Scar to give Kion the same fate, instructing the cobra Ushari to mark Kion in the same manner; much of season three revolves around the results of this.

Broadway musical

The success of The Lion King spawned a Broadway musical based on the film, directed by Julie Taymor with a book written by The Lion King co-director, Roger Allers and screenwriter Irene Mecchi. American actor John Vickery originated the role of Scar. In one scene in the musical, Scar, during the song "The Madness of King Scar,” tries to seduce a young adult Nala and make her his queen and mother of his cubs. Nala, however, rejects Scar's advances and leaves Pride Rock.

The Lion King remake films

The Lion King (2019)

Main article: The Lion King (2019 film)

In the photo-realistic remake, Scar is described by his voice actor Chiwetel Ejiofor as more "psychologically possessed" and "brutalized" than in the original film.[71] Ejiofor also said that "[Scar and Mufasa's] relationship is completely destroyed and brutalized by Scar's way of thinking. He's possessed with this disease of his own ego and his own want."[72] Among the changes, Scar is stated to have challenged Mufasa in the past and lost (it is implied he got his scar in the fight), and that both brothers courted Sarabi, who chose Mufasa. He is also not allied with the hyenas from the very beginning and has to earn their trust. During his reign, Scar takes a more active role in hunting alongside the pack of hyenas, and is also seen trying to force Sarabi, whom he still lusts for, to become his mate and queen. He restricts every conversation about his deceased brother rather than banning his name. His scar appears black instead of pink as in the original film and his general appearance is strikingly similar to that of an Asiatic lion, having a noticeably thinner mane and lighter physique.

During the climax, when he attempts to force Simba off Pride Rock, Scar makes the mistake of admitting to remember Mufasa's final moment, which exposes the truth to the lionesses, as he previously claimed that he was very late to rescue him at the gorge. As in the original film, Scar attempts to escape while the hyenas fight the lionesses, but is pursued by Simba to a ledge near the top of Pride Rock. Cornered, Scar begs for mercy and attempts to frame the hyenas for his crimes, denouncing them as "revolting scavengers", unaware that they are listening nearby. Simba refuses to believe Scar's lies, but spares his life on the condition that he leave the Pride Lands forever. Scar refuses and attacks Simba, who throws him off the cliff after a brief fight. Scar survives the fall, but is soon surrounded and attacked by the vengeful hyenas. In a minor change to the original ending, Scar initially fights back against the hyenas, but is quickly overpowered and killed by the hyenas, ending his reign of terror for good.

Mufasa: The Lion King (2024)

Main article: Mufasa: The Lion King

He appears in his youth under the name of Taka, being voiced by Kelvin Harrison Jr., while Theo Somolu voices the young Taka.[73]

Other

Books

A Tale of Two Brothers

Scar makes a few appearances in Six New Adventures, a book series that was sequel to the original Lion King. Most prominently, he is the antagonist in A Tale of Two Brothers. In the story, Simba breaks a promise to Kopa, his son, and Rafiki warns against this, using Scar's relationship with his own father, Ahadi, as an example why this was wrong. Feeling Mufasa is the favored child, Scar tries to make him look foolish by pitting him against a Buffalo named Boma. However, the plan fails and Scar, then named Taka, comes away with his namesake as a 'mark of shame'.[74]

The Circle of Ter-Roar

Scar is the primary antagonist in the seventh book of the Disney Chills series titled The Circle of Ter-Roar, written by author Jennifer Brody under the name of Vera Strange. The book was published on August 1, 2023. Twelve-year-old Silas is a scaredy cat. Everything from an unexpected door slam to someone coughing in class scares him, and the other students waste no time in ruthlessly reminding him of it. So when his family unexpectedly inherits a safari-themed summer camp in Arizona, he is both terrified, and thrilled, at the prospect of the cross-country move. Hakuna matata is the theme of Camp Pride Rock that was the pride and joy of Silas's Aunt Scarlet. But when she suddenly passes away and gives all ownership to her brother, Silas's father, they find upon arrival that the camp isn't in the shape they thought it would be. And deep inside Silas's closet is an old, mysterious trunk. When he is finally able to unlock it, he finds the spirit of Camp Pride Rock—the pelt of an old lion named Scar. Once he unlocks the trunk, Silas begins to think that things are looking up for the dilapidated camp and for his family, until a terrifying accident and a series of scary animal encounters immediately switches his thought process.[75] The story deals with the themes of cowardice, child neglect, homesickness, jealousy, sibling rivalry and sacrifice.

Video games

The character appears in the 1994 video game The Lion King.[76] According to AllGame, Scar appears towards the end of video game as Simba finally "must defeat his Uncle Scar" and "stop Scar and reclaim what is rightfully his."[77] Scar plays a similar role in the video game The Lion King: Simba's Mighty Adventure (2000);[78] Simba's climactic "battle with Scar concludes the first six levels of the game."[79] According to IGN, the video game features the voices of the film's cast, including Jeremy Irons as Scar.[78] Scar, voiced by James Horan, appears as a non-player character in Disney's Extreme Skate Adventure (2003)[80] and Kingdom Hearts II as a villain who ultimately transforms into a Heartless as a result of the character's own "hatred and jealousy."[81] Scar is a payable character to unlock for a limited time in Disney Magic Kingdoms.[82]

Cameos

Scar makes a brief cameo in Disney's later film Hercules in the form of a limp lion-skin coat worn by Hercules,[83] parodying the Nemean lion.[84] This is also likely a reference to Zazu's remark in the first film that Scar would "make a very handsome throw rug." Scar's supervising animator Andreas Deja also served as the supervising animator of Hercules.[85]

Like other The Lion King characters, Scar has several appearances in the television series House of Mouse, as one of the guests in the titular club.

