The Sharchops (Dzongkha: ཤར་ཕྱོགས་པ, Wylie: shar phyogs pa; "Easterner") are the populations of mixed Tibetan, Southeast Asian and South Asian descent that mostly live in the eastern districts of Bhutan.[1]
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| 212,500[citation needed] | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Eastern Bhutan (Lhuntse, Trashiyangtse, Mongar, Pemagatshel, Trashigang, Samdrup Jongkhar) Southwest China (Tibet Autonomous Region) Northeast India (Assam and Arunachal Pradesh (Monpa tribes: Khalaktang, Dirang; Memba tribe: Tuting)) | |
| Languages | |
| Tshangla · Monpa languages · Dzongkha · Tibetan Languages | |
| Religion | |
| Tibetan Buddhism · Bon | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Monpa · Ngalop · Tibetan people |
Ethnicity
editThe Sharchops are an Indo-Mongoloid[dubious – discuss] people who migrated from Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, or possibly Burma,[2] c. 1200 – c. 800 BC.[3] Van Driem (1993) indicates that Sharchops are closely related to the Mönpa and that both are descendants of the indigenous Tibetic peoples (pre-Ngalop) of Bhutan. Due to the societal prominence and political power of Dzongkha-speaking Bhutanese, however, Sharchops are marginalized in Bhutan.[4] The Sharchops are the largest ethnic group in Bhutan.[5][6]
Population
editThe Sharchops comprise most of the population of eastern Bhutan, a country whose total population in 2010 was approximately 708,500.[7] Although they have long been the largest single ethnic group in Bhutan, the Sharchop have been largely assimilated into the culturally and politically dominant Tibetic Ngalop culture.[8] Together, the Ngalop, Sharchop, and tribal groups constituted up to 72 percent of the population in the late 1980s, according to official Bhutanese statistics.[8][9] The 1981 census claimed that Sharchops represented 30% of the population, and Ngalops approximately 17%.[10] The World Factbook, however, estimates that the "Bhote" Ngalop and Sharchop ethnic groups together comprise approximately 50% of Bhutan's population, at 354,200 people.[7] Assuming Sharchops still outnumber Ngalops at a 3:2 ratio, the total population of Sharchops in Bhutan is approximately 212,500.
Language
editMost Sharchops speak Tshangla, a Tibeto-Burman language; fewer speak the Olekha language.[11] They also learn the national language, Dzongkha. Because of their proximity to Northeastern India, some speak Assamese. Bodo is also known to many of them because of socio cultural and trade relations.
Tshangla is also spoken by the Monpa (Menba) national minority across the border in China, distributed in Mêdog, Nyingchi and Dirang. Tshangla is similar to the Kalaktang and Dirang languages spoken by the Monpa of Arunachal Pradesh, India.[12]
Lifestyle
editSharchop peoples practice slash-and-burn and tsheri agriculture, planting dry rice crops for three or four years until the soil is exhausted and then moving on,[8] however the practice has been officially banned in Bhutan since 1969.[13][14]
Most of the Sharchops follow matrilineal lines in the inheritance of land and livestock.[15]
Religion
editMost Sharchops follow Tibetan Buddhism with some elements of Bön, although those who live in the Duars follow Animism.[8]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Schottli, Jivanta; Mitra, Subrata K.; Wolf, Siegried (2015-05-08). A Political and Economic Dictionary of South Asia. ISBN 9781135355760.
- ^ Skutsch, Carl, ed. (2005). Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities. New York: Routledge. p. 218. ISBN 1-57958-468-3.
- ^ "Culture of Bhutan". Countries and Their Cultures. Advameg, Inc. Retrieved 30 September 2013.
- ^ "U.S. Committee for Refugees World Refugee Survey 1999 - Bhutan". United States Committee for Refugees and Immigrants. 1 January 1999. Retrieved 29 September 2013.
- ^ van Driem, George L. (1993). "Language Policy in Bhutan" (PDF). London: SOAS. Retrieved 2011-01-18.
- ^ van Driem, George (2001). Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region. Brill. p. 915 et seq.
- ^ a b Bhutan. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b c d
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Robert L. Worden (September 1991). Andrea Matles Savada (ed.). Bhutan: A Country Study. Federal Research Division. Ethnic Groups.
- ^ This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Robert L. Worden (September 1991). Andrea Matles Savada (ed.). Bhutan: A Country Study. Federal Research Division. Society.
- ^ "Bhutan Backgrounder". SATP online. South Asia Terrorism Portal. 2002-09-20. Retrieved 2011-07-10.
- ^ "Languages of Bhutan". Ethnologue Online. Dallas: SIL International. 2006. Retrieved 2011-01-18.
- ^ Blench, Roger (2014). Sorting out Monpa: The relationships of the Monpa languages of Arunachal Pradesh.
- ^ This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Robert L. Worden (September 1991). Andrea Matles Savada (ed.). Bhutan: A Country Study. Federal Research Division. Farming.
- ^ "Shifting Cultivation in Bhutan: A Gradual Approach to Modifying Land Use Patterns". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations online. FAO. 1987. Retrieved 2011-03-13.
- ^ "Fact Sheet Bhutan. Women in Agriculture, Environment and Rural Production" (PDF). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations online. FAO. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-05-18. Retrieved 8 Sep 2017.