Sudan: Difference between revisions

History witnessed the [[Kerma culture|Kingdom of Kerma]] ({{circa}} 2500–1500 BC), the [[New Kingdom of Egypt|Egyptian New Kingdom]] ({{circa}} 1500 BC–1070 BC), and the [[Kingdom of Kush]] ({{circa}} 785 BC–350 AD). After the fall of Kush, the [[Nubians]] formed the three Christian kingdoms of [[Nobatia]], [[Makuria]], and [[Alodia]]. Between the 14th and 15th centuries, most of Sudan was gradually settled by [[Bedouin|Arab nomads]]. From the 16th to the 19th centuries, central and eastern Sudan were dominated by the [[Sultanate of Sennar|Funj sultanate]], while [[Sultanate of Darfur|Darfur]] ruled the west and the Ottomans the east. In 1811, [[Mamluk]]s established a state at [[Dunqulah]] as a base for their [[slave trading]]. Under [[Turkish Sudan|Turco-Egyptian rule]] of Sudan after the 1820s, the practice of trading slaves was entrenched along a north–south axis, with [[Slave raiding|slave raids]] taking place in southern parts of the country and slaves being transported to Egypt and the [[Ottoman empire]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Walz |first1=Terence |url=https://oxfordre.com/abstract/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-8 |title=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4 |chapter=Egyptian‐Sudanese Trade in the Ottoman Period to 1882 |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.8}}</ref> From the 19th century, the entirety of Sudan was conquered by the OttomanEgyptians under the [[Muhammad Ali dynasty]]. Religious-nationalist fervour erupted in the [[Mahdist War|Mahdist Uprising]] in which Mahdist forces were eventually defeated by a joint Egyptian-British military force. In 1899, under British pressure, Egypt agreed to share sovereignty over Sudan with the United Kingdom as a [[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan|condominium]]. In effect, Sudan was governed as a British possession.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Henehan |first=Alva D. Jr.|title=For Want Of A Camel: The Story of Britain's Failed Sudan Campaign, 1883–1885|date=2016|publisher=Outskirts Press|isbn=978-1-4787-6562-2|location=[Place of publication not identified]|oclc=1007048089}}</ref> The [[Egyptian revolution of 1952]] toppled the monarchy and demanded the withdrawal of British forces from all of Egypt and Sudan. [[Muhammad Naguib]], one of the two co-leaders of the revolution, and Egypt's first President, who was half-Sudanese and had been raised in Sudan, made securing Sudanese independence a priority of the revolutionary government. The following year, under Egyptian and Sudanese pressure, the United Kingdom agreed to Egypt's demand for both governments to terminate their shared sovereignty over Sudan and to grant Sudan independence. On 1 January 1956, Sudan was duly declared an independent state.