CUB domain is an evolutionarily conserved protein domain. The CUB domain (for complement C1r/C1s, Uegf, Bmp1) is a structural motif of approximately 110 residues found almost exclusively in extracellular and plasma membrane-associated proteins, many of which are developmentally regulated.[1][2] These proteins are involved in a diverse range of functions, including complement activation, developmental patterning, tissue repair, axon guidance and angiogenesis, cell signalling, fertilisation, haemostasis, inflammation, neurotransmission, receptor-mediated endocytosis, and tumour suppression.[3] Many CUB-containing proteins are peptidases belonging to MEROPS peptidase families M12A (astacin) and S1A (chymotrypsin).
| CUB domain | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Identifiers | |||||||||||
| Symbol | CUB | ||||||||||
| Pfam | PF00431 | ||||||||||
| InterPro | IPR000859 | ||||||||||
| PROSITE | PDOC00758 | ||||||||||
| SCOP2 | 1sfp / SCOPe / SUPFAM | ||||||||||
| CDD | cd00041 | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||
Examples
editProteins containing a CUB domain include:
- Mammalian complement subcomponents C1s/C1r, which form the calcium-dependent complex C1, the first component of the classical pathway of the complement system.
- Cricetidae sp. (Hamster) serine protease Casp, which degrades type I and IV collagen and fibronectin in the presence of calcium.
- Mammalian complement-activating component of Ra-reactive factor (RARF), a protease that cleaves the C4 component of complement.
- Vertebrate enteropeptidase (EC 3.4.21.9), a type II membrane protein of the intestinal brush border, which activates trypsinogen.
- Vertebrate bone morphogenic protein 1 (BMP-1), a protein which induces cartilage and bone formation and expresses metalloendopeptidase activity.
- Sea urchin blastula proteins BP10 and SpAN.
- C. elegans hypothetical proteins F42A10.8 and R151.5.
- Neuropilin (A5 antigen), a calcium-independent cell adhesion molecule that functions during the formation of certain neuronal circuits.
- Fibropellins I and III from Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (Purple sea urchin).
- Mammalian hyaluronate-binding protein TSG-6 (or PS4), a serum and growth factor induced protein.
- Mammalian spermadhesins.
- Xenopus laevis embryonic protein UVS.2, which is expressed during dorsoanterior development.
Several of the above proteins consist of a catalytic domain together with several CUB domains interspersed by calcium-binding EGF domains.
Spermadhesin is a subdivision of the CUB domain family and forms a major component of the mammalian seminal fluid. Spermadhesins are 110–133 amino acid polypeptides.[4] The binding activity of spermadhesins, e.g. heparin and carbohydrate binding, enables their central role in promoting attachment of the spermatozoa to carbohydrate groups on the glycoproteins found on the surface of oocytes.[5] The spermadhesins from pigs, bulls and stallions show 40–98% similarity in their amino acid sequences and all possess a disulphide bond between adjacent cysteine residues. The porcine spermadhesin polypeptides are coded by five closely linked genes. Bovine spermadhesin relies on a significantly lower number of genes with only two being associated with expression of this protein in bovine seminal fluid. Redundant genetic coding for spermadhesins have been observed in chimpanzees, dogs, and humans.[6] The region correlating to spermadhesin genes in rat and mice DNA is void of any spermadhesin code. These variations in expression and genetic coding of spermadhesins are seen to result from evolutionary adjustments in genes as a consequence of mutations and deletions in genetic material.
Some CUB domains appear to be involved in oligomerisation and/or recognition of substrates and binding partners. For example, in the complement proteases, the CUB domains mediate dimerisation and binding to collagen-like regions of _target proteins (e.g. C1q for C1r/C1s). The structure of CUB domains consists of a beta-sandwich with a jelly-roll fold. Almost all CUB domains contain four conserved cysteines that probably form two disulphide bridges (C1-C2, C3-C4). The CUB1 domains of C1s and Map19 have calcium-binding sites.[7]
Human genes encoding proteins containing this domain include:
- ATRN, ATRNL1, BMP1,
- C1R, C1RL, C1S, CDCP2, CSMD1, CSMD2, CSMD3, CUBN, CUZD1,
- DCBLD1, DCBLD2, DMBT1, DREG,
- GPR126,
- KREMEN1, KREMEN2,
- LRP10, LRP12, LRP3,
- MASP1, MASP2, MFRP,
- NETO1, NETO2, NRP1, NRP2,
- OVCH1, OVCH2,
- PCOLCE, PCOLCE2, PDGFC, PDGFD, PRSS7,
- RAMP,
- SCUBE1, SCUBE2, SCUBE3, SEZ6, SEZ6L, SEZ6L2, ST14,
- TLL1, TLL2, TMPRSS7, TNFAIP6
- psk-2
References
edit- ^ Bork P, Beckmann G (May 1993). "The CUB domain. A widespread module in developmentally regulated proteins". Journal of Molecular Biology. 231 (2): 539–45. doi:10.1006/jmbi.1993.1305. PMID 8510165.
- ^ Bork P (Apr 1991). "Complement components C1r/C1s, bone morphogenic protein 1 and Xenopus laevis developmentally regulated protein UVS.2 share common repeats". FEBS Letters. 282 (1): 9–12. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(91)80433-4. PMID 2026272. S2CID 33375087.
- ^ Perry SE, Robinson P, Melcher A, Quirke P, Bühring HJ, Cook GP, Blair GE (Mar 2007). "Expression of the CUB domain containing protein 1 (CDCP1) gene in colorectal tumour cells". FEBS Letters. 581 (6): 1137–42. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2007.02.025. PMID 17335815. S2CID 30701692.
- ^ Romero A, Varela PF, Sanz L, Töpfer-Petersen E, Calvete JJ (Mar 1996). "Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of boar seminal plasma spermadhesin PSP-I/PSP-II, a heterodimer of two CUB domains". FEBS Letters. 382 (1–2): 15–7. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(96)00133-0. hdl:10261/246550. PMID 8612739. S2CID 37515421.
- ^ Töpfer-Petersen E, Romero A, Varela PF, Ekhlasi-Hundrieser M, Dostàlovà Z, Sanz L, Calvete JJ (1998). "Spermadhesins: a new protein family. Facts, hypotheses and perspectives". Andrologia. 30 (4–5): 217–24. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0272.1998.tb01163.x. PMID 9739418. S2CID 24941844.
- ^ Haase B, Schlötterer C, Hundrieser ME, Kuiper H, Distl O, Töpfer-Petersen E, Leeb T., Evolution of the spermadhesin gene family, Gene. (2005) 352, P-20-29
- ^ Blanc G, Font B, Eichenberger D, Moreau C, Ricard-Blum S, Hulmes DJ, Moali C (Jun 2007). "Insights into how CUB domains can exert specific functions while sharing a common fold: conserved and specific features of the CUB1 domain contribute to the molecular basis of procollagen C-proteinase enhancer-1 activity". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 282 (23): 16924–33. doi:10.1074/jbc.M701610200. PMID 17446170.