The Tani language, often referred to as Tani languages, encompasses a group of closely related languages spoken by the Tani people in the northeastern region of India, primarily in the state of Arunachal Pradesh and Assam. These languages belong to the Sino-Tibetan family and include several major dialects such as Nyishi, Galo, Apatani, Adi, Tagin, and Mising.
| Tani | |
|---|---|
| Miric | |
| Geographic distribution | Arunachal Pradesh |
| Linguistic classification | Sino-Tibetan
|
| Subdivisions |
|
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | tani1259 |
Background
editThe Tani languages are spoken by about 2,170,500 people of Arunachal Pradesh, including the Adi, Apatani, Galo, Mising, Nyishi, Tagin, and of the East Kameng, West Kameng, Papumpare, Lower Subansiri, Upper Subansiri, West Siang, East Siang, Upper Siang, Lower Dibang Valley and Lohit districts of Arunachal Pradesh and Dhemaji, North Lakhimpur, Sonitpur, Majuli etc. districts of Assam. In Arunachal Pradesh alone the Tani-speaking area covers some 40,000 square kilometers, or roughly half the size of the state. Scattered Tani communities spill over the Sino-Indian border into adjacent areas in Mêdog (Miguba people), Mainling (Bokar and Tagin peoples), and Lhünzê (Bangni, Na, Bayi, Dazu, and Mara peoples) counties of Tibet.
The name Tani was originally suggested by Jackson Tianshin Sun in his 1993 doctoral dissertation.[1]
Classification
editThe Tani languages are conservatively classified as a distinct branch in Sino-Tibetan. Their closest relatives may be their eastern neighbors the Digaro languages, Taraon and Idu; this was first suggested by Sun (1993), but a relationship has not yet been systematically demonstrated. Blench (2014) suggests that Tani has a Greater Siangic substratum, with the Greater Siangic languages being a non-Sino-Tibetan language family consisting of Idu-Taraon and Siangic languages.
Mark Post (2015)[2] observes that Tani typologically fits into the Mainland Southeast Asia linguistic area, which typically has creoloid morphosyntactic patterns,[3] rather than with the languages of the Tibetosphere. Post (2015) also notes that Tani culture is similar to those of Mainland Southeast Asian hill tribe cultures, and is not particularly adapted to cold montane environments.
A provisional classification in Sun (1993), who argued that Tani is a primary branch of Tibeto-Burman (within Sino-Tibetan), is:
- Tani
- Eastern Tani (Adi/Abor)
- ?Damu
- Bori
- Mishing (aka Plains Miri) – Padam (Bor Abor) – Minyong
- Bokar (incl. Palibo & Ramo)
- Western Tani
- Eastern Tani (Adi/Abor)
To Eastern Tani, van Driem (2008)[4] adds the following possible languages:
Milang has traditionally been classified as a divergent Tani language, but in 2011 was tentatively reclassified as Siangic (Post & Blench 2011).
Proto-Tani was partially reconstructed by Sun (1993). A large number of reconstructed roots have cognates in other Sino-Tibetan languages. However, a great deal of Proto-Tani vocabulary have no cognates within Sino-Tibetan (Post 2011), and most Tani grammar seems to be secondary, without cognates in grammatically conservative Sino-Tibetan languages such as Jingpho or the Kiranti languages (Post 2006). Post (2012)[5] suggests that Apatani and Milang have non-Tani substrata, and that as early Tani languages had expanded deeper into Arunachal Pradesh, mixing with non-Tani languages occurred.
Mark Post (2013)[6] proposes the following revised classification for the Tani languages.
The undocumented Ashing language presumably belongs here.
However, Macario (2015) notes that many Apatani words are closer to reconstructions of Proto-Tibeto-Burman (Matisoff 2003) than to Proto-Tani (Sun 1993). Possible explanations include Apatani having a substratum belonging to an extinct Tibeto-Burman branch or language phylum, or linguistic variation in Proto-Tani.[7]
Isoglosses
editSun (1993: 254-255) lists the following 25 lexical isoglosses between Western Tani and Eastern Tani.
| Gloss | Proto-Western Tani | Proto-Eastern Tani |
|---|---|---|
| urine | *sum | *si |
| blind | *mik-čiŋ | *mik-maŋ |
| mouth | *gam | *nap-paŋ |
| nose | *ñV-pum | *ñV-buŋ |
| wind (n.) | *rji | *sar |
| rain (n.) | *mV-doŋ | *pV-doŋ |
| thunder | *doŋ-gum | *doŋ-mɯr |
| lightning | *doŋ-rjak | *ja-ri |
| fish | *ŋo-i | *a-ŋo |
| tiger | *paŋ-tə | *mjo/mro |
| root | *m(j)a | *pɯr |
| old man | *mi-kam | *mi-ǰiŋ |
| village | *nam-pom | *duŋ-luŋ |
| granary | *nam-suŋ | *kjum-suŋ |
| year | *ñiŋ | *tak |
| sell | *pruk | *ko |
| breath | *sak | *ŋa |
| ferry/cross | *rap | *koŋ |
| arrive | *-ki | *pɯŋ |
| say/speak | *ban±man | *lu |
| rich | *mi-tə~mi-ta | *mi-rem |
| soft | *ñi-mjak | *rə-mjak |
| drunk | *kjum | - |
| back (adv.) | *-kur | *lat² |
| ten | *čam | *rjɯŋ |
Unified writing script
edit
A new alphabetical writing system for Tani languages was invented by Tony Koyu, a social scientist from Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh. It was first presented at a seminar at the North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology at Nirjuli, Arunachal Pradesh in November 2001. It is not related to any other writing system, but some of the letters are similar to Bengali or Latin letters.[8]
This script however has also received significant criticism. One major point of contention is the claim that it is not truly indigenous but rather heavily derived from the Devanagari script. Critics argue that its very name, "Lipi," is a Hindi term, which casts doubt on its authenticity as an original script. Additionally, Tani Lipi does not account for the tonal nature of the Tani languages, which is a critical feature for accurate representation and pronunciation.[9][10]
Furthermore, Tani Lipi is often criticized for its limited applicability, as it primarily suits the Galo language, that too only in limited settings and does not adequately serve the diverse Tani linguistic group.[11][12] This limitation hinders its broader acceptance and usefulness across the different Tani-speaking communities. These criticisms underscore the challenges in creating a unifying script for a linguistically diverse group while ensuring it retains cultural authenticity and practical utility.[13][14]
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ Sun, Tianshin Jackson, 1993. A Historical–Comparative Study of the Tani (Mirish) Branch in Tibeto-Burman. Berkeley, University of California PhD Dissertation.
