A stab wound is a specific form of penetrating trauma to the skin that results from a knife or a similar pointed object.[1][2][3][4] While stab wounds are typically known to be caused by knives, they can also occur from a variety of implements, including broken bottles and ice picks. Most stabbings occur because of intentional violence or through self-infliction.[5] The treatment is dependent on many different variables such as the anatomical location and the severity of the injury. Even though stab wounds are inflicted at a much greater rate than gunshot wounds, they account for less than 10% of all penetrating trauma deaths.[citation needed]
| Stab wound | |
|---|---|
 | |
| An 1833 depiction of Jereboam O. Beauchamp stabbing Solomon P. Sharp. | |
| Specialty | Emergency medicine |
Management
editStab wounds can cause various internal and external injuries. They are generally caused by low-velocity weapons, meaning the injuries inflicted on a person are typically confined to the path it took internally, instead of causing damage to surrounding tissue, which is common of gunshot wounds.[6] The abdomen is the most commonly injured area from a stab wound. Interventions that may be needed depending on severity of the injury include airway, intravenous access, and control of hemorrhage.[5][7] The length and size of the knife blade, as well as the trajectory it followed, may be important in planning management as it can be a predictor of what structures were damaged.[1][3] There are also special considerations to take into effect as given the nature of injuries, there is a higher likelihood that persons with these injuries might be under the influence of drugs which can make it harder to obtain a complete medical history.[8] Special precautions should also be taken to prevent further injury from a perpetrator to the victim in a hospital setting.[9] Similarly to treating shock, it is important to keep the systolic pressure above 90mmHg, maintain the person's core body temperature, and for prompt transport to a trauma center in severe cases.[10][11]
To determine if internal bleeding is present a focused assessment with sonography (FAST) or diagnostic peritoneal lavage (DPL) can be used. Other diagnostic tests such as a computed tomography scan or various contrast studies can be used to more definitively classify the injury in both severity and location.[12] Local wound exploration is also another technique that may be utilized to determine how far the object penetrated.[13] Observation can be used in place of surgery as it can substitute an unnecessary surgery, which makes it the preferred treatment of penetrating trauma secondary to a stab wound when hypovolemia or shock is not present.[14] Laboratory diagnostic studies such as a hematocrit, white blood cell count and chemical tests such as liver function tests can also help to determine the efficiency of care.[15]
Surgery
editSurgical intervention may be required, but it depends on what organ systems are affected by the wound and the extent of the damage.[3] It is important for care providers to thoroughly check the wound site in as much as a laceration of an artery often results in delayed complications sometimes leading to death. In cases where there is no suspicion of bleeding or infection, there is no known benefit of surgery to correct any present injuries.[16] Typically a surgeon will track the path of the weapon to determine the anatomical structures that were damaged and repair any damage they deem necessary.[17] Surgical packing of the wounds is generally not the favored technique to control bleeding as it can be less useful than fixing the directly affected organs.[18] In severe cases when homeostasis cannot be maintained the use of damage control surgery may be utilized.[19]
Epidemiology
edit
Stab wounds are one of the most common forms of penetrating trauma globally, but account for a lower mortality compared to blunt injuries due to their more focused impact on a person.[16] Stab wounds can result from self-infliction, accidental nail gun injuries,[20][21] and stingray injuries,[22] however, most stab wounds are caused by intentional violence, as the weapons used to inflict such wounds are readily available compared to guns.[23] Stabbings are a relatively common cause of homicide in Canada[24] and the United States.[25] Typically death from stab wounds is due to organ failure or blood loss. They are the mechanism of approximately 2% of suicides.[26]
