In agriculture, shattering is the dispersal of a crop's seeds upon their becoming ripe. From an agricultural perspective this is generally an undesirable process, and in the history of crop domestication several important advances have involved a mutation in a crop plant that reduced shattering—instead of the seeds being dispersed as soon as they were ripe, the mutant plants retained the seeds for longer, which made harvesting much more effective. Non-shattering phenotype is one of the prerequisites for plant breeding especially when introgressing valuable traits from wild varieties of domesticated crops.[1]
A particularly important mutation that was selected very early in the history of agriculture removed the "brittle rachis" problem from wheat.[2] A ripe head ("ear") of wild-type wheat is easily shattered into dispersal units when touched, or blown by the wind, because during ripening a series of abscission layers forms that divides the rachis into short segments, each attached to a single spikelet (which contains 2–3 grains along with chaff).
A different class of shattering mechanisms involves dehiscence of the mature fruit, which releases the seeds.
Rapeseed and the shattering types of sesame are harvested before the seed is fully mature, so that the pods do not split and drop the seeds.[3][4][5] Harvesting shattering types of sesame involves wrapping the cut plants before processing.[5]
Current research priorities to understand the genetics of shattering include the following crops:
- Barley[6]
- Buckwheat[7]
- Amaranth grain[8]
- Oilseed rape (Brassica napus)[9][citation needed]
References
edit- ^ Tang, H. (2013). "Seed shattering in a wild sorghum is conferred by a locus unrelated to domestication". PNAS. 110 (39): 15824–15829. Bibcode:2013PNAS..11015824T. doi:10.1073/pnas.1305213110. PMC 3785776. PMID 24019506.
- ^ Dorian Q. Fuller & Robin Allaby (2009). "Seed Dispersal and Crop Domestications: Shattering, Germination and Seasonality in Evolution under Cultivation". Fruit Development and Seed Dispersal. Annual Plant Reviews. Vol. 38. pp. 238–295. doi:10.1002/9781444314557.ch7. ISBN 9781444314557.
- ^ Moazzami, A.; Kamal-Eldin, A. (2006), "Sesame seed is a rich source of dietary lignans", Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 83 (8): 719–723, doi:10.1007/s11746-006-5029-7, S2CID 85126098
- ^ Duane R. Berglund; Kent McKay & Janet Knodel (2007), Canola Production, NDSU Extension Service, North Dakota State University, retrieved 9 November 2015
- ^ a b E. S. Oplinger, D. H. Putnam, A. R. Kaminski, C. V. Hanson, E. A. Oelke, E. E. Schulte, and J. D. Doll, "Sesame", Alternative Field Crops Manual, retrieved 16 June 2024
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Kandemir, N.; Kudrna, D.A.; Ullrich, S.E.; Kleinhofs, A. (2000). "Molecular marker assisted genetic analysis of head shattering in six-rowed barley". Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 101 (1): 203–210. doi:10.1007/s001220051470. S2CID 20181124.
- ^ Fesenko, Ivan N. (2006). "Non-shattering accessions of Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn. carry recessive alleles at two loci affecting development of functional abscission layer" (PDF). Fagopyrum. 23: 7–10.
- ^ Brenner, D.M. (2002). "Non-shattering grain amaranth populations". In Janick, J.; Whipkey, A. (eds.). Trends in new crops and new uses. Alexandria, VA.: ASHS Press. pp. 104–106.
- ^ Braatz, J.; Harloff, HJ.; Emrani, N.; Elisha, C.; Heepe, L.; Gorb, S. N.; Jung, C. (2018). "The effect of INDEHISCENT point mutations on silique shatter resistance in oilseed rape (Brassica napus)". Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 131 (19). doi:10.1007/s00122-018-3051-4.