- ^ Post, M. W. 2015. ‘Morphosyntactic reconstruction in an areal-historical context: A pre-historical relationship between North East India and Mainland Southeast Asia?’ In N. J. Enfield and B. Comrie, Eds. Languages of Mainland Southeast Asia: The State of the Art. Berlin, Mouton de Gruyter: 205 – 261.
- ^ McWhorter, John H. 2007. Language Interrupted: Signs of non-native acquisition in standard language grammars. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- ^ van Driem, George (2008). "The Naga Language Groups within the Tibeto- Burman Language Family" (PDF). In Oppitz, Michael; Kaiser, Thomas; von Stockhausen, Alban; Wettstein, Marion (eds.). Naga Identities: Changing Local Cultures in the Northeast of India. Benteli. pp. 311–321. ISBN 978-90-5349-680-0. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 April 2016.
- ^ Post, Mark. 2012. Morphological typology, North East India and Mainland Southeast Asia. Mainland Southeast Asian Languages: The State of the Art in 2012. Workshop held at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany.
- ^ Post, Mark W. (2013). Defoliating the Tani Stammbaum: An exercise in areal linguistics. Paper presented at the 13th Himalayan Languages Symposium. Canberra, Australian National University, Aug 9.
- ^ Macario, Macario (2015). Konnerth, Linda; Morey, Stephen; Sarmah, Priyankoo; Teo, Amos (eds.). North East Indian Linguistics. Vol. 7. Canberra: Asia-Pacific Linguistics, Australian National University. pp. 213–233. hdl:1885/95392. ISBN 9781922185273.
- ^ "Tani Lipi". Omniglot.com. 10 August 2021.
- ^ Unknown (7 February 2013). "Mishing Renaissance: Troubles in the Tani-Lipi". Mishing Renaissance. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
- ^ Barbora, Madhumita; Post, Mark (2008), Post, Mark; Morey, Stephen (eds.), "Quest for a Script", North East Indian Linguistics, Foundation Books, pp. 255–270, doi:10.1017/upo9788175968431.017, ISBN 978-81-7596-843-1, retrieved 1 June 2024
- ^ "Daily Current Affairs on Tangams: A little-known community of Arunachal Pradesh for UPSC Civil Services Examination (General Studies) Preparation". abhipedia.abhimanu.com. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
- ^ nelitreview. "Tumter Riba". Tumblr. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
- ^ Unknown (21 January 2013). "Nending Ommo [nẽndĩ́ ommò]: The Quintessence of Apatani Language (Prelude)". Nending Ommo [nẽndĩ́ ommò]. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
- ^ Modi, Yankee. "Towards an understanding of language distribution in the Tani area: Social organization, expansion and migration". (2015) in Mark W. Post, Stephen Morey and Scott DeLancey (Eds.) Language and Culture in Northeast India and Beyond: In Honor of Robbins Burling. Canberra, Asia-Pacific Linguistics: 245-264.
References
edit- Bradley, David, 1997. "Tibeto-Burman languages and classification." In David Bradley, ed. Tibeto-Burman languages of the Himalayas. Canberra, Australian National University Press: 1–72. ISBN 978-0-85883-456-9.
- Blench, Roger (2014). Fallen leaves blow away: a neo-Hammarstromian approach to Sino-Tibetan classification. Presentation given at the University of New England, Armidale, 6 September 2014.
- James A. Matisoff, 2003. The Handbook of Proto-Tibeto-Burman: System and Philosophy of Sino-Tibetan Reconstruction. Berkeley, University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-09843-5.
- van Driem, George, 2001. Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-12062-4.
- Post, Mark, 2006. "Compounding and the structure of the Tani lexicon." Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 29 (1): 41–60.
- Post, Mark, 2011. "Isolate substrates, creolization and the internal diversity of Tibeto-Burman." Workshop on The Roots of Linguistic Diversity. The Cairns Institute, James Cook University, Australia, June 9–10.
- Post, Mark, 2012. "The language, culture, environment and origins of Proto-Tani speakers: What is knowable, and what is not (yet)." In T. Huber and S. Blackburn, Eds. Origins and Migrations in the Extended Eastern Himalayas. Leiden, Brill: 161–194. ISBN 978-90-04-22691-3.
- Post, Mark W. and Roger Blench, 2011. "Siangic: A new language phylum in North East India." 6th International Conference of the North East Indian Linguistics Society, Tezpur University, Assam, India, January 29 – February 2.
- Sun, Tianshin Jackson, 1993. A Historical–Comparative Study of the Tani (Mirish) Branch in Tibeto-Burman. Berkeley, University of California PhD Dissertation.