In Canada, homicides by stabbing and gunshot occur relatively equally (1,008 to 980 for the years 2005 to 2009).[24] In the United States guns are a more common method of homicide (9,484 versus 1,897 for stabbing or cutting in 2008).[25]
Stab wounds occur four times more than gunshot wounds in the United Kingdom, but the mortality rate associated with stabbing has ranged from 0-4% as 85% of injuries sustained from stab wounds only affect subcutaneous tissue.[7][9][27] In Belgium, most assaults resulting in a stab wound occur to and by men and persons of ethnic minorities.[28]
| Sharp Instrument Homicides by Selected Countries[29] | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Country | Sharp Instrument
Homicides |
Rate per
100,000 people |
% Of Homicides Where
Sharp Instrument Is Used |
Year of Incidents | ||
| Canada | 201 | 0.59 | 37% | 2011 | ||
| United States of America | 1589[30][31] | 0.51 | 11% | 2012 | ||
| Scotland | 26[32][33] | 0.49 | 58% | 2012/13 | ||
| New Zealand | 15[34][35] | 0.32 | 26% | 2016 | ||
| Australia | 94[36][37] | 0.43 | 2009 | |||
| England & Wales | 193[38][39] | 0.34 | 39% | 2012 | ||
| South Sudan | 15 | 0.14 | 1% | 2012 | ||
| Egypt | 514 | 0.65 | 19% | 2011 | ||
| South Africa | 6840 | 13.8 | 37% | 2007 | ||
| Bahamas | 22 | 5.9 | 17% | 2011 | ||
| Dominican Republic | 567 | 5.53 | 25% | 2012 | ||
| Grenada | 10 | 9.44 | 71% | 2012 | ||
| Jamaica | 215 | 7.81 | 19% | 2011 | ||
| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 11 | 10.08 | 44% | 2010 | ||
| Trinidad and Tobago | 56 | 4.22 | 16% | 2011 | ||
| Belize | 41 | 12.94 | 33% | 2011 | ||
| Costa Rica | 77 | 1.62 | 19% | 2012 | ||
| El Salvador | 545 | 8.65 | 21% | 2012 | ||
| Honduras | 717 | 9.04 | 10% | 2011 | ||
| Nicaragua | 377 | 6.48 | 48% | 2010 | ||
| Panama | 111 | 2.92 | 17% | 2012 | ||
| Chile | 204 | 1.18 | 32% | 2011 | ||
| Colombia | 2054 | 4.31 | 14% | 2011 | ||
| Guyana | 59 | 7.38 | 45% | 2011 | ||
| Uruguay | 68 | 2.01 | 34% | 2011 | ||
| China | 3487 | 0.26 | 26% | 2010 | ||
| Mongolia | 93 | 3.4 | 35% | 2011 | ||
| Armenia | 14 | 0.47 | 26% | 2011 | ||
| Azerbaijan | 33 | 0.36 | 17% | 2010 | ||
| Cyprus | 6 | 0.52 | 26% | 2012 | ||
| Bulgaria | 49 | 0.67 | 35% | 2012 | ||
| Czech Republic | 40 | 0.38 | 47% | 2011 | ||
| Hungary | 48 | 0.47 | 36% | 2012 | ||
| Finland | 31 | 0.56 | 35% | 2012 | ||
| Iceland | 1 | 0.30 | 100% | 2012 | ||
| Albania | 30 | 0.95 | 19% | 2011 | ||
| Andorra | 1 | 1.3 | 100% | 2010 | ||
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | 4 | 0.10 | 8% | 2010 | ||
| Croatia | 19 | 0.44 | 37% | 2012 | ||
| Italy | 159 | 0.27 | 27% | 2009 | ||
| Malta | 3 | 0.70 | 25% | 2012 | ||
| Montenegro | 2 | 0.38 | 14% | 2011 | ||
| Serbia | 19 | 0.20 | 17% | 2012 | ||
| Slovenia | 6 | 0.30 | 43% | 2012 | ||
| Spain | 142 | 0.31 | 39% | 2012 | ||
| Macedonia | 2 | 0.10 | 7% | 2011 | ||
| Austria | 27 | 0.30 | 39% | 2011 | ||
| Luxembourg | 2 | 0.40 | 50% | 2011 | ||
| Switzerland | 13 | 0.17 | 28% | 2011 | ||
History
editSome of the first principles of wound care come from Hippocrates who promoted keeping wounds dry except for irrigation.[40] Guy de Chauliac would promote removal of foreign bodies, rejoining of severed tissues, maintenance of tissue continuity, preservation of organ substance, and prevention of complications.[40] The first successful operation on a person who was stabbed in the heart was performed in 1896 by Ludwig Rehn, in what is now considered the first case of heart surgery.[41] In the late 1800s it was hard to treat stab wounds because of poor transportation of victims to health facilities and the low ability for surgeons to effectively repair organs. However, the use of laparotomy, which has been developed a few years earlier, had provided better patient outcomes than had been seen before.[42] After its inception, the use of exploratory laparotomies was highly encouraged for "all deep stab wounds" in which surgeons were to stop active bleeding, repair damage, and remove "devitalized tissues".[43] Because laparotomies were seen to benefit patients, they were used on most every person with an abdominal stab wound until the 1960s when doctors were encouraged to use them more selectivity in favor of observation.[44] During the Korean War, a greater emphasis was put on the use of pressure dressings and tourniquets to initially control bleeding.[40]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Marx. 2014. p. 460.
