Thai nationalism is a political ideology involving the application of nationalism to the political discourse of Thailand. It was first popularized by King Vajiravudh (Rama VI, r. 1910–1925), and was subsequently adopted and adapted by various leading political factions throughout the twentieth century.
History
editThe origins of Thai nationalist thought derive from the creation of the Thai nation-state in the mid-nineteenth century during the reigns of Vajiravudh's predecessors Mongkut (Rama IV, r. 1851–1868) and Chulalongkorn (Rama V, 1868–1910), whose reforms in response to colonial pressures resulted in the reconceptualization of the kingdom as a modern polity. Vajiravudh, through his numerous writings, promoted nationalism as a distinct ideology, employing historical narratives written by Prince Damrong Rajanubhab and popularizing his views of patriotism. He ascribed the country to a trinity of "nation-religion-monarchy", concepts represented in the national flag adopted in 1917. The Thai nation, in his view, was "a corporate body of people living within the Siam boundary, imbued with a common identity, striving for common goals, and placing public interests ahead of private ones".[1]
Following the bloodless coup which abolished absolute monarchy in 1932 and the abdication of Vajiravudh's successor Prajadhipok (Rama VII) in 1935, the rise to power of Prime Minister Plaek Phibunsongkhram (Phibun), Thailand's fascist strongman leader, saw the promotion of a new wave of nationalism during his first prime ministership from 1938 to 1944. Supported by writings by his cultural advisor Luang Wichitwathakan, the country's official name was changed from Siam to Thailand in 1939, and cultural mandates and reforms that aimed to define Thainess were implemented to promote national assimilation of Chinese immigrants and other non-Thai-speaking minorities in a process known as Thaification. An irredentist ideology known as Pan-Thaiism was promoted with the aim of reclaiming lost territories from the French and British, which were briefly realized during World War II but abandoned thereafter.[1][2]
As national politics shifted to an anti-communist stance during the Cold War, Thai nationalism was again reframed during the prime ministership of Sarit Thanarat, who deposed Phibun in 1957 and became prime minister in 1958. Sarit promoted a revival of the institution of the monarchy, which had fallen in influence since the 1932 revolution. The government promoted the public image of King Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX), whose many development projects aimed to benefit far-flung rural communities, and the King came to be regarded as a unifying figure and symbol of national loyalty. From the 1970s, the motto of nation-religion-monarchy was revived, and the concept of "democracy with the king as head of state" promoted as the pillar of the country's governance.[1]
21st century
editIn 2018 the Thai government created a "soft power" campaign called Thai Niyom ('Thai-ism') (Thai: ไทยนิยม; RTGS: thai niyom) to reinforce the notion of Thai exceptionalism. It includes "12 Core Values", reminiscent of the earlier Thai cultural mandates. The campaign has been criticized by some academics as "mere state propaganda".[3][4] In 2019, the rise of the Future Forward Party and its intention to change the existing political, economic, and social order by promoting equality, decentralisation, and modernisation, has given rise to accusations by conservative opponents of chung chart (Thai: ชังชาติ; RTGS: chang chat) ('hating the nation' or 'anti-patriotism'), a new variant of "anti-Thainess".[5] Warong Dechgitvigrom, a conservative politician, stated that, "...today, attempts have been made to instil dangerous beliefs in the new generation, which I'd like to call chung chart,..."[6] He defined the unpatriotic as "...people who insult the monarchy, do not support religion, look down on their own culture, speak ill of their own country, and refuse to accept court rulings."[5][7]
Prime Minister Prayut Chan-o-cha, in early 2020, ordered the Fine Arts Department to film a series of war movies to boost Thai patriotism. The series will depict Thailand's engagements in world and regional wars, such as the Battle of Pork Chop Hill (1953) and the Vietnam War, and Thailand's roles in World Wars I and II. A second set of films will tell stories about the battles with foreign invaders such as the Battle of Ko Chang 1941 during the Franco-Thai War. A third set will focus on local and internal conflicts such as the Khao Kho Battle (1968) and the Romklao Battle (1988). The films will likely be feature films rather than documentaries.[8] The aim of the films is to "whip up a sense of patriotism" to help reduce conflict in society.[9]
References
edit- ^ a b c Thananithichot, Stithorn (June 2011). "Understanding Thai Nationalism and Ethnic Identity". Journal of Asian and African Studies. 46 (3): 250–263. doi:10.1177/0021909611399735. S2CID 144419101.
- ^ Reynolds, Bruce (2004). "Phibun Songkhram And Thai Nationalism in the Fascist Era". European Journal of East Asian Studies. 3 (1): 99–134. doi:10.1163/1570061033004686.
- ^ Phataranawik, Phatarawadee (27 May 2018). "Special Report: How the junta misused culture to boost 'Thai-ism'". The Nation. Archived from the original on 28 May 2018. Retrieved 28 May 2018.
- ^ Wangkiat, Paritta (1 February 2018). "Thainess: History doesn't repeat, but rhymes". Opinion. Bangkok Post. Archived from the original on 2 Feb 2024. Retrieved 3 December 2019.
- ^ a b Achakulwisut, Atiya (3 December 2019). "Elite hide behind phoney shield of 'patriotism'". Opinion. Bangkok Post. Archived from the original on 2 Feb 2024. Retrieved 3 December 2019.
- ^ "Warong joins ACT, vows to fight 'chung chart'". Bangkok Post. 23 November 2019. Archived from the original on 2 Feb 2024. Retrieved 3 December 2019.
- ^ Rojanaphruk, Pravit (14 December 2019). "Opinion: Confessions of a Thai "Nation-Hater"". Khaosod English. Retrieved 14 December 2019.
- ^ "War movies planned to promote patriotism". Bangkok Post. 14 February 2020. Archived from the original on 2 Feb 2024. Retrieved 15 February 2020.
- ^ Achkulwisut, Atiya (18 February 2020). "Govt won't win Oscar for army propaganda". Opinion. Bangkok Post. Archived from the original on 2 Feb 2024. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
Further reading
edit- Vella, Walter F.; Vella, Dorothy B. (1978). Chaiyo! King Vajiravudh and the Development of Thai Nationalism. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctv9zck42. ISBN 0824804937.
- Sturm, Andreas (2006). The king's nation: A study of the emergence and development of nation and nationalism in Thailand (PhD thesis). London School of Economics and Political Science (United Kingdom).