Shiv Verma (Hindi: शिव वर्मा; 9 February 1904 — 10 January 1997) was an Indian Marxist revolutionary and a member of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association.
Shiv Verma | |
|---|---|
 Verma in 1928 | |
| Born | 9 February 1904 |
| Died | 10 January 1997 (aged 92) Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India |
| Other names | Prabhat |
| Occupation | Revolutionary |
| Organization(s) | Communist Consolidation, Hindustan Socialist Republican Association |
| Political party | Communist Party of India (Marxist) |
Early life
editShiv Verma was born on 9 February 1904 in Khateli village of Hardoi district in United Provinces. At the age of 17, he participated[1] in the Non-Cooperation Movement.
He was a student of the DAV College of Cawnpore.[2]
Revolutionary activities
editCawnpore was the place where the Hindustan Republican Association was formed by Sachindra Nath Sanyal, Suresh Chandra Bhattacharya and others. People like Bejoy Kumar Sinha, Shiv Verma, Jaidev Kapoor, and Surendra Nath Pandey joined the party. Verma's party name was 'Prabhat' (Hindi: प्रभात).[3]
Verma was inclined towards socialism. Sinha introduced Verma to the journalist and writer, Radha Mohan Gokul,[4] who became an ideological mentor and inspiration for Verma.[5] Radha Mohan had an extensive collection of books[6] and he encouraged Verma to read and discuss socialism. In 1925, after the Kakori incident, Chandra Shekhar Azad was staying in Jhansi, in seclusion. He came to Cawnpore with Kundan Lal Gupta and stayed with Radha Mohan Gokul. This was when Verma and Azad met for the first time.
While studying at DAV College, Cawnpore, Verma met Bhagat Singh for the first time in January 1927, when the latter had come to Cawnpore for a week to meet all the other revolutionaries of HRA.
Ram Prasad Bismil was going to be hanged on 19 December 1927. A day before, his mother, Moolrani Devi (Hindi: मूलरानी) came to visit him for the last time at District Jail, Gorakhpur. Verma had already reached there. He approached Bismil's mother and requested her to help him meet Bismil to discuss some party matters. Bismil's mother instantly agreed and asked him to pose as Bismil's cousin, Shankar Prasad, and refer to her as 'mausi' (Hindi: मौसी). Since it was the final meeting between mother and son, they were left alone for some time. Bismil's mother then asked him to talk to Verma, referring to him as an HRA member.[7]
It was Verma who recruited Mahabir Singh in June 1928 for HRA activities.
Verma regrouped with Sukhdev Thapar and others in Lahore. In November 1928, Verma underwent training in the manufacturing of bombs while staying in Agra near Noori Gate[8] where he rented a house under the alias - Amir Chand.
In the initial verdict of the Kakori conspiracy case, Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee was sentenced to 10 years of imprisonment. While he was kept in the District Jail, Fatehgarh in 1927, Verma and Sinha were entrusted with the job of getting Chatterjee's approval for getting him released from prison.[9] On 3 March 1928, after the duo left Fatehgarh, the police secretly were on their trail. The duo sensed this and decided to leave immediately. They bought train tickets for Cawnpore, but the ticket details were soon available to the police. When the train started, two policemen seated themselves in the same compartment where the duo had reserved their seats. They were looking for an opportunity to abscond during the journey. Later, when the train was leaving the Jalalabad station, they jumped out of the train cautiously. The constables hurt themselves in their attempt to follow them and could not give chase. The duo again evaded arrest at the Cawnpore Station but now had accepted the fact that, henceforth, they would have to lead the life of fugitives.
Verma was a member of the Central Committee[10] which was formed by the revolutionaries in the ruins of the Feroze Shah Kotla fort of Delhi on September 8 & 9, 1928. He was the organizer of the United Provinces branch. Verma wrote several articles for the paper 'Chand' (Hindi: चाँद).
By the beginning of 1929, it was clear that Viceroy Lord Irwin would use his veto power to pass the Public Safety Bill and the Trade Dispute Bills, despite being rejected in the assembly. Verma was assigned as the leader of a team that would assess the possibility of assassinating Lord Irwin. They decided to attempt it when the Viceroy was going to attend a banquet and dinner party held by some I.C.S officers in New Delhi. Shivaram Rajguru was the spotter, Jaidev Kapoor was supposed to hurl a bomb on Irwin's car and Verma was the backup - in case Kapoor missed. Rajguru noticed that the Viceroy's car was containing three ladies, hence, he didn't give any signal and was later praised by Azad and the other compatriots for avoiding indiscriminate assassinations.[11] They later learned that the Viceroy had proceeded to some other venue and reached the banquet venue later via a different route.