In The Simpsons short Plusaversary, Scar appears as one of the attendees at the party in Moe's Tavern.[86] In another The Simpsons short, Welcome to the Club, Scar appears along with other Disney villains trying to convince Lisa Simpson how fun it is to be a villain.[87]

Scar is one of the several Walt Disney Animation Studios characters that appears in the short film Once Upon a Studio, being voiced again by Jeremy Irons.[88][89]

Reception

Critical response

Scar has garnered widespread acclaim from film critics, some of whom praised him as a better character than Simba.[90] Author Peter M. Nichols wrote in his book New York Times Essential Library: Children's Movies: A Critic's Guide to the Best Films Available on Video and DVD that Scar "is the most interesting character in the film," describing Simba and Mufasa "bores in comparison."[91] Janet Maslin of The New York Times called Scar a "delectably wicked" villain. Maslin went on to praise Irons's voice acting, writing that the actor "slithers through the story in grandiose high style, with a green-eyed malevolence that is one of film's chief delights."[92] Leah Rozen of People described Scar as "a flawless realization of Irons's special talent."[93] Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune lauded Scar as the film's "best character," jokingly describing him as "Irons' Claus von Bulow with fur."[94] Similarly, ComingSoon.net's Joshua Starnes hailed Scar as "the best part of the film." Praising both Scar and Irons's acting, Starnes continued, "He switches so quickly and easily from campy to deadly its like a showcase for how to do an over-the-top villain right."[95] Concluding that "Villains are often the most memorable characters in a Disney animated film," Roger Ebert described Scar "one of the great ones."[36] James Berardinelli of ReelViews reviewed, "Gone is the buffoonery that has marked the recent trio of Ursula, Gaston, and Jafar," writing, "Scar is a sinister figure, given to acid remarks and cunning villainy." Berardinelli concluded, "The cold-hearted manner in which he causes his Mufasa's death lets us know that this is not a lion to be trifled with."[96]

"Simba is also influenced by his delectably wicked uncle, Scar (Jeremy Irons). Scar arranges Mufasa's disturbing on-screen death in a manner that both banishes Simba to the wilderness and raises questions about whether this film really warranted a G rating ... For the grown-ups, there is Mr. Irons, who has been as devilishly well captured by Disney's graphic artists (Scar's supervising animator: Andreas Deja) as Robin Williams was in Aladdin. Bored, wicked and royally sarcastic, Mr. Irons's Scar slithers through the story in grandiose high style, with a green-eyed malevolence that is one of film's chief delights. 'Oh, and just between us, you might want to work on that little roar of yours, hmm?' he purrs to Simba, while purporting to be a mentor to his young nephew. Scar, who also gives a reprise of Mr. Irons's best-known line from Reversal of Fortune, may not be much of a father figure, but he's certainly great fun."

— Janet Maslin, The New York Times[92]
 
In addition to praising the character, film critics greeted Irons's vocal performance enthusiastically. Notably, Irons was only one among the film's unprecedented cast of A-list actors.

A film that features the voices of several well-known A-list actors, Jeremy Irons as Scar, Matthew Broderick as Simba, James Earl Jones as Mufasa, Nathan Lane as Timon, and Whoopi Goldberg as Shenzi, [97]The Lion King has since gone on to be acclaimed as "one of the most impressive arrays of voice talents ever utilized in an animated film."[98] Critics have repeatedly singled out Irons's performance, praising it extensively: Cindy White of IGN called Irons's performance "deliciously smarmy,"[99] while Andy Patrizio of IGN wrote that Irons voices Scar "in perfect Shakespearean villain mode."[100] Rolling Stone's Peter Travers hailed Irons for "deliver[ing] a triumphantly witty vocal performance that ranks with Robin Williams' in Aladdin."[101] Peter Stack of the San Francisco Chronicle commended Disney for "nail[ing] the voice talents," specifically Irons.[102] The Philadelphia Daily News' Bill Wedo described Irons's voice as "silken,"[103] while Graham Young of the Birmingham Mail hailed the actor's performance as "magnificent."[104] Radio Times' Tom Hutchinson wrote, "Jeremy Irons [is] a vocal standout as the evil uncle Scar."[105] Annette Basile of Filmink echoed Hutchinson's statement, writing that Scar is "voiced with relish by stand-out Jeremy Irons."[106] The Guardian's Philip French opined, "Jeremy Irons is excellent as the suavely villainous lion Scar."[107] David Sterritt of The Christian Science Monitor exalted Irons's acting, describing him as "positively brilliant."[108] Also hailing the film's cast as "incredible," Desson Howe of The Washington Post highlighted Irons as a "standout."[109] Praising the film for successfully combining "grand-opera melodrama and low-comedy hi-jinks," the Orlando Sentinel's Jay Boyar concluded that "One reason they work so well together is that even most of the serious sections contain an undercurrent of humor, provided ... by the deliciously droll voice-performance of Jeremy Irons as Scar."[110] Mathew DeKinder of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch felt that Irons successfully "handle[s] all of the dramatic heavy lifting."[68]

Even film critics who generally disliked the film tended to enjoy Scar's characterization and Irons's performance. Terrence Rafferty of The New Yorker wrote, "Among the celebrity voices on the soundtrack, two performances stand out," namely, "Jeremy Irons, as the villainous lion Scar" who "does an elegant, funny George Sanders impersonation."[111] (Sanders himself had voiced Shere Khan for Disney in their 1967 animated version of The Jungle Book). Stephen Hunter of The Baltimore Sun described Irons's voice as "plummy-rich with rancid irony."[11] Television Without Pity's Ethan Alter admitted to enjoying Scar, praising the character as "a fantastic villain and easily the most fully realized of the film's characters, thanks both to Jeremy Irons's marvelously wicked vocal performance and some clever character flourishes on behalf of the animators."[112] David Denby of New York, who otherwise criticized the film, felt that "Irons ... sounds like he's having a better time than he's ever had in movies before."[113] In a rare lukewarm review, Anthony Quinn of The Independent felt that Irons's performance was too campy: "more Liberace than George Sanders."[114]

Ejiofor's characterization of Scar, while constantly compared with the original, is still generally well received. Renaldo Matadeen from CBR Exclusives praised Scar's remake incarnation as being more frightening than the original for having more motives in his action instead of a simple jealousy and how Scar is more active in leading the hyenas.[115] Similarly, Ejiofor's performance as Scar is also praised. Owen Gleiberman from Variety praised Ejiofor's voice acting, commenting that his Scar raises the film's dramatic stakes, upping the ante on what Jeremy Irons did as Scar in the 1994 version.[116] Scott Mendelson from Forbes comments that while he prefers Jeremy Irons's Scar, he still praised Ejiofor's performance for making Scar excellent and nuanced.[117]

Accolades and legacy

According to IGN, Scar, Simba and Mufasa have since become "household names thanks to the [film's] enormous popularity ... but back in 1994 who could have predicted that these characters would enter the lexicon of Disney's most popular creations?"[118] Scar is considered to be among Disney's greatest villains.[26][119] Desmond Ryan of The Philadelphia Inquirer reviewed Scar as "the most vivid villain in Disney features in generations."[120] On a broader scale, Scar is often revered as one of the greatest animated villains of all time.[121] Entertainment Weekly included the character in the article "10 Over-the-top Animated Movie Villains", explaining, "you could only expect over-the-top when you pair such a grasping, conniving character with Jeremy Irons' seductive voice."[122] Likewise, Digital Spy's Alex Fletcher wrote of Scar in his article "Who is Disney's greatest-ever villain?" that "The scene in which he lets Mufasa ... fall into a stampede of wildebeests left lasting emotional trauma on an entire generation."[123]

Scar walks the fine line between gravitas and camp, and most of the credit has to go to Jeremy Irons's superb sarcastic drawl. His main complaint is simply that life isn't fair, and that his status as Mufasa's younger brother makes him ineligible to rule over Pride Rock. Anyone with siblings, royal or not, can relate on some level. And although it's honestly a little cringe-worthy to watch Scar mince his way through 'Be Prepared,' he proves himself an adept orator, inspiring legions of goose-stepping hyenas to throw off the shackles of the oppressive lions.

