Telemachus (/təˈlɛməkəs/ tə-LEM-ə-kəs; Ancient Greek: Τηλέμαχος, romanized: Tēlemakhos, lit. 'far-fighter'), in Greek mythology, is the son of Odysseus and Penelope, who is a central character in Homer's Odyssey. When Telemachus reached manhood, he visited Pylos and Sparta in search of his wandering father. On his return to Ithaca, he found that Odysseus had reached home before him. Then father and son slew the suitors who had gathered around Penelope. According to later tradition, Telemachus married Circe after Odysseus's death.
| Telemachus | |
|---|---|
 Telemachus departing from Nestor, painting by Henry Howard (1769–1847) | |
| In-universe information | |
| Title | Prince of Ithaca |
| Spouse | Circe; or Cassiphone or Polycaste or Nausicaa |
| Children | Latinus Perseptolis Ptoliporthus Poliporthes |
| Relatives | Odysseus (father) Penelope (mother) |
| Nationality | Greek |
The first four books of the Odyssey focus on Telemachus's journeys in search of news about his father, who has yet to return home from the Trojan War, and are traditionally given the title the Telemachy.[1]
Etymology
editTelemachus's name in Greek means "far from battle", or perhaps "fighting from afar", as a bowman does.[2]
Odyssey
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In Homer's Odyssey, Telemachus, under the instructions of Athena (who accompanies him during the quest), spends the first four books trying to gain knowledge of his father, Odysseus, who left for Troy when Telemachus was still an infant. At the outset of Telemachus's journey, Odysseus had been absent from his home at Ithaca for twenty years due to the Trojan War and the intervention of Poseidon. During his absence, Odysseus's house has been occupied by hordes of suitors seeking the hand of Penelope.[3] Telemachus first visits Nestor and is well received by the old man who regales him with stories of his father's glory. Telemachus then departs with Nestor's son Peisistratus,[4] who accompanies him to the halls of Menelaus and his wife Helen. Whilst there, Telemachus is again treated as an honored guest as Menelaus and Helen tell complementary yet contradictory stories of his father's exploits at Troy. Telemachus also learns from Menelaus that his father was last seen stranded on Ogygia.[5]
Telemachus focuses on his father's return to Ithaca in Book XV. He visits Eumaeus, the swineherd, who happens to be hosting a disguised Odysseus. After Odysseus reveals himself to Telemachus due to Athena's advice, the two men plan the downfall of the suitors. Telemachus then returns to the palace to keep an eye on the suitors and to await his father as the beggar.[6]
When Penelope challenges the suitors to string Odysseus's bow and shoot an arrow through the handle-holes of twelve axe heads, Telemachus is the first to attempt the task. He would have completed the task, nearly stringing the bow on his fourth attempt; however, Odysseus subtly stops him before he can finish his attempt. Following the suitors' failure at this task, Odysseus reveals himself and he and Telemachus bring swift and bloody death to the suitors.[7]
Telegony
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The Telegony was a short two-book epic poem recounting the life and death of Odysseus after the events of the Odyssey. In this mythological postscript, Odysseus is accidentally killed by Telegonus, his unknown son by the goddess Circe. After Odysseus's death, Telemachus returns to Aeaea with Telegonus and Penelope, and there marries Circe.
Seemingly later tradition included the character of Cassiphone—the daughter of Odysseus and Circe, and therefore half-sister of Telemachus—into the narrative. In this account, Telemachus still marries Circe, but Odysseus is resurrected by Circe at some point. Afterward, he weds Telemachus to Cassiphone. When events transpire that result in Telemachus killing Circe after quarrelling with her, Cassiphone kills Telemachus in revenge.[8]
Later classical authors
editFrom the Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology: In the post-Homeric traditions, we read that Palamedes, when endeavouring to persuade Odysseus to join the Greeks against Troy, and the latter feigned idiocy, placed the infant Telemachus before the plough with which Odysseus was ploughing (Hygin. Fab. 95; Serv. ad Aen. ii. 81; Tzetz. ad Lycoph. 384; Aelian, V. H. xiii. 12.).