- ^ Taber, Clarence Wilbur; Venes, Donald (2009). Taber's cyclopedic medical dictionary. F a Davis Co. p. 2189. ISBN 978-0-8036-1559-5.
- ^ a b c Mankin SL (September 1998). "Emergency! Stab wound". The American Journal of Nursing. 98 (9): 49. doi:10.2307/3471869. JSTOR 3471869. PMID 9739749.
- ^ Abdullah F, Nuernberg A, Rabinovici R (January 2003). "Self-inflicted abdominal stab wounds". Injury. 34 (1): 35–9. doi:10.1016/s0020-1383(02)00084-0. PMID 12531375.
- ^ a b Sugrue M, Balogh Z, Lynch J, Bardsley J, Sisson G, Weigelt J (August 2007). "Guidelines for the management of haemodynamically stable patients with stab wounds to the anterior abdomen". ANZ Journal of Surgery. 77 (8): 614–20. doi:10.1111/j.1445-2197.2007.04173.x. PMID 17635271. S2CID 71976611.
- ^ Christopher McLean; Jonathan Hull (June 2006). "Missile and explosive wounds". Surgery. 22 (6): 194–7. doi:10.1383/surg.2006.24.6.194.
- ^ a b Campbell, John Creighton (2000). Basic trauma life support for paramedics and other advanced providers. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Brady/Prentice Hall Health. ISBN 978-0-13-084584-9.
- ^ Marx. 2014. p. 462.
- ^ a b Bird J, Faulkner M (2009). "Emergency care and management of patients with stab wounds". Nurs Stand. 23 (21): 51–7, quiz 58. doi:10.7748/ns2009.01.23.21.51.c6769. PMID 19248451. S2CID 7688093.
- ^ Marx. 2014. p. 292.
- ^ Edgerly, Dennis (June 7, 2012). "Patient Suffers Multiple Stab Wounds: A 19-year-old male was stabbed multiple times in the chest". Journal of Emergency Medical Services. Elsevier Inc. Retrieved July 17, 2012.
- ^ ATLS: Advanced Trauma Life Support for Doctors. American College of Surgeons. 2008. pp. 113–9. ISBN 978-1880696316.
- ^ Marx. 2014. p. 469.
- ^ PHTLS: Prehospital Trauma Life Support. Mosby/JEMS. 2010. ISBN 978-0-323-06502-3.
- ^ Marx. 2014. p. 464.
- ^ a b Oyo-Ita, Angela; Chinnock, Paul; Ikpeme, Ikpeme A. (2015-11-13). "Surgical versus non-surgical management of abdominal injury". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (11): CD007383. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007383.pub3. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 11179156. PMID 26568111.
- ^ Kenneth D. Boffard (2007). Manual of definitive surgical trauma care. London: Hodder Arnold. ISBN 978-0-340-94764-7.
- ^ Moore. 2012. p. 517.
- ^ Garth Meckler; Cline, David; Cydulka, Rita K.; Thomas, Stephen R.; Dan Handel (2012). Tintinalli's Emergency Medicine Manual 7/E. McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 978-0-07-178184-8.
- ^ Jodati, A.; Safaei, N.; Toufan, M.; Kazemi, B. (2011). "A unique nail gun injury to the heart with a delayed presentation". Interactive Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery. 13 (3): 363–365. doi:10.1510/icvts.2011.272120. ISSN 1569-9293. PMID 21636580.