—Tor.com's Sarah Tolf on Scar's legacy[124]

The Huffington Post ranked Scar first in its "Definitive Ranking of 25 Classic Disney Villains" countdown.[125] Similarly, BuzzFeed also ranked Scar first in the website's "Definitive Ranking Of The Top 20 Disney Villains" list, with author Javi Moreno accusing the character of removing "the innocence of an entire generation."[126] Scar also topped About.com's "Top 10 Disney Villains" countdown; author David Nusair concluded, "There are few figures within Disney's body of work that are as deliciously reprehensible and vile as Scar ... heightened by Jeremy Irons' gloriously smug voice work."[127] Nusair also included Irons among the "Top 5 Celebrity Voice Performances in Animated Films", acknowledging the fact that although the actor "has played a lot of villains over the course of his career ... none have had the lasting impact as Scar from The Lion King."[128] The Orlando Sentinel ranked Scar the "sixth-greatest Disney villain of all time".[129] Similarly, Babble.com also placed the character at number six.[130] Included in the website's "12 most famous Disney villains from worst to best" countdown, Yahoo! Movies ranked Scar second best,[131] while Moviefone ranked the character sixth.[132] E! ranked Scar fifth, with author John Boone writing that the character "plotted one of the most painful deaths in Disney history, so you know he'll never be forgotten."[133] Animation World Network ranked Scar the sixth-best animated villain.[54]

CNN considers Scar one of "Disney's scariest characters."[134][full citation needed] While ranking the character fifth, The Stanford Daily wrote, "From his habit of sadistically toying with his prey to his dumb hyena coven to the way he leads the kingdom of Pride Rock into a period of starvation and sorrow, he's a backstabbing dictator of an uncle."[135] Richard Crouse of Metro cited Scar's "Long live the King" as the character's "most evil line".[136] Additionally, "Be Prepared" is often revered as one of the greatest Disney villain songs.[137][full citation needed][138] Official Disney Blogs wrote that the song, with its "hyena backup singers, and the best bone-rattling percussion of all the villains' songs," Scar proves himself "an expert crooner of villainous plots."[139] Aside from Disney and animation, Scar is often revered as one of the greatest movie villains of all time.[140] Digital Spy featured the character who, according to author Simon Reynolds, "underlined the sheer blackness of his heart by ruthlessly killing Simba's father,"[141] among the "25 greatest movie villains".[142] Similarly, in 2012, Entertainment Weekly ranked the character the "twenty-fifth-most vile movie villain" ever,[143] while Total Film ranked Scar sixty-seventh in 2014.[144]

To-date, Deja remains best known for animating several of Disney's most famous villains, admitting to preferring animating villains over heroes.[25] However, after The Lion King, Deja finally decided to take a break from animating villains in order to avoid repeating himself,[25][145] subsequently refusing to animate villain Judge Claude Frollo in The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996) in favor of working on Hercules from Hercules (1997),[56] along with Mickey Mouse in the animated short Runaway Brain (1995).[146] Comparing Scar to other villains that he has played, Irons said that he "measures very highly," having "charm," "Machiavellian qualities" and being "iconic in some of the things he says."[31]

Criticism and controversy

Scar became the first Disney villain to successfully explicitly murder someone.[dubious – discuss][147] The Lion King—dubbed the studio's "darkest" film at the time of its release[66]—was unprecedented, in terms of its serious themes, namely guilt, murder, treachery, revenge, and death, specifically the on-screen assassination of one of the film's heroes.[148] According to IGN, "The film's story concepts of morality and mortality was new for Disney,"[149] with The Washington Post predicting that "the death of the heroic Mufasa will be the most widely debated aspect of The Lion King, with people taking sides as to whether such things are good or bad for kids, just as they did over the killing of Bambi's mother."[66] Similarly, Variety opined, "a generation that remembers the death of Bambi's mother as traumatizing should bear that experience in mind, when deciding who goes to The Lion King."[150] Film critics and parents, alike, expressed concern that Scar's violent ways would frighten and disturb younger viewers.[151] Referring to Scar murdering Mufasa, The New York Times questioned "whether this film really warranted a G rating."[92] Critics also cautioned Scar's death; Movieline warned audiences that the film "shows a fairy tale's dark sense of justice," for example, when "Scar was eaten by his hyena allies, after betraying them."[152]

"Death, something not really touched on in the last three animated Disney tales, is very much at the forefront of The Lion King. In a scene that could disturb younger viewers, Mufasa's demise is shown. It is a chilling moment that is reminiscent of a certain incident in Bambi. The film also contains a fair share of violence, including a rather graphic battle between two lions. Parents should carefully consider before automatically taking a child of, say, under seven years of age, to this movie."

James Berardinelli, ReelViews[96]

The Los Angeles Times warned that "The on-screen death of Mufasa and a violent battle at the finale may disturb small children,"[153] echoed by The Philadelphia Inquirer.[120] However, film critics also felt that Disney's treatment of Scar was, at times, too light-hearted and comedic, with the Deseret News complaining, "a climactic battle between Simba and his evil Uncle Scar is [a] very bad choice, near the end, as Simba and Scar battle in slow motion, a serious moment that seems unintentionally comic."[154] According to The Seattle Times, "Some critics have complained that the movie is too funny and good-natured to accommodate the rather grim story it's telling."[63] Considered "an odd mix of deadly seriousness and slapstick humor, Simba fights Scar to the death," while "intercut with ... Poomba [sic] ... doing a parody of Travis Bickel. [sic]"[155]

