Silicate perovskite is either (Mg,Fe)SiO3 (the magnesium end-member is called bridgmanite[1]) or CaSiO3 (calcium silicate known as davemaoite) when arranged in a perovskite structure. Silicate perovskites are not stable at Earth's surface, and mainly exist in the lower part of Earth's mantle, between about 670 and 2,700 km (420 and 1,680 mi) depth. They are thought to form the main mineral phases of the lower mantle, together with ferropericlase.
Discovery
editThe existence of silicate perovskite in the mantle was first suggested in 1962, and both MgSiO3 and CaSiO3 had been synthesized experimentally before 1975. By the late 1970s, it had been proposed that the seismic discontinuity at about 660 km in the mantle represented a change from spinel structure minerals with an olivine composition to silicate perovskite with ferropericlase.
Natural silicate perovskite was discovered in the heavily shocked Tenham meteorite.[2][3] In 2014, the Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification (CNMNC) of the International Mineralogical Association (IMA) approved the name bridgmanite for perovskite-structured (Mg,Fe)SiO3,[1] in honor of physicist Percy Bridgman, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1946 for his high-pressure research.[4]
In 2021 perovskite-structured CaSiO3 was found as an inclusion in a natural diamond. The name davemaoite has been adopted for this mineral.[5]
Structure
editThe perovskite structure (first identified in the mineral perovskite) occurs in substances with the general formula ABX3, where A is a metal that forms large cations, typically magnesium, ferrous iron, or calcium. B is another metal that forms smaller cations, typically silicon, although minor amounts of ferric iron and aluminum can occur. X is typically oxygen. The structure may be cubic, but only if the relative sizes of the ions meet strict criteria. Typically, substances with the perovskite structure show lower symmetry, owing to the distortion of the crystal lattice and silicate perovskites are in the orthorhombic crystal system.[6]
Occurrence
editStability range
editBridgmanite is a high-pressure polymorph of enstatite, but in the Earth predominantly forms, along with ferropericlase, from the decomposition of ringwoodite (a high-pressure form of olivine) at approximately 660 km depth, or a pressure of about 24 GPa.[6][7] The depth of this transition depends on the mantle temperature; it occurs slightly deeper in colder regions of the mantle and shallower in warmer regions.[8] The transition from ringwoodite to bridgmanite and ferropericlase marks the bottom of the mantle transition zone and the top of the lower mantle. Bridgmanite becomes unstable at a depth of approximately 2700 km, transforming isochemically to post-perovskite.[9]
Calcium silicate perovskite is stable at slightly shallower depths than bridgmanite, becoming stable at approximately 500 km, and remains stable throughout the lower mantle.[9]
Abundance
editBridgmanite is the most abundant mineral in the mantle. The proportions of bridgmanite and calcium perovskite depends on the overall lithology and bulk composition. In pyrolitic and harzburgitic lithogies, bridgmanite constitutes around 80% of the mineral assemblage, and calcium perovskite less than 10%. In an eclogitic lithology, bridgmanite and calcium perovskite comprise about 30% each.[9] Magnesium silicate perovskite is probably the most abundant mineral phase in the Earth.[3]
Presence in diamonds
editCalcium silicate perovskite has been identified at Earth's surface as inclusions in diamonds.[10] The diamonds are formed under high pressure deep in the mantle. With the great mechanical strength of the diamonds a large part of this pressure is retained inside the lattice, enabling inclusions such as the calcium silicate to be preserved in high-pressure form.
Deformation
editExperimental deformation of polycrystalline MgSiO3 under the conditions of the uppermost part of the lower mantle suggests that silicate perovskite deforms by a dislocation creep mechanism. This may help explain the observed seismic anisotropy in the mantle.[11]
See also
edit
References
edit- ^ a b "Bridgmanite". Mindat.org.
- ^ Tomioka, Naotaka; Fujino, Kiyoshi (22 August 1997). "Natural (Mg,Fe)SiO3-Ilmenite and -Perovskite in the Tenham Meteorite". Science. 277 (5329): 1084–1086. Bibcode:1997Sci...277.1084T. doi:10.1126/science.277.5329.1084. PMID 9262473.