Azad had ordered that after Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt hurled bombs in the assembly, everyone except Verma and Kapoor must leave Delhi while Azad himself will head to Jhansi. Verma went to drop Azad at the station. Azad instructed Verma to take good care of Singh and Dutt as these two were headed on a path of no return.[12] Verma and Kapoor spent a sleepless and dejected night in their Delhi hideout, wondering about the future of their arrested compatriots.
Arrest
editGaya Prasad, Jaidev Kapoor, and Verma were given the task of setting up a bomb factory in Saharanpur. The modus operandi was simple - Prasad would rent a place to start a dispensary, and Verma and Kapoor would be his compounder and dresser, respectively. This plan had worked out successfully previously[13] e.g.: Ferozepur factory-cum-hideout (where Verma pretended to be 'Ram Narayan Kapoor'[14]). This time, they couldn't secure any funds as their primary source, Kashiram (another HSRA revolutionary) failed to turn up with the money. Prasad then left for Cawnpore to arrange some funds while Verma and Kapoor stayed back. Soon, the locals and the police grew suspicious as these two were idle, the doctor was missing and there was no activity resembling a dispensary. This was in May 1929. Every night, Verma and Kapoor went to the terrace and observed the surrounding area. One of their observations was that the police conducted search raids and arrests around 0400 hours, therefore, they took turns and stood guard during the night. After sunrise, they would come down and sleep without any anxiety. On 13 May 1929, they were fast asleep in the courtyard when there was a knock on the door. Verma woke up and opened the door thinking that it was Prasad but it turned out to be armed police constables. The DSP, Mathura Dutt Joshi, and the Chief Police Officer marched in while the constables held Verma. Upon being asked about his whereabouts, Verma said that he was Prasad's relative, he was studying at the Banaras University and was here on a vacation. He denied any knowledge about the gunpowder lying in one of the cupboards. In the adjoining room, they found Kapoor along with bombshells and other material. The DSP compelled Verma to open a trunk. Verma opened the trunk, put his hand inside it, produced a bomb, and pretended to hurl it toward the DSP. The DSP and most of the constables ran outside the house while the Chief Police Officer hid behind the door and started to observe Verma's moves. To prevent accidents, the bombs and the pins required to trigger them were kept separately. Verma wanted the pins and two revolvers placed in another cupboard, hence, he placed the bomb on the floor and proceeded toward the cupboard. The Chief Officer seized this opportunity, overpowered Verma, and called for support. The constables stormed in again and finally, both Kapoor and Verma were handcuffed. Two days later, Prasad was arrested at the same location when he returned from Cawnpore, late in the night.[15]
Both were taken to the Police Headquarters, imprisoned but treated well to create an impression that the arrested revolutionaries were treated generously. One of the constables confided in Verma that the DSP had told them they were going to raid and arrest opium traders, had the constables had any idea about the revolutionaries, they would have allowed them to escape. Verma and Kapoor also learned that the tip-off was given by their HSRA compatriot, Phanindranath Ghosh, who had turned into a witness for the Police.