Although universally acclaimed, Scar has sparked considerable controversy, regarding the character's appearance and personality, specifically his darker-colored fur and alleged sexuality. The general public, however, appears to have remained largely oblivious to such concerns, according to David Parkinson, author of The Rough Guide to Film Musicals.[156] According to The Washington Post, a Detroit Free Press columnist felt that "Scar, clearly, is meant to represent an evil African American, because, 'while Simba's mane is gloriously red, Scar's is, of course, black."[157] Meanwhile, Scar's mannerisms and voice, which, according to Nightmare on Main Street: Angels, Sadomasochism, and the Culture of Gothic's author Mark Edmundson, resemble "a cultivated, world-weary, gay man,"[158] has been deemed homophobic, by some commentators, because, according to The Independent, "the arch-villain's gestures are effeminate"[159] while, in addition to the film being "full of stereotypes,"[160] the character "speaks in supposed gay cliches."[161] Susan Mackey-Kallis, author of The Hero and the Perennial Journey Home in American Film, observed that Scar is "more effeminate [and] less brawny ... than" both Mufasa and Simba.[162] Additionally, "Even though [Scar] would be expected to mate with one of the lioness, he is never seen intimated by any."[147] These allegations are inconsistent with the facts about real lions: dark manes indicate higher testosterone levels, and experiments show that male lions, accordingly, find dark-maned models more intimidating, while lionesses find them more attractive.[163] Slant Magazine defended the studio, explaining that Scar's black mane is simply an example of "the animators' elementary attempts to color-code evil for the film's _target audience."[164] Similarly, author Edward Schiappa wrote in his book Beyond Representational Correctness: Rethinking Criticism of Popular Media that Scar's voice was simply meant "to convey the sort of upper-class snobbishness evinced by George Sanders' performance as Shere Khan in The Jungle Book."[165]

