Suwannee Limestone

Suwannee Limestone
Suwannee Limestone
Stratigraphic range: Early Oligocene PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Late Oligocene-aged fissure fill deposits
Type	Geological formation
Underlies	Hawthorn Group-Arcadia Formation
Overlies	Ocala Limestone
Thickness	160 ft (49 m)
Lithology
Primary	Limestone
Other	Sandstone, claystone (fissure-fill deposits)
Location
Region	North Florida
Country	United States
Extent	Leon to Hamilton to Taylor counties
Type section
Named for	Suwannee River
Named by	C.W. Cooke and W.C. Mansfield

The Suwannee Limestone is an Early Oligocene geologic formation of exposed limestones in North Florida, United States.

Description

Suwannee Limestone is found in the peninsula carbonate outcroppings on the northwestern, northeastern and southwestern flanks of the Ocala Platform. However, Suwannee Limestone is not present on an area known as Orange Island on the eastern side of the Ocala Platform due to erosion, nondeposition or both.^[1] This limestone is present in southeastern Leon, Jefferson, Madison, Taylor, Lafayette counties as well as Hamilton along the upper Suwannee River basin, and southward into Suwannee County, Florida.

Early Oligocene Suwannee Limestone was recognized in the northwestern peninsula by P. F. Huddleston in 1993 as a triple subdivision of Suwannee Limestone, Ellaville Limestone, and Suwannacoochee Dolostone.^[2] The Suwannacoochee Dolostone was later officially renamed as the Suwannacoochee Dolomite.^[3]

Sedimentology

Suwannee Limestone consists of a white to cream, poorly to well hardened, fossil rich, vuggy to moldic grainstone and packstone. The dolomitized parts of the Suwannee Limestone are gray, tan, light brown to moderate brown, moderately to well indurated (hard), finely to coarsely crystalline, dolomite with limited occurrences of fossil-bearing beds. Limestone in silicate form is common in Suwannee Limestone.^[4]^[5]

Stratigraphy

The Suwannee Limestone overlies the Ocala Limestone and forms part of the intermediate confining unit/aquifer system. (USGS)

Paleobiota

The Suwannee Limestone preserves numerous calcifying marine invertebrates, including foraminifers, echinoids, bryozoans and mollusks. Shark teeth belonging to Ginglymostoma and Carcharhinus are known from the Brooksville 2 site, which likely originate from the limestone formation rather than the fissure-fill fauna from the same locality.^[6]

Fissure-fill fauna

Not long after the formation of the Suwannee Limestone, falling sea levels during the latter part of the Oligocene led to its exposure on land. Terrestrial vertebrates that inhabited this newly-exposed karstic landscape at the time sometimes became trapped within sinkholes that opened in the limestone, which filled up with sand and clay as fissure-fill deposits, fossilizing their remains. These deposits date to the latest Oligocene (late Chattian or Arikareean stage), and preserve numerous animals whose remains are otherwise rare in the region due to a lack of terrestrial deposits. Two major localities that preserve such fossils are Brooksville 2 in Hernando County and SB-lA/Live Oak in Suwanee County.^[6]^[7]

The following fauna is known:^[6]^[8]

Amphibia

Anura

Genus	Species	Locality	Material	Notes
Eleutherodactylus	E. sp.	Brooksville 2, Live Oak	174 fossils	An eleutherodactylid frog. The dominant frog taxon at the Brooksville site.^[7]
Hylidae indet.				A tree frog of uncertain affinities.^[7]
Ranidae indet.				A true frog of uncertain affinities.^[7]
Rhinophryne	R. sp.	Brooksville 2		A rhinophrynid frog, related to the modern Mexican burrowing toad.
Scaphiopodidae indet.				A spadefoot toad of uncertain affinities.^[7]

Caudata

Genus	Species	Locality	Material	Notes	Images
Notophthalmus	N. sp.	Brooksville 2		A newt.
Sirenidae indet.		Brooksville 2		A sirenid.