Hunger strike
editVerma, Jaidev Kapoor, and Gaya Prasad were sent to Central Jail Lahore. Over a short period of time, the HSRA revolutionaries arrested at different locations were together in the prison. Verma, Kapoor, Kishori Lal and all the other HSRA revolutionaries began a hunger strike on 13 July 1929, to express solidarity with Bhagat Singh and B. K. Dutt, who had already been on a hunger strike for a month. Being lean and thin, Verma received less beating and thrashing from the Police while Singh, Mahabir Singh, Shivaram Rajguru, Sukhdev Thapar and other sturdier men bore most of the brunt. In the hunger strike, Jatin Das succumbed to the ill effects of forced feeding while Verma's condition turned critical.[16]
Lahore Conspiracy verdict
editThe Lahore Conspiracy Case ruling came on 7 October 1930. Verma was among the revolutionaries who were sentenced to life imprisonment.[17] One day, a senior Police Inspector ordered Verma and his associates to vacate their cells. He compassionately allowed Verma and others to meet Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev Thapar, and Shivaram Rajguru for one last time. Verma's eyes brimmed with tears when leaving. This is when Singh remarked, "Shiv, it is not the time to be emotional. I will be relieved of all difficulties in a few days; but you all have to undertake a long, difficult journey. I am confident that despite the heavy burden of responsibility, you will not be fatigued in this long campaign and you will not be disheartened enough to give up".[18]
Imprisonment
editVerma was then sent to District Jail Rajahmundry of Andhra Pradesh where he learned about the deaths of first, Chandrasekhar Azad and later, Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev Thapar, and Shivaram Rajguru. He was later deported to the Kala Pani at Andaman Islands. In 1933, he participated in the hunger strike to protest against the inhuman and unfair treatment meted out to the inmates, especially, the political prisoners.[19] During this hunger strike, his HSRA compatriot, Mahabir Singh, died. The others who died were Mohit Maitra and Manakrishna Nabadas. The British authorities finally relented and agreed to the following demands:-
- Soap provided to clean the body
- Beds to sleep in
- Edible food
For political prisoners:-
- Allow studying and provide books
- Allow communicating amongst themselves
Gradually, an academic environment grew within the premises of the prison. Prisoners studied political science and history under Satish Pakrashi, Verma, and Bhupal Bose. In 1937, under the leadership of Verma and Hare Krishna Konar the 36-day and final hunger striker was done before Kala Pani was shut down permanently in January 1938. He was repatriated to India in September 1937 but was finally released in 1946.
Later life
editIn 1948, Verma was elected secretary of the Uttar Pradesh state committee of the Communist Party of India. He was imprisoned several times during the years 1948, 1962, and 1965 when the ruling Indian National Congress took action against the communist parties. Verma sided with the CPI(M) but gradually faced opposition and humiliation during the internal rift for election tickets.[20] Though Verma got the MP ticket of CPI (M) from Kanpur in 1971 but defeated by his rival independent communist candidate S.M. Banerjee.
He incessantly tried to factually portray the Indian revolutionaries and counter the polarized opinions about them. He became the editor[21] of ‘लोकलहर’ (Loklahar)[22] and ‘Naya Savera’, the mouthpiece of the then Communist Party of India. He was also the editor of a Hindi journal Naya Path.[23] He was a lifelong trustee of the Lucknow Montessori Society started by Durga bhabhi.[24] He also founded the Martyrs Memorial and Freedom Struggle Research Centre, Lucknow.[25][26] He traveled all over the country to collect articles, photographs, etc., of the revolutionaries. He even went to the British Museum, London, in this very connection.
Death
editVerma died on January 10, 1997, at Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh due to age-related illness.[27]
Legacy
editThe municipal council of Hardoi has passed a resolution to erect statues of Shiv Verma, Jaidev Kapoor, and Hari Bahadur Shrivastav in the garden (Hindi: शहीद उद्यान) dedicated to Indian revolutionaries.[28]
In the movie The Legend of Bhagat Singh, Kapil Sharma portrayed the role of Shiv Verma.[29]
Bibliography
edit- संस्मृतियाँ (Memoirs)
- मौत के इंतज़ार में (Awaiting Death)
- Edited the book titled ‘Selected writings of Bhagat Singh’
He also wrote and translated many books and articles of Bhagat Singh
References
edit- ^ Tarique, Mohammad. Modern Indian History. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. pp. 3–9. ISBN 9780070660304.
- ^ Chandra, Ram (2007). Waraich, Malwinderjit Singh (ed.). History of the Naujawan Bharat Sabha. Chandigarh: Unistar Books. p. 91. ISBN 978-8189899615. OCLC 212432388.
- ^ Singh, Sohal, Harmandeep (11 December 2013). "LITERARY REPRESENTATION OF REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENTS". Shodhganga. hdl:10603/29720.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "राधामोहन गोकुल", विकिपीडिया (in Hindi), 28 May 2016, retrieved 29 August 2018
- ^ Saral, Śrīkr̥shṇa (1999). Indian revolutionaries : a comprehensive study, 1757-1961. Vol. 3. New Delhi: Ocean Books. p. 225. ISBN 978-8187100157. OCLC 47354233.
- ^ Sharma, Rambilas (1982). भारत में अंग्रेज़ी राज और मार्क्सवाद. Rajkamal Publishers(originally, from the University of Michigan).