References

  1. ^ Geirland, John (2011). Digital Babylon. New York City: Skyhorse Publishing Inc. ISBN 9781611456417.
  2. ^ "THE ORIGINS OF 'THE LION KING'". James Cummins Bookseller. Archived from the original on April 13, 2014. Retrieved July 12, 2014.
  3. ^ "Roger Allers & Rob Minkoff Interview". Movie Muser. Muser Media. Archived from the original on November 17, 2015. Retrieved July 11, 2014.
  4. ^ a b Rayfield, Jillian (March 13, 2013). "7 movies that are cleverly disguised Shakespeare adaptations". The Week. New York City: THE WEEK Publications, Inc. Archived from the original on July 6, 2014. Retrieved July 25, 2014.
  5. ^ a b Noyer, Jérémie (September 30, 2011). "Lion King D-rectors Roger Allers and Rob Minkoff: 2D's for a 3D hit!". Animated Views. Archived from the original on September 29, 2015. Retrieved July 11, 2014.
  6. ^ Bonanno, Luke (September 30, 2011). "Interview: Roger Allers and Rob Minkoff, The Directors of The Lion King". DVDizzy.com. Archived from the original on July 30, 2014. Retrieved July 11, 2014.
  7. ^ "Roundtable Interview: The Lion King". Blu-ray.com. September 28, 2011. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 12, 2014.
  8. ^ "Lion King, The (1994)". LarsenOnFilm.com. J. Larsen. 1994. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 13, 2014.
  9. ^ Rokison, Abigail (2013). Shakespeare for Young People: Productions, Versions and Adaptations. United Kingdom: A&C Black. p. 206. ISBN 9781441125569.
  10. ^ Vejvoda, Jim (April 12, 2014). "9 Genre Movies Inspired by Shakespeare". IGN. San Francisco, California: j2 Global. Archived from the original on April 15, 2019. Retrieved August 3, 2014.
  11. ^ a b Hunter, Stephen (June 24, 1994). "In 'The Lion King,' the animation roars". The Baltimore Sun. Baltimore, Maryland: Tronc. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 13, 2014.
  12. ^ Butler, Isaac (June 12, 2014). "The Tragedie of Scar, King of Pride Rock". Slate. The Slate Group LLC. Archived from the original on July 12, 2014. Retrieved July 12, 2014.
  13. ^ a b "Scar and Claudius". The Lion King and Hamlet. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 12, 2014.
  14. ^ Tookey, Chris. "Lion King". Movie Film Review. Archived from the original on July 28, 2014. Retrieved July 28, 2014.
  15. ^ a b c d Fallon, Kevin (June 26, 2014). "'The Lion King' Turns 20: Every Crazy, Weird Fact About the Disney Classic". The Daily Beast. New York City: The Newsweek Daily Beast Company. Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved July 12, 2014.
  16. ^ "The Origins of The Lion King". Lion King Tickets. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
  17. ^ Roy, Gitanjali (June 24, 2014). "Do You Know These 20 Things About The Lion King? Be Prepared". NDTV. New Delhi, India: NDTV Convergence Limited. Archived from the original on July 6, 2014. Retrieved July 25, 2014.
  18. ^ "10 Unknown Facts About The Lion King". Dope & Famous. Dope and Famous. May 2, 2014. Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved July 28, 2014.
  19. ^ Galindo, Brian (May 29, 2013). "20 Things You Didn't Know About "The Lion King"". BuzzFeed. New York City: BuzzFeed Entertainment Group. Archived from the original on June 8, 2013. Retrieved July 12, 2013.
  20. ^ a b "In the first drafts of The Lion King, Scar wanted Nala to be his queen!". OMG Facts. Archived from the original on July 26, 2014. Retrieved July 18, 2014.
  21. ^ Disney, Doctor (February 27, 2014). "12 Things You May Not Have Known About 'The Lion King'". Doctor Disney. Archived from the original on July 28, 2014. Retrieved July 28, 2014.
  22. ^ Roulette, Matthew (January 15, 2012). "'Be Prepared (Reprise),' 'The Lion King' — Disney Songs You've Never Heard". TheFW. SCREENCRUSH NETWORK. Archived from the original on May 29, 2014. Retrieved July 20, 2014.
  23. ^ a b c Knolle, Sharon (June 14, 2014). "'The Lion King': 20 Things You Didn't Know About the Disney Classic". Moviefone. New York City: AOL Inc. Archived from the original on June 26, 2014. Retrieved July 11, 2014.
  24. ^ a b "'Lion King' song animation based on Nazi propaganda film". The Jerusalem Post. Jerusalem: The Jerusalem Post Group. July 7, 2014. Archived from the original on July 10, 2014. Retrieved July 11, 2014.
  25. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o William, Chris (May 15, 1994). "SUMMER SNEAKS '94 : You Can't Hide His Lion Eyes : It's no coincidence that Disney's latest jungle villain bears a wicked resemblance to Jeremy Irons; just ask the animator". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California. Archived from the original on April 7, 2014. Retrieved July 11, 2014.
  26. ^ a b "Scar". BuddyTV. Archived from the original on January 23, 2014. Retrieved July 20, 2014.
  27. ^ a b Hischak, Thomas S. (2011). Disney Voice Actors: A Biographical Dictionary. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland Publishing. p. 106. ISBN 978-0786486946.
  28. ^ Hassenger, Jesse (March 14, 2013). "'The Hunchback of Notre Dame' and 'Mulan' Are from Disney's Artistically Vital Years". PopMatters. Chicago, Illinois: PopMatters.com. Archived from the original on October 31, 2014. Retrieved July 18, 2014.
  29. ^ "The Lion King". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California. Archived from the original on August 13, 2014. Retrieved July 28, 2014.
  30. ^ Nastasi, Alison (May 31, 2014). "The Fascinating Real-Life Inspirations Behind Disney Villains". Flavorwire. New York City: Flavorpill Media. Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
  31. ^ a b c Redmond, Aiden (September 15, 2011). "Jeremy Irons and James Earl Jones on 'The Lion King 3D' and Keeping It Together When Mufasa Dies". Moviefone. New York City: AOL Inc. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 11, 2014.
  32. ^ Carr, Kevin (December 25, 2002). "THE LION KING: IMAX EDITION". 7M Pictures. Columbus, Ohio: CyberChimps. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 13, 2014.
  33. ^ Beck, Jerry (2005). The Animated Movie Guide. Chicago, Illinois: Chicago Review Press. pp. 145–146. ISBN 9781569762226. ruben a. aquino the lion king interview.
  34. ^ Admin (September 23, 2011). "Special Features: Q&A with The Lion King directors Rob Minkoff and Roger Allers". Flickering Myth. Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved July 12, 2014.
  35. ^ Conradt, Stacy (April 4, 2013). "The Faces Behind 31 Disney Villains". Mental Floss. New York City: Dennis Publishing. Archived from the original on August 4, 2014. Retrieved August 2, 2014.
  36. ^ a b Ebert, Roger (June 24, 1994). "The Lion King". RogerEbert.com. Ebert Digital LLC. Archived from the original on July 8, 2014. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
  37. ^ T. J., Barnard (May 14, 2013). "8 Incredibly Subtle Movie In-Jokes You Totally Missed". WhatCulture.com. Archived from the original on July 29, 2014. Retrieved July 24, 2014.
  38. ^ Stein, Rachel (2004). New Perspectives on Environmental Justice: Gender, Sexuality, and Activism. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. p. 267. ISBN 9780813534275.
  39. ^ DeYoung, Bill (October 23, 2013). "Film Festival: Jeremy Irons". Connect Savannah. Savannah, Georgia. Archived from the original on August 8, 2014. Retrieved July 30, 2014.
  40. ^ Owen, Luke (June 25, 2014). "The Lion King 20th Anniversary – Seven Things You Didn't Know". Flickering Myth. Archived from the original on August 6, 2014. Retrieved August 1, 2014.
  41. ^ Shirey, Eric (September 26, 2011). "Jim Cummings Laughs it Up About His Role in 'The Lion King'". Yahoo! Movies. Sunnyvale, California: Yahoo! Inc. Archived from the original on July 12, 2012. Retrieved July 16, 2014.
  42. ^ McCullin, Brendon (May 2, 2014). ""SEX" Dust and Other Secrets in 'The Lion King'". Hollywood.com. Hollywood.com, LLC. Archived from the original on July 21, 2014. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