Mammalia

Metatheria

Genus	Species	Locality	Material	Notes	Images
Herpetotherium	H. sp.	Brooksville 2, Live Oak		A herpetotheriid.

Eulipotyphla

Genus	Species	Locality	Material	Notes	Images
Centetodon	C. magnus	Brooksville 2		A geolabidid.
Parvericius	P. montanus	Brooksville 2		An erinaceid related to modern hedgehogs.

Perissodactyla

Genus	Species	Locality	Material	Notes	Images
Miohippus	M. sp.	Brooksville 2		A three-toed horse.

Artiodactyla

Genus	Species	Locality	Notes
Nanotragulus	N. loomisi	Brooksville 2	A hypertragulid.
Nothokemas	N. waldropi	Brooksville 2, Live Oak	A camelid.
Phenacocoelinae indet.			An merycoidodontid of uncertain affinities.

Carnivora

Genus	Species	Locality	Notes
Acheronictis	A. webbi	Brooksville 2	A mustelid.
Arikarictis	A. chapini	Brooksville 2, Live Oak	A mustelid.
Daphoenodon	D. sp.	Live Oak	An amphicyonid.
Enhydrocyon	E. cf. pahinsintewakpa	Brooksville 2	A hesperocyonine canid.
Mammacyon	M. sp.	Live Oak	An amphicyonid.
?Leptocyon	?L. sp.	Live Oak	A canine.
Megalictis	M. sp.	Live Oak	An oligobunine mustelid.
Osbornodon	O. wangi	Brooksville 2	A hesperocyonine canid.
Palaeogale	P. minuta	Brooksville 2, Live Oak	A palaeogalid.
Phlaocyon	P. taylori	Brooksville 2, Live Oak	A borophagine canid.

Chiroptera

Genus	Species	Locality	Notes
Emballonuridae indet.		Brooksville 2	A sac-winged bat of uncertain affinities.
Mormoopidae indet.		Brooksville 2	A ghost-faced bat of uncertain affinities.
Phyllostomidae indet.		Brooksville 2	A leaf-nosed bat of uncertain affinities.
Koopmanycteris	K. palaeomormoops	Brooksville 2	A ghost-faced bat.
Vespertilionidae indet.		Brooksville 2	A vesper bat of uncertain affinities.

Lagomorpha

Genus	Species	Locality	Material	Notes	Images
Megalagus	M. abaconis	Brooksville 2		A leporid related to modern hares and rabbits.

Rodentia

Genus	Species	Locality	Notes
Agnotocastor	A. sp.	Brooksville 2	A castorid related to modern beavers.
Entoptychinae indet.		Brooksville 2, Live Oak	An entoptychid geomyoid of uncertain affinities.
Eomyidae indet.		Brooksville 2	An eomyid of uncertain affinities.
Florentiamyidae indet.		Brooksville 2	A florentiamyid of uncertain affinities.
Heliscomyidae indet.		Brooksville 2	A heliscomyid of uncertain affinities.
Proheteromys	P. sp.	Brooksville 2, Live Oak
Sciuridae indet.		Brooksville 2	A squirrel of uncertain affinities.

Aves

Genus	Species	Locality	Material	Notes	Images
Galliformes indet.		Brooksville 2		A landfowl of uncertain affinities.

Reptilia

Crocodylia

Genus	Species	Locality	Material	Notes	Images
Alligator	A. sp.	Brooksville 2		A small-sized alligator.

Testudines

Genus	Species	Locality	Material	Notes	Images
Testudinidae indet.		Brooksville 2		A small-sized tortoise of uncertain affinities.
Xenochelys	X. floridensis	Brooksville 2		A kinosternoid turtle.

