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Elected as a [[Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republican]], Dinsmoor represented [[New Hampshire]] in the [[United States House of Representatives]] during the [[12th United States Congress|Twelfth Congress]], serving from March 4, 1811 to March 3, 1813.<ref>{{cite book|last=United States. Congress. House|title=Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States: Being the First Session of the First Congress-3rd Session of the 13th Congress, March 4, 1789-Sept. 19, 1814, Volume 8|year=1826|publisher=Gales and Seaton|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U-o4AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA31&lpg=PA31&dq=samuel+dinsmoor+United+States+House+of+Representatives+1811&source=bl&ots=bkE2aPwZkm&sig=DvqjPQEFYaxX9WiqPRJQzNl-W3w&hl=en&sa=X&ei=x5zRUrCsGrS2sASOuIHoDA&ved=0CFYQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=samuel%20dinsmoor%20United%20States%20House%20of%20Representatives%201811&f=false}}</ref> Dinsmoor was an 1820 presidential elector, and served on New Hampshire [[Colonial government in the Thirteen Colonies|Governor's Council]] in 1821.<ref>{{cite book|last=Shinn|first=Josiah Hazen|title=Pioneers and Makers of Arkansas|year=1908|publisher=Genealogical Publishing Company|page=36|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nNBXte0ZxEwC&pg=PA36&dq=samuel+dinsmoor+Windham,+New+Hampshire&hl=en&sa=X&ei=I5nRUuGULpXJsQTE74DoBw&ved=0CEAQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=samuel%20dinsmoor%20Windham%2C%20New%20Hampshire&f=false}}</ref> He was a commission member that negotiated and established the boundary line between Massachusetts and New Hampshire in 1825.<ref>{{cite book|last=Green|first=Samuel Abbott|title=The Boundary Line Between Massachusetts and New Hampshire: From the Merrimack River to the Connecticut : a Paper Read Before the Old Residents' Historical Association of Lowell, on December 21, 1893, the Twenty-fifth Anniversary of the Formation of the Society|year=1894|publisher=Lowell Courier Publishing Company|page=27|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XZY6oTtfCyAC&pg=PA27&dq=samuel+dinsmoor+established+the+boundary+line+between+Massachusetts+and+New+Hampshire+in+1825&hl=en&sa=X&ei=F53RUqaFHo7ksASy5YL4Cw&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=samuel%20dinsmoor%20established%20the%20boundary%20line%20between%20Massachusetts%20and%20New%20Hampshire%20in%201825&f=false}}</ref> He also served as state court judge in New Hampshire from 1823 to 1831.<ref>{{cite book|last=Benjamin|first=W.R.|title=The Collector, Issues 128–137|year=1899|publisher=W.R. Benjamin|page=83|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AFM9AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA83&dq=samuel+dinsmoor+state+court+judge+1823+1831&hl=en&sa=X&ei=t53RUt3uG6jksAT48ILgCw&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=samuel%20dinsmoor%20state%20court%20judge%201823%201831&f=false}}</ref>
Securing the Democratic gubernatorial nomination, Dinsmoor was elected [[Governor of New Hampshire|Governor]] by a popular vote in 1831.<ref>{{cite web|title=Samuel Dinsmoor|url=http://www.hsccnh.org/educationtl/tl4.cfm|publisher=Historical Society of Cheshire County, New Hampshire|accessdate=January 10, 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110182805/http://www.hsccnh.org/educationtl/tl4.cfm|archivedate=January 10, 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref> He was reelected to a second term in 1832,<ref>{{cite book|last=New Hampshire. General Court. Senate|title=Journal of the Senate of New Hampshire|year=1832|publisher=New Hampshire. General Court. Senate|page=13|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qUFNAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA13&lpg=PA13&dq=Journal+of+the+Senate+of+New+Hampshire+samuel+dinsmoor&source=bl&ots=XjFeuRkCy1&sig=6JPvRCdj4teuX0ITZh7WlfDvG6g&hl=en&sa=X&ei=M6LRUpT5EebgsATsyILwCw&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Journal%20of%20the%20Senate%20of%20New%20Hampshire%20samuel%20dinsmoor&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Morrison|first=Leonard Allison|title=Historical : the earliest history and genealogy, covering nearly three hundred years, from about 1600 to 1891, of the Dinsmoor-Dinsmore family of Scotland, Ireland, and America ; with that of many of their descendants, and additional facts relating to the sixteen first settlers and their families of Londonderry, New Hampshire, who emigrated to America in 1719|year=1843|publisher=Lowell, Mass. : Morning Mail Print|url=https://archive.org/stream/historicalearlie00morr/historicalearlie00morr_djvu.txt}}</ref> and to a third term in 1833, serving from 1831–1834.<ref>{{cite book|last=Chapman|first=George Thomas|title=Sketches of the Alumni of Dartmouth College: From the First Graduation in 1771 to the Present Time, with a Brief History of the Institution|year=1867|publisher=Riverside Press|page=50|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sju7AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA50&lpg=PA50&dq=samuel+dinsmoor+dartmouth&source=bl&ots=-uKGhHHEzm&sig=FVr9K_0LOKFUjRe_K_NcuxP6WTU&hl=en&sa=X&ei=upvRUvbwJ-issQSNyoGgDA&ved=0CH0Q6AEwDg#v=onepage&q=samuel%20dinsmoor%20dartmouth&f=false}}</ref> During his tenure, new manufacturing businesses were incorporated, railroads and banks flourished, and the first free public library in the United States was established in [[Peterborough, New Hampshire|Peterborough]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Pearlmutter|first=Jane and Nelson, Paul|title=Small Public Library Management|year=2012|publisher=American Library Association|page=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qtLIkKPafx4C&pg=PA2&dq=first+public++library+peterborough,+New+Hampshire&hl=en&sa=X&ei=g6DRUr6sEJLlsAT01IKADA&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=first%20public%20%20library%20peterborough%2C%20New%20Hampshire&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Brown|first=Dottie|title=New Hampshire|year=2002|publisher=Lerner Publications|page=61|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rOsvc0SYYi8C&pg=PA61&dq=first+public++library+peterborough,+New+Hampshire&hl=en&sa=X&ei=g6DRUr6sEJLlsAT01IKADA&ved=0CEUQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=first%20public%20%20library%20peterborough%2C%20New%20Hampshire&f=false}}</ref>
During his governorship, he also made the first official recommendation to establish a state asylum for the insane to remove the insane from prisons, dungeons, and cages.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://keenepubliclibrary.org/sites/default/files/bioAH.pdf|title= Biographical Sketches|publisher=Keene Public Library |accessdate= January 11, 2014}}</ref> In 1838, a bill for the establishment of an asylum was finally passed by the state.<ref>{{cite web|title=Samuel Dinsmoor|url=http://www.asylumprojects.org/index.php?title=Concord_State_Hospital|publisher=New Hampshire State Hospital|accessdate=January 10, 2014}}</ref> He retired from political life and entered the private sector, serving as the first president of the Ashuelot Bank in Keene. He served in that position until his death.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://keenepubliclibrary.org/sites/default/files/bioAH.pdf|title= Biographical Sketches|publisher=Keene Public Library |accessdate= January 11, 2014}}</ref>
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