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The See of Tyre was one of the most ancient dioceses in Christianity. The existence of a Christian community there in the time of Saint Paul is mentioned in the Acts of the Apostles.[1] Seated at Tyre, which was the capital of the Roman province of Phoenicia Prima, the bishopric was a metropolitan see. Its position was briefly challenged by the see of Berytus in the mid-5th century; but after 480/1 the metropolitan of Tyre established himself as the first (protothronos) of all those subject to the Patriarch of Antioch.[2]
In the summer of 2017 a Greek mosaic, five-metres long, naming Irenaeus as bishop of Tyre, was found west of the Sea of Galilee, in an excavation co-directed by historian Jacob Ashkenazi and archaeologist Mordechai Aviam. Since the inscription provides the date of the church's completion as 445, it gives credence to a date as early as 444 CE for his ordination.[3]
History
editDuring the Crusades
editCommunion with the See of Rome was broken following the East–West Schism. When the crusaders conquered Tyre in 1124, the Eastern Orthodox archbishop withdrew to Constantinople and a Latin named Odo was appointed archbishop. However, he died the same year.
The most notable of the Latin archbishops of Tyre of this time was the historian William of Tyre, who served from 1175 to 1185.
Tyre then belonged to the Kingdom of Jerusalem, rather than the Principality of Antioch. On the basis of the pentarchy system, the Latin patriarch of Antioch claimed the right to appoint the archbishop, which was exercised by the Latin patriarch of Jerusalem. Pope Innocent II adjudicated the dispute in favour of Jerusalem on the basis of a decree of Pope Paschal II granting King Baldwin the right to make all sees taken by the crusaders from the Muslims subject to Jerusalem. Finally, in a legatine council in April 1141 convened in the Templum Domini by Alberic of Ostia the question was settled and Antioch's claim to Tyre rejected.[4] The Latin patriarch of Jerusalem was usually either the archbishop of Tyre or of Caesarea in Palaestina.
In 1187, after Saladin's invasion, Tyre was the only city remaining in crusader hands and was at one point considered as the new capital of the kingdom. It lost that appellation to Acre, but it remained the site of the coronation of the king, and the archbishop was given the responsibility of officiating at the coronation.
Starting with Sultan Baibars in 1254, the Islamic chieftains declared jihad on the crusaders and slowly started exterminating the remaining Christian communities on the coastlands. The last archbishops, John and Bonacourt, devoted their rule to forestalling the Mamluk conquest, attempting to obtain the freedom of enslaved Christians, caring for refugees, and preparing for the coming assault. After a long siege, the city was captured by the Mamluks in 1291. The city was mostly evacuated by the time the Mamluks arrived, but the remaining population, including the archbishop, were killed or enslaved. The churches were torn down, and the archdiocese became titular; only in the 18th and 19th centuries was a new archbishop appointed to protect the newly restored pilgrim routes. Due to the ongoing conflict and dislocations in modern Lebanon and the decline of influence of Christianity there, the see has remained vacant again since 1984.
Early bishops or archbishops of Tyre
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- Cassius (c. 190 AD)[5]
- Marinus (c. 250)[6]
- Tyrannio, martyred under Diocletian[7]
- Dorotheus I, martyred under Julian the Apostate[8]
- Paulinus
- Zeno I (mentioned in 325)[9]
- Paulus (mentioned in 335)
- Vitalis (mentioned in 344), an Arian
- Uranius (mentioned in 359), an Arian
- Zeno II (before 366–381)
- Diodorus (381–?)
- Reverentius †
- Cyrus (?–431, deposed at the Council of Ephesus as a supporter of Nestorius
- Berenicianus (431–?)
- Irenaeus (in or before 445–449), a Nestorian
- Photius (c. 449)
- Dorotheus II (mentioned in 458)
- John Codonatus (before 482 – c. 488), who became Patriarch of Antioch
- Epiphanius (mentioned in 518)
- Eusebius (mentioned in 553)
- Thomas (before 869 – after 879)[10]
Latin archbishops of Tyre
edit- Odo (c. 1122–1123 or 1124)[11]
- William I (c. 1127–1135)[12]
- Fulcher (c. 1135–1146)[13]
- Ralph (1146–1150) (elected archbishop, who was not consecrated)[14]
- Peter of Barcelona (1151–1164)[15]
- Frederick (1164–1174)[16]
- William II (1175–1186) (historian)[17]
- Joscius (1186–1202)[18]
- Clarembaud of Broies (1202–1215)[19]
- Simon of Maugastel (c. 1216–1229)[20]
- Hugh (c. 1231–c. 1234)[21]
- Peter of Sargines (1235–1244)[22]
- Philip of Tripoli (elected archbishop, disputed, resigned 1250)[23]
- Nicholas Larcat (1251–1253)[24]
- Gilles (1253–1266)[25]
- John of Saint Maxentius (1267–1272)[26]
- Bonacursus de Gloire (1272–1295)[27]
- Scolaius de Ardinghelli (1295-1299) Titular as Bishop of Arborea
- Joseph Simon Assemani (titular, 18th century)
- Annibale della Genga (titular, 1793–1816)
- Giacomo Giustiniani (1817–1826)
- Domenico Maria Jacobini (1881–1896)
- Franz Xaver Nagl (1910–1911, later Archbishop of Vienna)
- Vittorio Ranuzzi de' Bianchi (1911–1916)
- Rodolfo Caroli (1917–1921)
- Pietro Benedetti (1921–1930)
- Egidio Lari (1931–1965)
- Bruno Wüstenberg (1966–1984)
References
edit- ^ Acts 21:3–7
- ^ Eißfeldt, Otto (1941). "Phoiniker (Phoinike)". Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft. Vol. Band XX, Halbband 39, Philon–Pignus. p. 369.
- ^ Amanda Borschel-Dan. "1,600-year-old church mosaic puzzles out key role of women in early Christianity". www.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 2019-08-26.
- ^ Lapina, Elizabeth; Morton, Nicholas (22 May 2017). The Uses of the Bible in Crusader Sources. Brill. p. 194. ISBN 978-90-04-34121-0. Retrieved 23 February 2024.
- ^ Eusebius. H. E. s.v. 25
- ^ Eusebius, Church History VII.5
- ^ Basil Watkins, The Book of Saints, 8th ed. (Bloomsbury, 2016 [1921]), p. 734.
- ^ "CatholicSaints.Info » Blog Archive » Saint Dorotheus of Tyre". Retrieved 2022-09-23.
- ^ Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History 7.32.3.
- ^ Le Quien (Oriens christ., II, 801-12)
- ^ Bernard Hamilton (2016), The Latin Church in the Crusader States: The Secular Church (Routledge), p. 409.
- ^ Hamilton 2016, p. 409.
- ^ Hamilton 2016, p. 409.
- ^ Hamilton 2016, p. 409.
- ^ Hamilton 2016, p. 409.
- ^ Hamilton 2016, p. 409.
- ^ Hamilton 2016, p. 409.
- ^ Hamilton 2016, p. 409.
- ^ Hamilton 2016, p. 409.
- ^ Hamilton 2016, p. 409.
- ^ Hamilton 2016, p. 409.
- ^ Hamilton 2016, p. 409.
- ^ Steven J. Williams (2003), The Secret of Secrets: The Scholarly Career of a Pseudo-Aristotelian Text in the Latin Middle Ages (University of Michigan Press0, p. 80.
- ^ Hamilton 2016, p. 409.
- ^ Hamilton 2016, p. 409.
- ^ Hamilton 2016, p. 409.
- ^ Hamilton 2016, p. 409.
External links
edit- Tyre from the Catholic Encyclopedia