- ^ सिंह, कृष्ण प्रताप (19 December 2017). "वतन पे मरने वालों के परिवारों का क्या यही बाकी निशां होगा?". thewirehindi.com. Retrieved 28 August 2018.
- ^ Singh, Sindhu, Gurudev (2010). Bhagat Singh ko fasi. Nai Dilli [India] ̄: Rajkamal Prakashan. ISBN 9788126719075. OCLC 864811468.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Sarala, Śrīkr̥shṇa (1999). Indian revolutionaries : a comprehensive study, 1757-1961. Vol. 3. New Delhi: Ocean Books. p. 227. ISBN 978-8187100157. OCLC 47354233.
- ^ Freedom fighters of India (in four volumes). Agrawal, M. G. Delhi: Isha Books. 2008. p. 86. ISBN 978-8182054684. OCLC 259734603.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ Anila, Varmā (2010). "Challenging the Crown". Rajguru, the invincible revolutionary. India. Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. Publications Division. (1st ed.). New Delhi: Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India. ISBN 9788123016474. OCLC 791495752.
- ^ Siṃha, Rāṇā, Bhavāna (2004). Chandra Shekhar Azad : an immortal revolutionary of India. Paliwal, Brij Bhushan. (1st ed.). New Delhi: Diamond Books. p. 109. ISBN 978-8128808166. OCLC 298181153.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "पंजाब की इस इमारत में दफन है आजादी के मतवालाें के राज - Ujjwal Prabhat | DailyHunt". DailyHunt. Retrieved 29 August 2018.
- ^ "फिरोजपुर के गुप्त ठिकाने पर शहीद-ए-आजम ने बदला था वेश- Amarujala". Amar Ujala. Retrieved 31 August 2018.
- ^ Verma, Shiv (2010). संस्मृतियाँ. Rahul Foundation. ISBN 978-8187728726.
- ^ "Exploring the Legend of Shaheed Bhagat Singh". apnaorg.com. Retrieved 29 August 2018.
- ^ Nayar, Kuldip (2000). The martyr: Bhagat Singh experiments in revolution. New Delhi: Har-Anand Publications. p. 118. ISBN 978-8124107003. OCLC 46929363.
- ^ Siṃha, Baccana (2006). Śahīde Āzama : Amara Śahīda Bhagata Siṃha ke jīvana para ādhārita Hindī kā pahalā upanyāsa (1 ed.). Dillī: Ātmārāma. p. 299. ISBN 978-8170436577. OCLC 70129313.
- ^ "असहयोग आंदोलन में कूदे थे शिव वर्मा". Dainik Jagran (in Hindi). Retrieved 29 August 2018.
- ^ Chauhan, Karan Singh (29 March 2015). Shriheen Hoti Hamari Duniya: Reminiscences (in Hindi). Karan Singh Chauhan.
- ^ "Comrade Shiv Verma". webarchive.loc.gov. Archived from the original on 9 April 2009. Retrieved 29 August 2018.
- ^ "Aug 26, 2018 / Page 01". www.loklahar.in. Retrieved 29 August 2018.
- ^ Mishra, Ram Darash (2004). Sahachar Hai Samay (in Hindi). Kitabghar Prakashan. ISBN 9788188121281.
- ^ "Durga Bhabhi's school caught in turf war - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 29 August 2018.
- ^ "Voices from The Cell - Indian Express". archive.indianexpress.com. Retrieved 29 August 2018.
- ^ "An institution keeping memories of Durga Bhabhi alive". Hindustan Times. 24 May 2018. Archived from the original on 5 April 2023. Retrieved 24 June 2023 – via PressReader.
- ^ "Preserving the past a labour love for him" (PDF). Mail Today. New Delhi. 16 July 2011.
- ^ "शहीद उद्यान में राष्ट्रीय ध्वज स्तंभ की होगी स्थापना - The Last Page News". The Last Page News. Retrieved 29 August 2018.
- ^ The Legend of Bhagat Singh (2002), retrieved 29 August 2018
- ^ Singh, Bhagat (1986). Selected writings of Shaheed Bhagat Singh. National Book Centre.
- ^ Tiwari, Bharat. "अमर शहीद भगत सिंह : हवा में जिसके विचारों की खुशबू आज भी है, वो रहे, रहे न रहे - सरला माहेश्वरी | Sarla Maheshwari on Bhagat Singh". #Shabdankan. Retrieved 29 August 2018.