In Contest of Homer and Hesiod, it is alleged that the Roman Emperor Hadrian asked the Delphic Oracle about Homer's birthplace and parentage. The Oracle replied that Homer came from Ithaca and that Telemachus was his father by Epicasta, daughter of Nestor.[9][10]
According to Aristotle and Dictys of Crete, Telemachus married Nausicaa, King Alcinous's daughter, and fathered a son named Perseptolis or Ptoliporthus.[11]
Eustathius says that the mother was Polycaste, the daughter of Nestor.[12] Others relate that he became the father of Latinus by Circe (Hygin. Fab. 127; comp. Telegonus). He is also said to have had a daughter called Roma, who married Aeneas (Serv. ad Aen. i. 273.).[13]
Servius (ad Aen. x. 167) makes Telemachus the founder of the town of Clusium in Etruria.[14]
Other appearances
editTelemachus was the subject of numerous operas throughout the eighteenth century, most based on Fénelon's version.[15] Among the most famous of these operas were André Cardinal Destouches's Télémaque (1714), Alessandro Scarlatti's Telemaco (1718), Gluck's Telemaco, ossia L'isola di Circe (1765), Giuseppe Gazzaniga's Gli errori di Telemaco (1776), Jean-François Le Sueur's Télémaque dans l'île de Calypso ou Le triomphe de la sagesse (1796), Simon Mayr's Telemaco nell'isola di Calipso (1797), and Fernando Sor's Telemaco nell'isola di Calipso (1797).
Telemachus appears in Alfred, Lord Tennyson's 1833 poem "Ulysses," where the title speaker (based on Dante's version) expresses disappointment in his son.
Telemachus is a frequent character in the poetry of Louise Glück.[16]
Telemachus was the name of Carole King's cat and is pictured on the cover of her album Tapestry.[17]
"Telemachus" is the title of a poem by American poet Ocean Vuong.[18]
Notes
edit- ^ The Odyssey. George Herbert Palmer, 1921, prose.
- ^ Brann, p. 277.
- ^ Homer, Odyssey Books I–II
- ^ Homer Odyssey Book III
- ^ Homer Odyssey Book IV
- ^ Homer, Odyssey Books XV–XVI
- ^ Homer, Odyssey Books XXI–XXII
- ^ Salazar, Christine (2002–2003). Brill's New Pauly Volume 2. The Netherlands: Brill Leiden Boston. p. 1164. ISBN 9004122656.
- ^ "Hesiod, The Homeric Hymns, and Homerica" Archived 2019-12-03 at the Wayback Machine (Contest of Homer and Hesiod)
- ^ Parke, Herbert William (1967). Greek Oracles. pp. 136–137 citing the Certamen, 12.
- ^ Allan, Arlene (2010). "The Authority of Telemachus". Classical Antiquity. 19 (1): 14–30. doi:10.1525/CA.2014.33.1.31.
- ^ Brill’s New Pauly s.v. Perseptolis Archived 2022-04-29 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology
- ^
Schmitz, Leonhard (1870). "Telemachus". In Smith, William (ed.). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. Vol. III. p. 989.
- ^ Monson, Dale E. (2001). "Telemachus". In Sadie, Stanley; Tyrrell, John (eds.). The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan Publishers. ISBN 978-1-56159-239-5.
- ^ "Louise Glück's Poetry and Prose". www.baymoon.com. Archived from the original on May 29, 2022. Retrieved Feb 19, 2023.
- ^ Brown, Helen (7 March 2016). "Carole King interview: 'I didn't have the courage to write songs initially'". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 28 December 2012. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
- ^ "Telemachus | Forward Arts Foundation". Archived from the original on 2018-09-05. Retrieved 2018-09-05.
References
edit- Brann, Eva, Homeric Moments: Clues to Delight in Reading the Odyssey and the Iliad, Paul Dry Books, 2002. ISBN 9781589882805.
- Homer, The Odyssey with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, PH.D. in two volumes. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1919. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
External links
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Media related to Telemachus at Wikimedia Commons
- Telemachus – Τηλέμαχος, Carlos Parada at the Greek Mythology Link