The Sultanate of Swat was a Dardic[1] kingdom centred around the city of Manglawar between the 12th and 16th centuries. It was strongest of the several Dardic-speaking states in the region,[2] encompassing the present-day Malakand, Buner, Swat and Dir valleys, as well as the Kohistan region.[3][4]
During the most of 15th century, the kingdom bordered Kashmir Sultanate to the east, Delhi Sultanate to the south, Timurid Empire to the west and the state of Chitral to the north.[5] The last notable ruler was Sultan Awes Jahangiri,[5][4] during whose reign the Sultanate was ultimately conquered between 1510 and 1518 after a series of battles by Yousafza'i Pashtuns under the leadership of Malik Ahmed Baba with the assistance of Mughal ruler Babur.[6] This led to the Pashtunization of the Swat and Dir regions.[6] Some accounts trace the origins of Shah Mir dynasty of Kashmir from these rulers of Swat.[7]
References
edit- ^ Arlinghaus (1988), p.190–191: The family of the sultans of Swat and the nobility spoke Gibri, the Dardic language of Bajaur, and the common people spoke Yadri, another Dardic language.
- ^ Arlinghaus (1988), p.177: The Jahangiri sultans of Swat were most powerful of several local rulers in the Dardic-speaking regions.
- ^ Arlinghaus (1988), p. 177.
- ^ a b Inam-ur-Rahim & Viaro (2002), p. 68.
- ^ a b Arlinghaus (1988), p. 191.
- ^ a b Arlinghaus (1988), p. 193.
- ^ Hasan (2023), p. 42.
Sources
edit- Arlinghaus, Joseph Theodore (1988). The Transformation of Afghan Tribal Society: Tribal Expansion, Mughal Imperialism and the Roshaniyya Insurrection, 1450-1600. Duke University.
- Inam-ur-Rahim; Viaro, Alain M. (2002). Swat: An Afghan Society in Pakistan : Urbanisation and Change in Tribal Environment. City Press. ISBN 978-969-8380-55-7.
- Hasan, Mohibbul (2023). Kashmir Under the Sultans. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-032-66670-9.