Shalom Nagar (Hebrew: שלום נגר; 1936 or 1938 – 26 November 2024) was a Yemeni-born Israeli prison guard known for executing war criminal and Nazi Party official Adolf Eichmann by hanging. His identity was kept secret for thirty years for fear of reprisals, until it was revealed by journalists in 1992.
Shalom Nagar | |
|---|---|
| Born | 1936 or 1938 Yemen |
| Died | 26 November 2024 (aged 86 or 88) Israel |
| Occupation | Prison guard |
| Known for | Executing Adolf Eichmann |
Early life
editNagar was born in Yemen in the mid to late 1930s. Sources differ as to the exact year: Haaretz and The Times of Israel report his year of birth as 1936 while The Jerusalem Post reports 1938. He was orphaned of his father and abandoned by his mother before moving to Israel in 1948.[1][2][3][4][5]
After coming to Israel, Nagar lived in temporary transit camps before moving to Rosh HaAyin.[6] He came from a religious family, later becoming secular before returning to Orthodox Judaism after he executed Eichmann.[3]
At 18, Nagar joined the elite Israel Defense Forces’ Paratroopers Brigade. It was at this time the he abandoned his traditional Jewish beliefs and became secular. After his military service, he worked for the border police and joined the Israel Prison Service.[3][7][6]
Adolf Eichmann
editNagar was working for the Israel Prison Service at Ramle Prison in the early 1960s when war criminal and Nazi Party official Adolf Eichmann was held there during the trial for his role in The Holocaust.[3]
Nagar was one of 22 handpicked "Eichmann guards". The prime minister at the time, David Ben-Gurion, ensured that the Eichmann guards were Sephardic, as he felt that Ashkenazi Jews whose families were killed in The Holocaust would be motivated to harm the prisoner. Suicide-watch was a key duty. These guards were also charged with testing food given to the prisoner, for fear someone would try to poison him. He guarded Eichmann for six months, and was always in the presence of other guards.[8][3][5]
Nagar said he was randomly selected to carry out the execution after Eichmann's sentencing to death in December 1961.[1] Though he was on furlough at the time and he did not want the duty, he was convinced to accept it after being shown pictures of Holocaust atrocities against children. In 2005, he told Jewish magazine Mispacha: "It so appalled me that I agreed to do what needed to be done".[3][7]
Such was the secrecy around the execution that Nagar's commander collected him for the duty by bundling him into a car while he was walking in the street with his wife. Nagar was concerned that she would believe he had been kidnapped, so they returned to say he had been called in as the prison was short staffed.[3]
The execution by hanging took place sometime between 30 May and 1 July 1962 in the Ayalon Prison in Ramla.[1][4][5] This was the only judicial execution ever held in Israel.[1] Nagar described arriving at the gallows when Eichmann's already had the noose around his neck and was stood over a trap door. While an official account states that there were two people who pulled a lever simultaneously to carry out the execution, Nagar did not recall anyone else being there. He said he looked into Eichmann's eyes before stepping behind a screen to pull the lever.[3][7]
After an hour, Nagar took the body down from the scaffold. He said that the loud gasping sound of air being released from the corpse's lungs made him feel that "the Angel of Death had come to take me too".[7][3]
Afterwards, it was Nagar's job to take the corpse for cremation in an oven symbolically built by a concentration camp survivor. He struggled; his hands were shaking and he had difficulty walking unaided.[1][3][7]
Eichmann's ashes were later scattered at sea, beyond Israel's territorial waters. It was planned that Nagar would take them to the port, but he was so traumatized by the hanging that he was escorted home, and a police van transported the ashes. In the following years, Nagar suffered from PTSD and nightmares, and feared Eichmann was following him.[1][3]
Later years
editAfter his time at Ramle, Nagar worked at a prison in Hebron. He was one of the first Israelis to guard imprisoned Palestinians under the newly formed Israeli Military Administration. He claimed to have been the first to suggest that Moshe Levinger and the fourteen families who originally settled in Hebron be given living quarters converted from King Hussein's former stables.[9]
In the 1980s Nagar was asked if he would carry out the execution of Ivan Demjanjuk. He refused, later saying he had "had enough trauma".[4]
Nagar's identity as Eichmann's executioner was kept secret for 30 years due to fear of reprisals, until it was discovered and revealed by journalists in 1992.[1] They had been researching a radio program on the anniversary of Eichmann's death, reviewing prison records and talking to former prison employees. At this time, Nagar was living at Kiryat Arba, an urban Israeli settlement in the West Bank, in which his was one of the founding families.[8][5] He said that he was sworn to secrecy over the execution, but after Mossad chief Isser Harel had published a book about Eichmann's capture he felt he had nothing to fear, saying: "Besides, I was involved in the great mitzvah of wiping out Amalek".[7]
