The hijacking of Southern Airways Flight 49 started on November 10, 1972, in Birmingham, Alabama, stretching over 30 hours, three countries, and 4,000 miles (6,400 km), not ending until the next evening in Havana, Cuba.[1] Three men, Melvin Cale, Louis Moore, and Henry D. Jackson Jr., successfully hijacked a Southern Airways Douglas DC-9 that was scheduled to fly from Memphis, Tennessee, to Miami, Florida, via Birmingham and Montgomery, Alabama, and Orlando, Florida.[2][3][4] The three were each facing criminal charges for unrelated incidents.[2] Thirty-five people, including thirty-one passengers and four crew members, were aboard the airplane when it was hijacked.[2] The hijackers' threat to crash the aircraft into a nuclear reactor led directly to the requirement that U.S. airline passengers be physically screened, beginning January 5, 1973.[4]
 N94S, the aircraft involved in the hijacking, while operating for Northwest Airlines in 1987 | |
| Hijacking | |
|---|---|
| Date | November 10–12, 1972 |
| Summary | Hijacking |
| Site | United States, Canada, and Cuba |
| Aircraft | |
| Aircraft type | Douglas DC-9-15 |
| Operator | Southern Airways |
| Registration | N94S |
| Flight origin | Memphis, Tennessee |
| Stopover | Birmingham, Alabama |
| 2nd stopover | Montgomery, Alabama |
| Last stopover | Orlando, Florida |
| Destination | Miami, Florida |
| Occupants | 35 |
| Passengers | 31 |
| Crew | 4 |
| Fatalities | 0 |
| Injuries | 1 |
| Survivors | 35 |
Hijacking and ransom demands
editShortly after takeoff from Birmingham after 7:20 pm on Friday, November 10, 1972, en route to Montgomery on a series of scheduled stops in Alabama and Florida, the three hijackers brandished handguns and hand grenades and took over the aircraft, demanding a ransom of $10 million (about US$48.8 million today).[1][2][3] The hijackers had the plane flown to multiple locations in the United States and Canada, including Cleveland, Ohio; Detroit, Michigan; Lexington, Kentucky; and Toronto; while the hijackers figured out their demands before finally arriving in Cuba.[2] At one point, the hijackers threatened to fly the plane into a nuclear research reactor, the High Flux Isotope Reactor at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, if their demands for $10 million in cash were not met; one hijacker announced "I'm not playing. If you do not get that money together, I'm gonna crash this plane in Oak Ridge."[2] While over Oak Ridge, Tennessee, the hijackers negotiated with numerous officials, including FBI officials, who only managed to get between $2 million and $2.5 million of ransom money. (US$9.8 million to US$12.2 million adjusted for inflation)[5][6] The plane later landed at Chattanooga, Tennessee's Lovell Field inbound from Knoxville, Tennessee's McGhee Tyson Airport to pick up the ransom. After picking up the less-than-demanded ransom money, the plane took off, bound for Havana.[5][6][7][8][9] The hijackers passed out some of the ransom money to the passengers. Contrary to the hijackers' expectations, Cuban leader Fidel Castro did not accept them into that country; thus the hijackers had the airplane flown to Orlando, Florida, and discussed flying to Algeria (which was not possible due to the airplane's limited range).[2][3] This marked the first time a hijacked airplane had left Cuba with the hijackers on board.[10] While stopped for refueling at the Orlando Jetport at McCoy, the civilian commercial air terminal at McCoy Air Force Base, the joint civil-military airfield in Orlando, the FBI shot out two of the airplane's four main tires, prompting the hijackers to shoot co-pilot Harold Johnson in the arm and force pilot William Haas to take off.[2][3]
Capture and aftermath
editThe hijacking finally came to an end when the plane landed once again in Havana on Saturday, November 11, after traveling for some 30 hours and 4,000 miles (6,400 km). Multiple sources alleged the runway was covered in foam at the time of the landing, a claim the plane's co-pilot has denied.[3] The hijackers were removed from the airplane at gunpoint by Cuban authorities and captured after attempting to escape. The hijackers served eight years in a Cuban prison before returning to the U.S. to serve additional 20- to 25-year prison sentences.[2][3][11] Cuba returned the airplane, crew, passengers, and ransom money to the United States.[2] The incident led to a brief treaty between the U.S. and Cuba to extradite hijackers, which has not since been renewed.[12][13][14]
The hijacking was the subject of the National Geographic documentary series I Am Rebel premiere episode "Jacked" by Lana Wilson, which aired June 5, 2016.[15]
See also
editReferences
edit- "People in Peril and How They Survived: We're Taking Over This Plane and We're Not Gonna Have Any Heroes!" Reader's Digest (1983).
- Chapter 5 "Skyjacking". Nuclear Afternoon: True Stories of Atomic Disasters (2007).
- ^ a b Eblen, Tom, Lexington's airport owes a lot to Charles Lindbergh, Lexington Herald-Leader, August 4, 2010
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Time of Transition: The 70s, Our American Century, Time-Life Books, Alexandria, Virginia, p. 134–5
- ^ a b c d e f "Johnson recalls hijacking 40 years later". Times-Dispatch (Lawrence County, Ark.). November 14, 2012. Archived from the original on February 1, 2014. Retrieved May 4, 2013.
- ^ a b Koerner, Brendan (June 19, 2013). "Skyjacker of the Day". Slate. Retrieved June 19, 2013. Excerpted from the book The Skies Belong to Us: Love and Terror in the Golden Age of Hijacking.
- ^ a b Smyser, Dick (September 20, 2001). "Three hijackers of an earlier time, two of them from Oak Ridge". Oak Ridge (Tenn.)'s The Oak Ridger. Archived from the original on February 9, 2013. Retrieved July 19, 2012.
- ^ a b Naftali, Timothy (2005). "The Lessons of Munich 1972". Blind Spot: The Secret History of American Counterterrorism. New York City, NY: Basic Books. pp. 61–63. ISBN 0-465-09282-9. Retrieved July 19, 2012.
- ^ "1972 plane hijacker, co-pilot recount ordeal". Little Rock, Ark.'s KTHV. May 25, 2011. Archived from the original on February 5, 2013. Retrieved July 1, 2012.
- ^ Welsch, Anthony (May 25, 2011). "Convicted hijacker shares story, details 1972 threat to Oak Ridge". Knoxville, Tenn.'s WBIR-TV. Archived from the original on February 9, 2013. Retrieved July 1, 2012.
- ^ Derner Jr., Philip (November 10, 2011). "On This Day in Aviation History: November 10th at NYC.Aviation". NYC.Aviation.com. Retrieved July 1, 2012.
- ^ Mickolus, Edward F.; Susan L. Simmons (2011). The Terrorist List. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, LLC. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-313-37471-5. Retrieved July 19, 2012.
- ^ "Chronology of Incidents of Cuban Political Violence In the United States: Jan 1965 – Mar 1976". cuban-exile.com. Retrieved October 5, 2023.
- ^ "U.S. AND CUBA TO SIGN HIJACK PACT TODAY". The New York Times. February 15, 1973. Retrieved March 15, 2024.
- ^ "U.S. Department of State; Foreign Relations, 1969-1976, Volume E-1, Documents on Global Issues, 1969-1972". Office of the Historian. Retrieved March 15, 2024.
- ^ "Testing a rational choice model of airline hijackings" (PDF). Study of data. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 22, 2006. Retrieved March 15, 2024.
- ^ Robert Allen (June 6, 2016), "Ex-Detroiter behind infamous 1972 skyjacking tells his story", Detroit Free Press