Squamata

Genus	Species	Locality	Notes
Anolis	A. "informal morphotype A"	Brooksville 2	An anole, two morphotypes known.
Anolis	cf. A. "informal morphotype B"	Brooksville 2	An anole, two morphotypes known.
Calamagras	C. sp.	Brooksville 2	A boid.
Eublepharidae indet.		Brooksville 2	An eyelid gecko of uncertain affinities.
Geringophis	G. sp.	Brooksville 2	A boid.
Helodermatidae indet.		Brooksville 2	A beaded lizard of uncertain affinities.
Iguanidae indet.		Brooksville 2	An iguanid of uncertain affinities.
Ogmophis	O. sp.	Brooksville 2	A boid.
Rhineuridae indet.		Brooksville 2	A rhineurid amphisbaenian, related to the modern Florida worm lizard.
Scincidae indet.		Brooksville 2	A skink of uncertain affinities.
Scolecophidia indet.		Brooksville 2	A blindsnake of uncertain affinities.

References

^ Bryan, J.R., 1991, Stratigraphic and paleontologic studies of Paleocene and Oligocene carbonate facies of the eastern Gulf Coastal Plain: unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 324 p.
^ Huddleston, P.F., A revision of the lithostratigraphic units of the Coastal Plain of Georgia - The Oligocene: Georgia Geological Survey Bulletin 105, 152 p.
^ Stamm, N., 2018, Geologic Unit: Suwannacoochee. National Geologic Map Database Geolex — Unit Summary, U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston Virginia.
^ Cooke, C. W., and Mansfield, W. C., 1936, Suwanne Limestone of Florida (abstract): Geological Society of America Proceedings, 1935, p. 71–72.
^ USGS: Geology of Florida
^ ^a ^b ^c Hayes, F. Glynn (2000). "The Brooksville 2 Local Fauna (Arikareean, latest Oligocene): Hernando County, Florida" (PDF). Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History. 43 (1): 1–47. doi:10.58782/flmnh.isca2513.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Vallejo-Pareja, Maria Camila; Stanley, Edward L.; Bloch, Jonathan I.; Blackburn, David C. (2024). "Fossil frogs (Eleutherodactylidae: Eleutherodactylus) from Florida suggest overwater dispersal from the Caribbean by the Late Oligocene". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 201 (2): 431–446. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad130. Retrieved 2024-11-16.
^ "PBDB Collection". paleobiodb.org. Retrieved 2024-11-22.

[1] Bryan, J.R., 1991, Stratigraphic and paleontologic studies of Paleocene and Oligocene carbonate facies of the eastern Gulf Coastal Plain: unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 324 p.

[2] Huddleston, P.F., A revision of the lithostratigraphic units of the Coastal Plain of Georgia - The Oligocene: Georgia Geological Survey Bulletin 105, 152 p.

[3] Stamm, N., 2018, Geologic Unit: Suwannacoochee. National Geologic Map Database Geolex — Unit Summary, U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston Virginia.

[4] Cooke, C. W., and Mansfield, W. C., 1936, Suwanne Limestone of Florida (abstract): Geological Society of America Proceedings, 1935, p. 71–72.

[5] USGS: Geology of Florida

[:0-6] Hayes, F. Glynn (2000). "The Brooksville 2 Local Fauna (Arikareean, latest Oligocene): Hernando County, Florida" (PDF). Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History. 43 (1): 1–47. doi:10.58782/flmnh.isca2513.

[:1-7] Vallejo-Pareja, Maria Camila; Stanley, Edward L.; Bloch, Jonathan I.; Blackburn, David C. (2024). "Fossil frogs (Eleutherodactylidae: Eleutherodactylus) from Florida suggest overwater dispersal from the Caribbean by the Late Oligocene". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 201 (2): 431–446. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad130. Retrieved 2024-11-16.

[8] "PBDB Collection". paleobiodb.org. Retrieved 2024-11-22.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

Suwannee Limestone
Stratigraphic range: Early Oligocene PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Late Oligocene-aged fissure fill deposits
Type	Geological formation
Underlies	Hawthorn Group-Arcadia Formation
Overlies	Ocala Limestone
Thickness	160 ft (49 m)
Lithology
Primary	Limestone
Other	Sandstone, claystone (fissure-fill deposits)
Location
Region	North Florida
Country	United States
Extent	Leon to Hamilton to Taylor counties
Type section
Named for	Suwannee River
Named by	C.W. Cooke and W.C. Mansfield