Nagar was present at the Cave of the Patriarchs massacre in Hebron in 1994. This led him to move away from the area with his family.[9]
According to the Jewish Herald-Voice, when a German media outlet asked to interview Nagar in 2004 he insisted that the interview take place in his kollel. The paper describes the "Jewish study hall" as being "anything but quiet", with "piles of books scattered all over and loud argumentative voices". When the German reporter asked why he wanted to be interview in such a noisy environment, Nagar responded that he wanted any television interview, likely to be watched by millions of Germans, to show that the Jewish people were thriving on the values, culture and traditions that "Hitler and Eichmann [...] wanted to decimate".[3][10]
By his mid-seventies, Nagar was working as a kosher slaughterer in Holon.[9][11][6]
Gabriel Erem, writing for Jewish News Syndicate, described Nagar as "soft-spoken" and "pious". Erem described in 2021 hearing of Nagar's poor medical condition and modest home, and rallying descendants of Holocaust families to finance "a suitable, medically supervised, first-rate senior home for the last living hero of an era".[8]
Nagar died 26 November 2024, with reports placing his age at 86 or 88.[12][4][1][2]
Depiction in media
editNagar was the subject of a 2010 documentary, Hatalyan ("The Hangman" Hebrew: התליין), by Avigail Sperber and Netalie Braun. The film won the Best Documentary award at the Haifa International Film Festival.[1][13][11] Renee Ghert-Zand wrote for The Forward that after seeing Hatalyan, "it is hard not to think of Shalom Nagar as the Forrest Gump of Israel". She explained: "Like the character played by Tom Hanks, Nagar improbably finds himself in the midst of historical events and meeting famous (infamous, really) people". She concludes that "the look in Nagar’s eyes [...] suggests more to this real-life character than religious platitudes and an affable nature".[9]
A German-language novelization of his story, Nagars Nacht ("Nagar's Night"), has also been published and translated into English as Eichmann's Executioner.[14][15] Library Journal said of the translation: "The weaving of past with present, fact with fiction brings Eichmann alive and even humanizes him, a feat that impressively expands our understanding of the Holocaust".[16]
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Shalom Nagar, hangman of Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann, dies". BBC News. 28 November 2024. Retrieved 28 November 2024.
He said he was selected at random to carry out the execution, and Eichmann was hanged on 30 May 1962.
- ^ a b "Shalom Nagar, executioner of Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann, passes away at 86". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. 27 November 2024. Retrieved 28 November 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Winer, Stuart. "Shalom Nagar, reluctant hangman of Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann, dies aged 88". www.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 28 November 2024.
- ^ a b c d "Shalom Nagar, Adolf Eichmann's Reluctant Executioner, Dies at 88". Haaretz.
- ^ a b c d Benson, Pesach (27 November 2024). "Adolf Eichmann's executioner, born in Yemen, dies at 86". World Israel news. Retrieved 30 November 2024.
- ^ a b c "Adolf Eichmann's executioner dies at 86". Israel Hayom. 27 November 2024. Retrieved 30 November 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f Ginsberg, Rachel (9 May 2009). "Eichmann's Executioner | Aish". Aish. Retrieved 28 November 2024.
- ^ a b c Erem, Gabriel (27 January 2021). "The man behind the last days of Adolf Eichmann". JNS.org. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
- ^ a b c d "Friday Film: Eichmann's Improbable Executioner". The Forward. 12 November 2011. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
- ^ "Interview of a lifetime: The man who hanged Eichmann". jhvonline.com. Retrieved 28 November 2024.
- ^ a b ""התליין" התקבל לתחרות של IDFA". Haaretz.
- ^ Winer, Stuart (27 November 2024). "Shalom Nagar, reluctant hangman of Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann, dies aged 88". timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
Shalom Nagar, the Israeli prison guard who by chance, and against his wishes, was selected to hang convicted Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann, died Tuesday aged 88.
- ^ "The Hangman". jfi.org. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
- ^ "Ich würde gern an Zufall glauben". www.fr.de (in German). 2 February 2019. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
- ^ "Eichmann's Executioner". The New Press. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
- ^ Cone, Edward (1 July 2017). "Eichmann's Executioner". Library Journal. 142 (12): 66.
External links
edit- Shalom Nagar at IMDb