Southern Han (Chinese: 南漢; pinyin: Nán Hàn; Jyutping: Naam4 Hon3; 917–971), officially Han (Chinese: ), originally Yue (Chinese: ), was a dynastic state of China and one of the Ten Kingdoms that existed during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. It was located on China's southern coast, controlling modern Guangdong and Guangxi. The dynasty greatly expanded its capital Xingwang Fu (Chinese: 興王府; pinyin: Xìngwáng Fǔ; Jyutping: Hing1wong4 Fu2, present-day Guangzhou). It attempted but failed to annex the autonomous polity of Jinghai, which was controlled by the Vietnamese.

Han / Yue
/
917–971
Southern Han (dark blue)
Southern Han (dark blue)
CapitalXingwang Fu (Guangzhou)
Common languagesMiddle Chinese
Medieval Yue
GovernmentMonarchy
Emperor 
• 917–941
Emperor Gaozu
• 941–943
Emperor Shangdi
• 943–958
Emperor Zhongzong
• 958–971
Emperor Houzhu
Historical eraFive Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period
• Established
917
• Renamed from "Yue" to "Han"
918
• Ended by the Song dynasty
971
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Tang dynasty
Song dynasty
Ngô dynasty
Today part ofChina
Vietnam
Southern Han
Traditional Chinese南漢
Simplified Chinese南汉
Literal meaningSouth Han
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinNán Hàn
Wade–GilesNan Han
Yue: Cantonese
JyutpingNaam4 Hon3

Founding of the Southern Han

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Liu Yin was named regional governor and military officer by the Tang court in 905. Though the Tang fell two years later, Liu did not declare himself the founder of a new kingdom as other southern leaders had done. He merely inherited the title of Prince of Nanping in 909.

It was not until Liu Yin's death in 917 that his brother, Liu Yan, declared the founding of a new kingdom, which he initially called "Yue" (); he changed the name to Han () in 918. This was because his surname Liu () was the imperial surname of the Han dynasty and he claimed to be a descendant of that famous dynasty. The kingdom is often referred to as the Southern Han dynasty throughout China's history. It attempted but failed to annex the independent polity of Jinghai which was controlled by the Vietnamese.

Territorial extent

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With its capital at present-day Guangzhou, the domains of the kingdom spread along the coastal regions of present-day Guangdong, Guangxi and the island of Hainan. It had borders with the kingdoms of Min, Chu and the Southern Tang as well as the non-Chinese kingdoms of Dali. The Southern Tang occupied all of the northern boundary of the Southern Han after Min and Chu were conquered by the Southern Tang in 945 and 951 respectively.

War with the Vietnamese

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Đông Hồ woodblock depiction of Ngô Quyền leading his troops against Southern Han forces on the Bạch Đằng River, 938 AD

During the late 9th century as the Tang dynasty weakened, local Vietnamese lords began taking control of its domain in Jinghai (northern Vietnam). Southern Han campaigned twice against the Vietnamese in 931 and 938 in an attempt to add these Vietnamese territories to their realm, but failed both.[1][2]

Fall of the Southern Han

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The Five Dynasties ended in 960 when the Song dynasty was founded to replace the Later Zhou. From that point, the new Song rulers set themselves about to continue the reunification process set in motion by the Later Zhou. Through the 960s and 970s, the Song increased its influence in the south until finally it was able to force the Southern Han dynasty to submit to its rule in 971.

Rulers

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Sovereigns in the Southern Han Kingdom 917–971
Temple Names Posthumous Names Personal Names Period of Reigns Era Names
Gao Zu (高祖 gāo zǔ) Tian Huang Da Di (天皇大帝 tiān huáng dà dì) Liu Yan (劉巖 liú yán)

Liu Yan (劉龑 liú yǎn) after 926

917–941 Qianheng (乾亨 qián hēng) 917–925

Bailong (白龍 bái lóng) 925–928
Dayou (大有 dà yǒu) 928–941

Did not exist Shang Di (殤帝 shāng dì) Liu Bin (劉玢 liú bīn) 941–943 Guangtian (光天 guāng tiān) 941–943
Zhong Zong (中宗 zhōng zōng) Wénwǔ Guāngmíng Xiào (文武光明孝皇帝)

Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign

Liu Sheng (劉晟 liú shèng) 943–958 Yingqian (應乾 yìng qián) 943

Qianhe (乾和 qiàn hé) 943–958

Hou Zhu (後主 hòu zhǔ) Did not exist Liu Chang (劉鋹 liú chǎng) 958–971 Dabao (大寶 dà bǎo) 958–971

Rulers family tree

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Southern Han rulers family tree
Liu Zhiqian
劉知謙 (d. 894)
Liu Yin 劉隱
b. 874–d. 911
Liu Yan 劉龑 889–942
Gaozu 高祖
r. 917–942
Liu Tai 劉台
Emperor
Huizong of Min
Liu Hua 劉華
b. 896–d. 930
Liu Hongchang
劉弘昌 d. 944
Prince of Yue 越王
Liu Bin 劉玢 920–943
Shāng 殤皇
r. 942–943
Liu Sheng 劉晟 920–958
Zhongzong
r. 943–958
Liu Honggao
劉弘杲 d. 943
Prince of Xun 循王
Liu Chang 劉鋹
942–980
r. 958–971


References

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Citations

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  1. ^ Coedes 2015, p. 80.
  2. ^ Taylor 1983, p. 269.

Sources

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  • Mote, F.W. (1999). Imperial China (900–1800). Harvard University Press. pp. 11, 15. ISBN 0-674-01212-7.
  • Schafer, Edward H. "The History of the Empire of Southern Han: According to Chapter 65 of the Wu-tai-shih of Ou-yang Hsiu", Zinbun-kagaku-kenkyusyo (ed.), Silver Jubilee Volume of the Zinbun-kagaku-kenkyusyo. Kyoto, Kyoto University, 1954.
  • Tarling, Nicholas, ed. (1999). The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia (Volume One, Part One): From early times to c. 1500. Cambridge University Press. p. 139. ISBN 0-521-66369-5.
  • Coedes, George (2015). The Making of South East Asia (RLE Modern East and South East Asia). Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781317450955.
  • Taylor, Keith Weller (1983), The Birth of the Vietnam, University of California Press, ISBN 9780520074170


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