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→Evidence from molecular biology: Removing pronoun deemed as guideline per MOS Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit Advanced mobile edit |
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* {{cite web |url=http://www.timetree.org/index.php?taxon_a=Hominidae&taxon_b=Hylobatidae&submit=Search |title=Find Time of Divergence: Hominidae versus Hylobatidae |website=[[TimeTree]] |access-date=April 18, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Ruvolo |first=Maryellen |date=October 1997 |title=Genetic Diversity in Hominoid Primates |journal=Annual Review of Anthropology |volume=26 |pages=515–540 |doi=10.1146/annurev.anthro.26.1.515 |issn=0084-6570}}</ref><ref name=Ruvolo1997>{{cite journal |last=Ruvolo |first=Maryellen |date=March 1997 |title=Molecular Phylogeny of the Hominoids: Inferences from Multiple Independent DNA Sequence Data Sets |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=248–265 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025761 |issn=0737-4038 |pmid=9066793|doi-access=free }}</ref> [[Speciation]], however, appears to have been unusually drawn out. Initial divergence occurred sometime between {{Mya|7|13}}, but ongoing hybridization blurred the separation and delayed complete separation during several millions of years. Patterson (2006) dated the final divergence at {{Mya|5|6}}.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Patterson | first1 = N | last2 = Richter | first2 = DJ | last3 = Gnerre | first3 = S | last4 = Lander | first4 = ES | last5 = Reich | first5 = D | year = 2006 | title = Genetic evidence for complex speciation of humans and chimpanzees | journal = Nature | volume = 441 | issue = 7097| pages = 1103–1108 | doi = 10.1038/nature04789 | pmid = 16710306 | bibcode = 2006Natur.441.1103P | s2cid = 2325560 }}</ref>
Genetic evidence has also been employed to resolve the question of whether there was any [[Archaic human admixture with modern humans|gene flow between early modern humans and Neanderthals]], and to enhance
Each time a certain mutation ([[single-nucleotide polymorphism]]) appears in an individual and is passed on to his or her descendants, a haplogroup is formed including all of the descendants of the individual who will also carry that mutation. By comparing mitochondrial [[DNA]] which is inherited only from the mother, geneticists have concluded that the last female common ancestor whose [[genetic marker]] is found in all modern humans, the so-called [[mitochondrial Eve]], must have lived around 200,000 years ago.
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