- ^ a b Tschauner, Oliver; Ma, Chi; Beckett, John R.; Prescher, Clemens; Prakapenka, Vitali B.; Rossman, George R. (27 November 2014). "Discovery of bridgmanite, the most abundant mineral in Earth, in a shocked meteorite" (PDF). Science. 346 (6213): 1100–1102. Bibcode:2014Sci...346.1100T. doi:10.1126/science.1259369. PMID 25430766. S2CID 20999417.
- ^ Wendel, JoAnna (10 June 2014). "Mineral Named After Nobel Physicist". Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union. 95 (23): 195. Bibcode:2014EOSTr..95R.195W. doi:10.1002/2014EO230005.
- ^ Tschauner, O.; Huang, S.; Yang, S.; Humayun, M.; Liu, W.; Gilbert Corder, S.N.; Bechtel, H.A.; Tischler, J.; Rossman, G.R. (2021). "Discovery of davemaoite, CaSiO3-perovskite, as a mineral from the lower mantle". Science. 374 (6569): 891–894. Bibcode:2021Sci...374..891T. doi:10.1126/science.abl8568. PMID 34762475. S2CID 244039905.
- ^ a b Hemley, R.J.; Cohen R.E. (1992). "Silicate Perovskite". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 20: 553–600. Bibcode:1992AREPS..20..553H. doi:10.1146/annurev.ea.20.050192.003005.
- ^ Agee, Carl B. (1998). "Phase transformations and seismic structure in the upper mantle and transition zone". In Hemley, Russell J (ed.). Ultrahigh Pressure Mineralogy. pp. 165–204. doi:10.1515/9781501509179-007. ISBN 978-1-5015-0917-9.
- ^ Flanagan, Megan P.; Shearer, Peter M. (10 February 1998). "Global mapping of topography on transition zone velocity discontinuities by stacking precursors". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 103 (B2): 2673–2692. Bibcode:1998JGR...103.2673F. doi:10.1029/97JB03212.
- ^ a b c Stixrude, Lars; Lithgow-Bertelloni, Carolina (30 May 2012). "Geophysics of Chemical Heterogeneity in the Mantle". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 40 (1): 569–595. Bibcode:2012AREPS..40..569S. doi:10.1146/annurev.earth.36.031207.124244.
- ^ Nestola, F.; Korolev, N.; Kopylova, M.; Rotiroti, N.; Pearson, D. G.; Pamato, M. G.; Alvaro, M.; Peruzzo, L.; Gurney, J. J.; Moore, A. E.; Davidson, J. (March 2018). "CaSiO3 perovskite in diamond indicates the recycling of oceanic crust into the lower mantle" (PDF). Nature. 555 (7695): 237–241. Bibcode:2018Natur.555..237N. doi:10.1038/nature25972. PMID 29516998. S2CID 3763653.
- ^ Cordier, Patrick; Ungár, Tamás; Zsoldos, Lehel; Tichy, Géza (April 2004). "Dislocation creep in MgSiO3 perovskite at conditions of the Earth's uppermost lower mantle". Nature. 428 (6985): 837–840. Bibcode:2004Natur.428..837C. doi:10.1038/nature02472. PMID 15103372. S2CID 4300946.
External links
edit
- Bryner, Jeanna (16 June 2014). "Earth's Most Abundant, But Hidden Mineral Finally Seen, Named". Live Science.
- Perkins, Sid (27 November 2014). "Respect long overdue: Earth's most abundant mineral finally gets an official name". Science.
- Tschauner, Oliver; Ma, Chi; Beckett, John R.; Prescher, Clemens; Prakapenka, Vitali B.; Rossman, George R. (28 November 2014). "Discovery of bridgmanite, the most abundant mineral in Earth, in a shocked meteorite" (PDF). Science. 346 (6213): 1100–1102. Bibcode:2014Sci...346.1100T. doi:10.1126/science.1259369. PMID 25430766. S2CID 20999417.
- Sharp, Thomas (28 November 2014). "Bridgmanite—named at last". Science. 346 (6213): 1057–1058. Bibcode:2014Sci...346.1057S. doi:10.1126/science.1261887. PMID 25430755. S2CID 206563252.