Strategic pluralism (also known as the dual-mating strategy) is a theory in evolutionary psychology regarding human mating strategies that suggests women have evolved to evaluate men in two categories: whether they are reliable long term providers, and whether they contain high quality genes.[1] The theory of strategic pluralism was proposed by Steven Gangestad and Jeffry Simpson, two professors of psychology at the University of New Mexico and Texas A&M University, respectively.
Experiments and studies
editAlthough strategic pluralism is believed to occur for both animals and humans, the majority of experiments have been performed with humans. One experiment concluded that between short term and long-term relationships, males and females prioritized different things. It was shown that both preferred physical attractiveness for short term mates. However, for long term, females preferred males with traits that indicated that they could be better caretakers, whereas the males did not change their priorities.[2]
The experimenters used the following setup: subjects were given an overall 'budget' and asked to assign points to different traits.[3] For long-term mates, women gave more points to social and kindness traits, agreeing with results found in other studies suggesting that females prefer long-term mates who would provide resources and emotional security for them, as opposed to physically attractive mates.[4][5] The females also prefer males who can offer them more financial security as this would help them raise their offspring.[6]
Females have also chosen males who have more feminine appearances because of a (hypothesized) inverse relationship between a male's facial attractiveness and effort willing to spend in raising offspring. That is, in theory, a more attractive male would put in less work as a caretaker while a less attractive male would put in more work.[7] On average, there is a wider amount of variability in male characteristics than in females. This suggests there are enough of both males more suited for short-term relationships and those more suited for longer relationships.[8]
Criticism
editBellis and Baker calculated that if double-mating strategy does occur, the rate of paternal discrepancy would be between 6.9 and 13.8%.[9] When taking kin selection into account, Gaulin, McBurney, and Brakeman-Wartell hypothesised that mother’s side of family is more certain that the child is their kin and therefore invest more. Based on this matrilateral bias they calculated the rate of cuckoldry to be roughly 13% to 20%.[10] These estimates were refuted by Y-chromosome tracking[11] and HLA tracking[12][13] that put the estimates between 1-2%. David Buss, prominent evolutionary psychologist, cited this evidence as a reason to be sceptical of dual-mating strategy hypothesis.[14]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Steven, Gangestad (2000). "The evolution of human mating: Trade-offs and strategic pluralism" (PDF). Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 23 (4): 573–644. doi:10.1017/S0140525X0000337X. PMID 11301543. S2CID 33245508. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-07-06 – via Cambridge University Press.
- ^ Li, Norman P.; Kenrick, Douglas T. (2006). "Sex similarities and differences in preferences for short-term mates: What, whether, and why". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 90 (3): 468–489. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.90.3.468. ISSN 1939-1315. PMID 16594832. S2CID 16627278.
- ^ Li, Norman P.; Bailey, J. Michael; Kenrick, Douglas T.; Linsenmeier, Joan A. W. (2002). "The necessities and luxuries of mate preferences: Testing the tradeoffs". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 82 (6): 947–955. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.947. ISSN 1939-1315. PMID 12051582.
- ^ Baize, Harold; Schroeder, Jonathan (1995). "Personality and Mate Selection in Personal Ads: Evolutionary Preferences in a Public Mate Selection Process". Journal of Social Behavior & Personality. 10: 517–536.
- ^ Landolt, Monica A.; Lalumière, Martin L.; Quinsey, Vernon L. (January 1995). "Sex differences in intra-sex variations in human mating tactics: An evolutionary approach". Ethology and Sociobiology. 16 (1): 3–23. doi:10.1016/0162-3095(94)00012-v. ISSN 0162-3095.
- ^ Hendrickson., Eagly, Alice (1987). Sex differences in social behavior : a social-role interpretation. Hillsdale, N.J.: L. Erlbaum Associates. ISBN 978-0898598049. OCLC 15084713.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Penton-Voak, I; Cahill, S; Pound, N; Kempe, V; Schaeffler, S; Schaeffler, F (Summer 2007). "Male facial attractiveness, perceived personality, and child-directed speech". Evolution and Human Behavior. 28 (4): 253–259. Bibcode:2007EHumB..28..253P. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2007.03.002. ISSN 1090-5138.
- ^ Archer, John; Mehdikhani, Mani (2003). "Variability among males in sexually selected attributes". Review of General Psychology. 7 (3): 219–236. doi:10.1037/1089-2680.7.3.219. ISSN 1089-2680. S2CID 145329732.
- ^ Bellis, Mark A.; Baker, R. Robin (1990). "Do females promote sperm competition? Data for humans". Animal Behaviour. 40 (5): 997–999. doi:10.1016/S0003-3472(05)81008-5.
- ^ Gaulin, Steven J.C.; McBurney, Donald H.; Brakeman-Wartell, Stephanie L. (1997). "Matrilateral biases in the investment of aunts and uncles". Human Nature. 8 (2): 139–151. doi:10.1007/s12110-997-1008-4. PMID 26196775.
- ^ Larmuseau, M. H. D.; Vanoverbeke, J.; Van Geystelen, A.; Defraene, G.; Vanderheyden, N.; Matthys, K.; Wenseleers, T.; Decorte, R. (7 December 2013). "Low historical rates of cuckoldry in a Western European human population traced by Y-chromosome and genealogical data". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 280 (1772): 20132400. doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.2400. PMC 3813347. PMID 24266034.
- ^ Wolf, Michael; Musch, Jochen; Enczmann, Juergen; Fischer, Johannes (1 June 2012). "Estimating the Prevalence of Nonpaternity in Germany". Human Nature. 23 (2): 208–217. doi:10.1007/s12110-012-9143-y. PMID 22688803.
- ^ Sasse, Georg; Müller, Hansjakob; Chakraborty, Ranajit; Ott, Jürg (1994). "Estimating the Frequency of Nonpaternity in Switzerland". Human Heredity. 44 (6): 337–343. doi:10.1159/000154241. PMID 7860087.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Buss, David (November 14, 2017). "Sexual Conflict in Human Mating" (video). youtube.com. TEDx Talks.