  43. ^ Hill, Jim (September 19, 2011). "Has Disney Been 'Lion' About Jeremy Irons' Singing Voice?". The Huffington Post. New York City: Huffington Post Media Group. Archived from the original on September 25, 2014. Retrieved July 11, 2014.
  44. ^ Lloyd, Christopher (September 14, 2011). "The Lion King 3D". The Film Yap. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 13, 2014.
  45. ^ a b c d e Sæthre, Stine; Jebelean, Andreea. "Interview with Andreas Deja". The Animation Workshop. Viborg, Denmark. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 11, 2014.
  46. ^ Schmitz, Greg Dean (August 4, 2017). "Chiwetel Ejiofor Will Voice Scar in The Lion King". Rotten Tomatoes. Beverly Hills, California: Fandango Media. Archived from the original on December 3, 2017. Retrieved August 7, 2018.
  47. ^ "What To Expect From The Characters In The Upcoming 'The Lion King' Adaptation – Entertainment Weekly". Entertainment Weekly/YouTube. April 25, 2019. Archived from the original on July 21, 2019. Retrieved April 29, 2019.
  48. ^ "The Lion King Press Kit" (PDF). Walt Disney Studios. July 11, 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 10, 2019. Retrieved July 25, 2019.
  49. ^ "Is Jeremy Irons playing Scar in the 'Lion King' remake?". Ora TV. November 30, 2016. Archived from the original on November 11, 2020. Retrieved November 12, 2019.
  50. ^ Wiseman, Andreas (26 August 2021). "'The Lion King' Prequel: Kelvin Harrison Jr. & Aaron Pierre To Lead Cast For Disney & Barry Jenkins". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on 26 August 2021. Retrieved August 26, 2021.
  51. ^ Asher-Perrin, Emmet (June 15, 2014). "The Lion King Turns 20 Today ... and It Was the Most Unlikely Success Story You Will Ever Hear". Tor.com. New York City: Macmillan. Archived from the original on April 9, 2015. Retrieved August 23, 2018.
  52. ^ "20 Things You Didn't Know About The Lion King". Bubblews.com. Bubblews LLC. May 29, 2013. Archived from the original on August 8, 2014. Retrieved July 30, 2014.
  53. ^ a b c Radford, Ivan (October 7, 2011). "Interview: Roger Allers and Bob Minkoff (The Lion King 3D)". i-Flicks.net. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 11, 2014.
  54. ^ a b c Strike, Joke (May 15, 2012). "The 10 Best Cartoon Villains – Part Two: The Evil Villains". Animation World Network. AWN, Inc. Archived from the original on July 17, 2014. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
  55. ^ Callaway, Tim (April 28, 2014). "Disney Animator Andreas Deja in the MCL". The Mouse Castle. Los Angeles, California: Mouse Castle Media. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 11, 2014.
  56. ^ a b c d Jacobson, Colin (May 11, 2003). "An Interview with Animator Andreas Deja". DVD Movie Guide. Archived from the original on April 12, 2014. Retrieved July 11, 2014.
  57. ^ a b "AN INTERVIEW WITH ROB MINKOFF AND ROGER ALLERS, CO-DIRECTORS OF THE LION KING". JustLoveMovies.com. October 4, 2011. Archived from the original on July 25, 2014. Retrieved July 18, 2014.
  58. ^ a b Carnevale, Rob (October 6, 2011). "The Lion King 3D – Don Hahn interview". Orange. Archived from the original on August 8, 2014. Retrieved August 2, 2014.
  59. ^ "Ten Things You Probably Didn't Know About The Lion King". D23.com. Disney. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 11, 2014.
  60. ^ Gleiberman, Owen (June 24, 1994). "The Lion King". Entertainment Weekly. New York City: Meredith Corporation. Archived from the original on August 21, 2014. Retrieved July 13, 2014.
  61. ^ a b Clark, Maria Pilar (March 3, 2011). "Disney's master animator Andreas Deja calls 'Bambi' animated poetry". Chicago Parent. Chicago, Illinois: Journal Inc. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 11, 2014.
  62. ^ Redmond, Aiden (September 15, 2011). "Jeremy Irons and James Earl Jones on 'The Lion King 3D' and Keeping It Together When Mufasa Dies". Moviefone. New York City: AOL Inc. Archived from the original on April 7, 2014. Retrieved April 5, 2014.
  63. ^ a b Hartl, John (June 24, 1994). "'The Lion King' Is A Royal Treat". The Seattle Times. Seattle, Washington: The Seattle Times Company. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 13, 2014.
  64. ^ a b Daly, Steve (July 8, 2014). "Mane Attraction". Entertainment Weekly. New York City: Meredith Corporation. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 11, 2014.
  65. ^ Canavese, Peter (2011). "The Lion King (2011)". Groucho Reviews. Peter Canavese. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 13, 2014.
  66. ^ a b c Hinson, Hal (June 24, 1994). "The Lion King". The Washington Post. Washington DC: Nash Holdings LLC. Archived from the original on November 3, 2015. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
  67. ^ Pallotta, Frank (July 1, 2014). "The Darkest Song From 'The Lion King' Was Based On A 1935 Nazi Propaganda Film". Business Insider. New York City: Axel Springer SE. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 11, 2014.
  68. ^ a b DeKinder, Mathew (September 16, 2011). "REVIEW: Disney's Circle of Life comes around again". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. St. Louis, Missouri: Lee Enterprises. Archived from the original on October 25, 2011. Retrieved July 13, 2014.
  69. ^ Erbland, Kate (September 15, 2011). "Review: 'The Lion King' Makes Me Cry All Over Again In 3D". Film School Rejects. Chiapas, Mexico: Reject Media, LLC. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 13, 2014.
  70. ^ Pedersen, Erik (June 21, 2017). "David Oyelowo To Voice Scar In Disney Junior's 'The Lion Guard'". deadline.com. Archived from the original on June 27, 2017. Retrieved June 21, 2017.
  71. ^ Snetiker, Marc (April 25, 2019). "The Lion King: EW visits the set of Disney's rule-breaking beast of a remake". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on August 2, 2019. Retrieved February 3, 2018.
  72. ^ What To Expect From The Characters In The Upcoming 'The Lion King' Adaptation. Entertainment Weekly (YouTube). April 25, 2019. Event occurs at 0:19. Archived from the original on July 21, 2019. Retrieved April 29, 2019.
  73. ^ Wiseman, Andreas (August 26, 2021). "'The Lion King' Prequel: Kelvin Harrison Jr. & Aaron Pierre To Lead Cast For Disney & Barry Jenkins". Deadline. Retrieved September 10, 2022.
  74. ^ The Lion King A Tale of Two Brothers – YouTube. YouTube. Archived from the original on 2021-02-02. Retrieved 2019-08-07.
  75. ^ "The Circle of Ter-Roar by Vera Strage". Barnes & Noble. Disney Publishing Group. Archived from the original on August 27, 2023. Retrieved August 27, 2023.
  76. ^ "The Lion King". IGN. IGN Entertainment, Inc. Archived from the original on October 4, 2017. Retrieved August 3, 2014.
  77. ^ Baker, Christopher Michael. "The Lion King". AllGame. All Media Network, LLC. Archived from the original on November 16, 2014. Retrieved August 3, 2014.
  78. ^ a b Zdyrko, David (February 7, 2001). "Disney's The Lion King: Simba's Mighty Adventure". IGN. IGN Entertainment, Inc. Archived from the original on October 4, 2017. Retrieved July 3, 2014.
  79. ^ Marriott, Scott Alan. "Disney's The Lion King: Simba's Mighty Adventure". AllGame. All Media Network, LLC. Archived from the original on November 14, 2014. Retrieved July 3, 2014.
  80. ^ "Disney's Extreme Skate Adventure". August 3, 2014. Inyxception Enterprises, Inc. Archived from the original on August 14, 2014. Retrieved August 3, 2014.
  81. ^ "Scar". Kingdom Hearts Insider. KHInsider. Archived from the original on August 8, 2014. Retrieved August 3, 2014.
  82. ^ Disney Magic Kingdoms (Gameloft) (June 26, 2017). "Update 12: The Lion King | Livestream". YouTube. Archived from the original on November 23, 2021. Retrieved October 18, 2022.