- ^ Kaljusto ML, Tønnessen T (May 2012). "How to mend a broken heart: a major stab wound of the left ventricle". World J Emerg Surg. 7 (1): 17. doi:10.1186/1749-7922-7-17. PMC 3467162. PMID 22640705.
- ^ Parra MW, Costantini EN, Rodas EB, Gonzalez PJ, Salamen OJ, Catino JD, Taber PM, Puente I (May 2010). "Surviving a transfixing cardiac injury caused by a stingray barb". The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 139 (5): e115–6. doi:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2009.02.052. ISSN 0022-5223. PMID 19660402.
- ^ Eades, Chris (2007). Knife crime : review of evidence and policy. London: Centre for Crime and Justice Studies. ISBN 978-1906003067.
- ^ a b "Homicides by method". Archived from the original on 2012-01-10. Retrieved 2012-01-10. Homicides by method
- ^ a b "Murder Victims, by Weapons Used". Infoplease. Sandbox Networks Inc. Retrieved 2015-07-18.
- ^ Riviello RJ (2010). Manual of forensic emergency medicine : a guide for clinicians. Sudbury, Mass.: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-7637-4462-5.
- ^ Hanoch J, Feigin E, Pikarsky A, Kugel C, Rivkind A (August 1996). "Stab wounds associated with terrorist activities in Israel". JAMA. 276 (5): 388–90. doi:10.1001/jama.1996.03540050048022. PMID 8683817.
- ^ El-Abdellati E, Messaoudi N, Van Hee R (2011). "Assault induced stab injuries: epidemiology and actual treatment strategy". Acta Chirurgica Belgica. 111 (3): 146–54. doi:10.1080/00015458.2011.11680726. PMID 21780521. S2CID 41051105.
- ^ UNODC Homicide Statistics 2013, used two tables: Homicide counts and rates, time series 2000-2012 & Percentage of homicides by mechanism, time series 2000-2012. Retrieved May-20-2014
- ^ Murder Victims by Weapons (FBI). Retrieved May-20-2014
- ^ U.S. Population 2012: Nearly 313 Million People. Retrieved May-20-2014
- ^ Chart 9: Victims of homicide by main method of killing, Scotland, 2012-13. Retrieved May-20-2014
- ^ Scotland’s Population at its Highest Ever. Retrieved May-20-2014
- ^ "Police Statistics on Homicide Victims in New Zealand 2007 - 2016" (PDF). New Zealand Police. July 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-03-15. Retrieved 2019-06-18.
- ^ "National Population Estimates: At 30 June 2016". Statistics New Zealand. Archived from the original on 22 November 2017. Retrieved 18 June 2019.
- ^ Knife crime: Recent data on carriage and use Archived 2017-05-17 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved May-20-2014
- ^ Australia’s population. Retrieved May-20-2014
- ^ Knife crime statistics. Retrieved May-20-2014
- ^ Every person in England and Wales on a map. Retrieved May-20-2014
- ^ a b c Manring MM, Hawk A, Calhoun JH, Andersen RC (August 2009). "Treatment of war wounds: a historical review". Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 467 (8): 2168–91. doi:10.1007/s11999-009-0738-5. PMC 2706344. PMID 19219516.
- ^ Sharpe, William (June 17, 1961). "Laceration of the Heart: Repair and Recovery: 1877". Journal of the American Medical Association. 176 (11): 964. doi:10.1001/jama.1961.63040240024023.
- ^ Oliver, J.C. (1899-01-09). "Gun Shot Wounds of the Abdomen with Report of Fifty Eight Cases". Academy of Medicine of Cincinnati: 354–75. Retrieved 2012-02-04.
- ^ DeBrun, Harry (December 1926). "Essential immediate treatment of trauma". The American Journal of Surgery. 1 (6): 376–385. doi:10.1016/S0002-9610(26)80009-1.
- ^ Marx. 2014. p. 459.
Bibliography
edit- Feliciano, David V.; Mattox, Kenneth L.; Moore, Ernest J (2012). Trauma, Seventh Edition (Trauma (Moore)). McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 978-0-07-166351-9.
- Marx, John A. Marx (2014). Rosen's emergency medicine : concepts and clinical practice (8th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders. pp. Chapter. ISBN 978-1455706051.