  83. ^ "4 Disney Easter Eggs Secretly Hidden In 'Frozen'". The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, Inc. December 13, 2013. Archived from the original on July 6, 2014. Retrieved July 28, 2014.
  84. ^ Galindo, Brian (June 7, 2013). "27 Disney Movie Easter Eggs You May Have Seriously Never Noticed". BuzzFeed. BuzzFeed Inc. Archived from the original on August 27, 2014. Retrieved July 30, 2014.
  85. ^ Franks-Allen, Sara (December 12, 2013). "10 Disney Easter Eggs You May Have Missed". TheFW. SCREENCRUSH NETWORK. Archived from the original on July 3, 2014. Retrieved July 28, 2014.
  86. ^ Celestino, Mike (2021-11-12). "TV Review: "The Simpsons in Plusaversary" Pays Irreverent Homage to the House of Mouse On Disney+ Day". LaughingPlace.com. Archived from the original on 2021-11-20. Retrieved 2022-06-02.
  87. ^ Reif, Alex (2022-09-08). "TV Recap: "The Simpsons: Welcome to the Club" Brings Disney Villains to Springfield". LaughingPlace.com. Archived from the original on 2022-09-08. Retrieved 2022-09-09.
  88. ^ Reif, Alex (October 16, 2023). "Disney's "Once Upon a Studio" – List of Characters in Order of Appearance". Laughing Place. Archived from the original on November 2, 2023. Retrieved November 10, 2023.
  89. ^ "Once Upon a Studio: Behind the Scenes" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-09-28. Retrieved 2023-11-10.
  90. ^ Roten, Robert (1994). "The Lion King – A good try, but not as good as Beauty and the Beast". Laramie Movie Scope. Archived from the original on January 11, 2016. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
  91. ^ Nichols, Peter M. (2003). New York Times Essential Library: Children's Movies: A Critic's Guide to the Best Films Available on Video and DVD. United States: Macmillan. ISBN 9781429934732.
  92. ^ a b c Maslin, Janet (June 15, 1994). "The Lion King (1994) Review/Film; The Hero Within The Child Within". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
  93. ^ Rozen, Leah; Gliatto, Tom; Kaufman, Joanne (June 20, 1994). "Picks and Pans Review: The Lion King". People. Time Inc. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 13, 2014.
  94. ^ Siskel, Gene (June 24, 1994). "Entertaining 'Lion King' Lacks The Flair Of Disney's Best". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 13, 2014.
  95. ^ Starnes, Joshua (2011). "The Lion King 3D". ComingSoon.net. CraveOnline Media, LLC. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 13, 2014.
  96. ^ a b Berardinelli, James. "Lion King, The". ReelViews. James Berardinelli. Archived from the original on December 1, 2020. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
  97. ^ Olson, Scott Robert (1999). Hollywood Planet: Global Media and the Competitive Advantage of Narrative Transparency. United Kingdom: Routledge. p. 117. ISBN 9781135669577. Archived from the original on 2021-02-04. Retrieved 2020-10-16.
  98. ^ Booker, M. Keith (2010). Disney, Pixar, and the Hidden Messages of Children's Films. United States: ABC-CLIO. p. 58. ISBN 9780313376726. Archived from the original on 2021-02-04. Retrieved 2020-10-16.
  99. ^ White, Cindy (September 16, 2011). "The Lion King 3D Review". IGN. IGN Entertainment, Inc. Archived from the original on July 12, 2017. Retrieved August 3, 2014.
  100. ^ Patrizio, Andy (September 26, 2003). "The Lion King: Special Edition". IGN. IGN Entertainment, Inc. Archived from the original on August 8, 2013. Retrieved August 3, 2014.
  101. ^ Travers, Peter (June 15, 1994). "The Lion King". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on July 18, 2014. Retrieved July 30, 2014.
  102. ^ Stack, Peter (March 3, 1995). "Disney's 'Lion King' Let Loose / Story, animation tops in jungle tale". San Francisco Chronicle. Hearst Communications, Inc. Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
  103. ^ Wedo, Bill (June 24, 1994). "Manely, It's Great 'The Lion King' Surpasses Its Hype With Quality". Philly.com. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 13, 2014.
  104. ^ Young, Graham (October 7, 2011). "Film Review: The Lion King (U)". Birmingham Mail. Trinity Mirror Midlands. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 13, 2014.
  105. ^ Hutchinson, Tom. "The Lion King". Radio Times. Immediate Media Company Limited. Archived from the original on November 8, 2014. Retrieved July 13, 2014.
  106. ^ Basile, Annette (September 19, 2011). "The Lion King 3D". Filmink. Archived from the original on October 2, 2013. Retrieved July 13, 2014.
  107. ^ Philip, French (October 9, 2011). "The Lion King 3D – review". The Guardian. Guardian News and Media Limited. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 13, 2014.
  108. ^ Sterritt, David (June 15, 1994). "Disney studio roars with 'The Lion King'". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 13, 2014.
  109. ^ Howe, Desson (June 24, 1994). "The Lion King". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on July 16, 2014. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
  110. ^ Boyar, Jay (August 9, 1998). "'Lion King' Superbly Blends Drama, Comedy". Orlando Sentinel. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 13, 2014.
  111. ^ Rafferty, Terrence (1994). "The Lion King". The New Yorker. Condé Nast. Archived from the original on July 16, 2008. Retrieved July 13, 2014.
  112. ^ Ethan, Alter (September 16, 2011). "The Lion King: Fathers and Sons". Television Without Pity. Bravo Media LLC. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 13, 2014.
  113. ^ Denby, David (1994). New York Magazine. United States: New York Media, LLC. p. 78. Archived from the original on 2021-02-04. Retrieved 2020-10-16.
  114. ^ Quinn, Anthony (October 6, 2011). "The Lion King 3D (U)". The Independent. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 13, 2014.
  115. ^ Matadeen, Renaldo (July 20, 2019). "The Lion King Remake's Scar is More Frightening than the Original". CBR. Archived from the original on November 8, 2020. Retrieved December 15, 2019.
  116. ^ Gleiberman, Owen (July 21, 2019). "'The Lion King': Cursed by the Uncanny Valley? No, Blessed by the Uncanny Chiwetel Ejiofor (Column)". Variety. Archived from the original on November 8, 2020. Retrieved December 15, 2019.
  117. ^ Mendelson, Scott (July 11, 2019). "'The Lion King' Review: Be Prepared For A Crushing Disappointment". Forbes. Archived from the original on December 10, 2020. Retrieved December 15, 2019.
  118. ^ Pirrello, Phil; Goldman, Eric; Fowler, Matt; Collura, Scott; White, Cindy; Schedeen, Jesse (June 24, 2010). "Top 25 Animated Movies of All-Time". IGN. IGN Entertainment Inc. Archived from the original on May 19, 2019. Retrieved August 3, 2014.
  119. ^ "Top 10 Most Evil Disney Villains". Listverse. Listverse Ltd. June 9, 2009. Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved June 14, 2014.
  120. ^ a b Ryan, Desmond (June 24, 1994). "From Disney Springs A King Of The Beasts". Philly.com. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 13, 2014.
  121. ^ "Despicable Them: Top Animated Villains". Sky.com. BSkyB. Archived from the original on July 29, 2014. Retrieved July 25, 2014.
  122. ^ "10 Over-the-top Animated Movie Villains". Entertainment Weekly. Entertainment Weekly Inc. March 6, 2013. Archived from the original on July 19, 2014. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
  123. ^ Fletcher, Alex (May 29, 2014). "Scar, Gaston, Maleficent: Who is Disney's greatest ever villain?". Digital Spy. Hearst Magazines UK. Archived from the original on July 19, 2014. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
  124. ^ Tolf, Sarah (November 8, 2013). "Disney's Most Magnificent Bastards". Tor.com. Macmillan. Archived from the original on August 30, 2014. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
  125. ^ Duca, Lauren (January 28, 2014). "A Definitive Ranking Of 25 Classic Disney Villains". The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, Inc. Archived from the original on August 29, 2014. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
  126. ^ Moreno, Javi (January 27, 2014). "A Definitive Ranking Of The Top 20 Disney Villains". BuzzFeed. Archived from the original on July 17, 2014. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
  127. ^ Nusair, David. "Top 10 Disney Villains". About.com. Archived from the original on August 21, 2014. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
  128. ^ Nusair, Disney. "Top 5 Celebrity Voice Performances in Animated Films". About.com. Archived from the original on August 21, 2014. Retrieved July 28, 2014.
  129. ^ "Pictures: Best Disney villains". Orlando Sentinel. Archived from the original on July 19, 2014. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
  130. ^ Castiglia, Carolyn (2013). "The Top 15 Disney Villains Ranked from Bad to Worst". Babble.com. Disney. Archived from the original on July 26, 2014. Retrieved July 18, 2014.
  131. ^ Perkins, Will (May 29, 2014). "Ranking the 12 most famous Disney villains from worst to best". Yahoo! Movies. Archived from the original on August 12, 2014. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
  132. ^ Susman, Gary (May 25, 2014). "Disney Villains: Ranking the Top 30 of All Time (PHOTOS)". Moviefone. Moviefone Canada. Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
  133. ^ Boone, John; Mullins, Jenna (May 15, 2014). "All of the Disney Villains, Ranked". E!. E! Entertainment Television, LLC. Archived from the original on February 26, 2018. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
  134. ^ Burdette, Kacy; France, Lisa Respers (16 December 2013). "Disney's scariest villains". CNN. Cable News Network. Archived from the original on 29 July 2014. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
  135. ^ "Top 5: Scariest Animated Disney Characters". The Stanford Daily. May 18, 2012. Archived from the original on August 9, 2014. Retrieved July 20, 2014.
  136. ^ Crouse, Richard (May 27, 2014). "From Maleficent to Scar: The greatest Disney villains". Metro. Free Daily News Group Inc. Archived from the original on August 8, 2014. Retrieved July 30, 2014.
  137. ^ Galindo, Brian (October 16, 2013). "Counting Down The 12 Greatest Disney Villain Songs". BuzzFeed. BuzzFeed, Inc. Archived from the original on July 29, 2014. Retrieved July 20, 2014.
  138. ^ Hurley, Laura (August 2, 2013). "10 Best Disney Villain Songs". WhatCulture.com. Archived from the original on July 29, 2014. Retrieved July 20, 2014.
  139. ^ "Disney Villain Signature Songs On A Scale From 1 to Fabulous". Official Disney Blogs. Disney. 2013. Archived from the original on March 10, 2015. Retrieved July 20, 2014.
  140. ^ McKinney, Noah (June 24, 2014). "Top 20 Movie Villains Of All Time". moviepilot.com. Archived from the original on July 26, 2014. Retrieved July 16, 2014.
  141. ^ "25 greatest movie villains: The Joker, Darth Vader, Lex Luthor, more". Digital Spy. Hearst Magazines UK. Archived from the original on July 25, 2014. Retrieved July 16, 2014.
  142. ^ Reynolds, Simon (May 12, 2013). "25 greatest movie villains: The Joker, Darth Vader, Lex Luthor, more". Digital Spy. Hearst Magazines UK. Archived from the original on July 25, 2014. Retrieved July 16, 2014.
  143. ^ Markovitz, Adam (July 19, 2012). "50 Most Vile Movie Villains". Entertainment Weekly. Entertainment Weekly Inc. Archived from the original on September 29, 2017. Retrieved July 16, 2014.
  144. ^ Wales, George (January 30, 2014). "100 Greatest Movie Villains". Total Film. Future Publishing Limited. Archived from the original on April 9, 2014. Retrieved July 18, 2014.
  145. ^ Hill, Jim (June 19, 2007). "Andreas Deja : "... If you take the drawing out of Disney, it just isn't Disney"". Jim Hill Media. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 12, 2014.
  146. ^ "Biography: Andreas Deja". AnimationResources.org. Animation Resources Incorporated. February 22, 2011. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 12, 2014.
  147. ^ a b Vraketta, Georgia. "The Representations of Gender, Sexuality and Race in Disney's The Lion King". Academia.edu. Academia. Archived from the original on February 4, 2021. Retrieved July 16, 2014.
  148. ^ "Lion King, The". Film4. Channel 4. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
  149. ^ "20 Years Later, How The Lion King Changed Feature Animation Forever". IGN. IGN Entertainment, Inc. June 15, 2014. Archived from the original on August 8, 2014. Retrieved August 3, 2014.
  150. ^ Gerard, Jeremy (June 13, 1994). "Review: 'The Lion King'". Variety. Los Angeles, California: Penske Media Corporation. Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
  151. ^ Minow, Nell (August 1, 2005). "The Lion King". Common Sense Media. Common Sense Media Inc. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
  152. ^ Willmore, Alison (September 15, 2011). "REVIEW: Lion King 3D Makes Refreshing Use of Extra Dimension". Movieline. Los Angeles, California: Penske Media Corporation. Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
  153. ^ Turan, Kenneth (June 15, 1994). "MOVIE REVIEW : 'The Lion King' and His Court Jesters : The Sidekicks Steal the Show in Disney's Animated Opus". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
  154. ^ Hicks, Chris (December 17, 2002). "Film review: Lion King, The". Deseret News. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
  155. ^ Mapes, Marty (December 27, 2002). "The Lion King (IMAX)". Movie Habit. Marty Mapes. Archived from the original on February 12, 2015. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
  156. ^ Parkinson, David (2007). The Rough Guide to Film Musicals. United Kingdom: Penguin. p. 121. ISBN 9780756647124.
  157. ^ Twomey, Steve (July 28, 1994). "'The Lion King' a Roaring Success Despite Lambasting". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on July 16, 2014. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
  158. ^ Edmundson, Mark (1999). Nightmare on Main Street: Angels, Sadomasochism, and the Culture of Gothic. United States: Harvard University Press. p. 45. ISBN 9780674624634. Archived from the original on 2021-02-04. Retrieved 2020-10-16.
  159. ^ Reeves, Phil (July 27, 1994). "Right-on critics maul 'Lion King'". The Independent. Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
  160. ^ "Disney Movie Is Sexist And Racist, Adults Howl". Chicago Tribune. August 2, 1994. Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
  161. ^ "The Salina Journal". Newspapers.com. July 26, 1994. Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
  162. ^ Mackey-Kallis, Susan (2011). The Hero and the Perennial Journey Home in American Film. United States: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 102. ISBN 9780812200133. Archived from the original on 2021-02-04. Retrieved 2020-10-16.
  163. ^ West, P. M.; Packer, C. (2002). "Sexual Selection, Temperature, and the Lion's Mane". Science. 297 (5585): 1339–1343. Bibcode:2002Sci...297.1339W. doi:10.1126/science.1073257. PMID 12193785. S2CID 15893512. Archived from the original on 2018-09-17. Retrieved 2018-10-19.
  164. ^ Gonzalez, Ed (September 28, 2003). "Film Review". Slant Magazine. Archived from the original on March 26, 2014. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
  165. ^ Schiappa, Edward (2008). Beyond Representational Correctness: Rethinking Criticism of Popular Media. United States: SUNY Press. p. 65. ISBN 9780791478493. Archived from the original on 2021-02-04. Retrieved 2020-10-16.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scar_(The_Lion_King)&oldid=1259193286"
  NODES
3d 13
Experiments 1
games 2
games 2
HOME 5
Idea 5
idea 5
inspiration 3
Interesting 4
Intern 1
iOS 4
languages 1
mac 9
Note 1
OOP 1
os 101
Training 1
web 2