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Mrs. Beeton's Book of Household Management

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Mrs. Beeton's Book of Household Management, also published as Mrs. Beeton's Cookery Book, is an extensive guide to running a household in Victorian Britain, edited by Isabella Beeton and first published as a book in 1861. Previously published in parts, it initially and briefly bore the title Beeton's Book of Household Management, as one of the series of guidebooks published by her husband, Samuel Beeton. The recipes were highly structured, in contrast to those in earlier cookbooks. It was illustrated with many monochrome and colour plates.

Mrs. Beeton's Book of Household Management
Title page: the first edition did not use the "Mrs." of later editions.
AuthorIsabella Beeton
LanguageEnglish
SubjectCookery
GenreManual
PublisherS. O. Beeton Publishing
Publication date
1861
TextMrs. Beeton's Book of Household Management at Wikisource

Although Mrs. Beeton died in 1865, the book continued to be a best-seller. The first editions after her death contained an obituary notice, but later editions did not, allowing readers to imagine that every word was written by an experienced Mrs. Beeton personally. Many of the recipes were copied from the most successful cookery books of the day, including Eliza Acton's Modern Cookery for Private Families (first published in 1845), Elizabeth Raffald's The Experienced English Housekeeper (originally published in 1769), Marie-Antoine Carême's Le Pâtissier royal Parisien (1815), Hannah Glasse's The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy (1747), Maria Eliza Rundell's A New System of Domestic Cookery (1806), and the works of Charles Elmé Francatelli (1805–1876). This practice of Mrs. Beeton's has in modern times repeatedly been described as plagiarism.[citation needed]

The book expanded steadily in length until by 1907 it reached 74 chapters and over 2,000 pages. Nearly two million copies were sold by 1868, and as of 2016 it remained in print. Between 1875 and 1914 it was probably the most often-consulted cookery book. Mrs. Beeton has been compared on the strength of the book with modern "domestic goddesses"[1] like Nigella Lawson and Delia Smith.[1]

History

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Presentation of fish dishes: filleted soles, boiled salmon, cod's head and shoulders

The author, Isabella Beeton, was 21 years old when she started working on the book. It was initially serialised in 24 monthly instalments, in her husband Samuel Orchart Beeton's publication The Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine; the first instalment appeared in 1859.[1] On 1 October 1861, the instalments were collected into one volume with the title The Book of Household Management, comprising information for the Mistress, Housekeeper, Cook, Kitchen-Maid, Butler, Footman, Coachman, Valet, Upper and Under House-Maids, Lady's-Maid, Maid-of-all-Work, Laundry-Maid, Nurse and Nurse-Maid, Monthly Wet and Sick Nurses, etc. etc. – also Sanitary, Medical, & Legal Memoranda: with a History of the Origin, Properties, and Uses of all Things Connected with Home Life and Comfort.[1]

In its preface she wrote:

I must frankly own, that if I had known, beforehand, that this book would have cost me the labour which it has, I should never have been courageous enough to commence it. What moved me, in the first instance, to attempt a work like this, was the discomfort and suffering which I had seen brought upon men and women by household mismanagement. I have always thought that there is no more fruitful source of family discontent than a housewife's badly-cooked dinners and untidy ways.[2]

Beeton's half-sister, Lucy Smiles, was later asked about her memories of the book's development. She recalled:

Different people gave their recipes for the book. That for Baroness pudding (a suet pudding with a plethora of raisins) was given by the Baroness de Tessier, who lived at Epsom. No recipe went into the book without a successful trial, and the home at Pinner was the scene of many experiments and some failures. I remember Isabella coming out of the kitchen one day, 'This won't do at all,' she said, and gave me the cake that had turned out like a biscuit. I thought it very good. It had currants in it.[3]

Previously published as a part-work, it was first published as a book in 1861 by S. O. Beeton Publishing, 161 Bouverie Street, London, a firm founded by Samuel Beeton.[4] The book was an immediate best-seller, selling 60,000 copies in its first year[5][6] and totalling nearly two million by 1868.[5][6] In 2010 a copy of the first edition of Household Management in "top condition" was stated to be worth more than £1,000.[7] In 1863 a revised edition was issued.[8]

In 1866, a year after Isabella's death, Samuel was in debt due to the collapse of Overend and Gurney, a London discount house to which he owed money. To save himself from bankruptcy he sold the copyright to all of his publications for a little over £19,000.[9] Of that, the rights to Household Management were sold to publishers Ward, Lock and Tyler for £3,250.[9][10] The early editions included an obituary notice for Beeton, but the publishers insisted it be removed "allowing readers to imagine – perhaps even as late as 1915 – that some mob-capped matriarch was out there still keeping an eye on them".[11]

Revisions to Household Management by its publisher have continued to the present day. The effort has kept the Beeton name in the public eye for over 125 years, although current editions are far removed from those published in Mrs. Beeton's lifetime. By 1906 the book had 2,056 pages, "exclusive of advertising", with 3,931 recipes and was "half as large again" as the previous edition.[12]

Book

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Contents

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First page of the first chapter of Book of Household Management

The following description refers to the 1907 edition; the book was greatly extended in the decades since Mrs. Beeton's death (in 1865) to 74 chapters and over 2000 pages;[13] the first edition had 44 chapters.[14]

The book begins with general chapters on the duties of the "mistress", the housekeeper, and the cook. There follow chapters on the kitchen itself, "marketing" (choosing good-quality produce at the market), and an introduction to cookery (Chapter 6).[15] Together, these take up over 100 pages. Chapters seven to 38 (roughly 1000 pages) cover English cooking, with recipes for soups, gravies, fish, meat (principally veal, beef, mutton and lamb, and pork), poultry, game, preserves, vegetables, pastries, puddings, sweets, jams, pickles, and savouries.[16] Chapter 39 describes the "art of carving at table", supported by eleven illustrations.[17] Chapters 40 to 50 (some 200 pages) give instructions for dairy products, vegetarian and invalid (sick person) cookery, making bread, biscuits and cakes, and beverages.[18] Chapters 51 to 59 describe cooking in various international styles including French, German, Spanish, Jewish, Australian, South African, Indian, American, and Canadian cookery.[19] Chapters 60 to 68 guide on matters from trussing poultry to the definitions of culinary terms, arranging meals, decorating the table, making menus, and the duties of domestic servants.[20] Chapters 69 to 73 describe "household recipes" and medical preparations.[21] The final chapter, 74, offers "legal memoranda".[22]

There is a detailed index. The edition includes advertisements for products such as "Lemco" beef extract and "Cadbury's Cocoa".[13]

Approach

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Full-page 1907 colour plate of types of fish to buy from the fishmonger: red mullet, grayling, John Dory, mackerel, cod, whiting, salmon, herring, plaice, flounder, gurnet, crayfish

The preface sets out the book's goal of providing "men" with such well-cooked food at home that it may compete with what they could eat "at their clubs, well-ordered taverns, and dining-houses".[2] Mrs. Beeton claims that:

I have attempted to give, under the chapters devoted to cookery, an intelligible arrangement to every recipe, a list of the ingredients, a plain statement of the mode of preparing each dish, and a careful estimate of its cost, the number of people for whom it is sufficient, and the time when it is seasonable[2]

She explains that she was thus attempting to make the basics of cookery "intelligible" to any "housewife".[2]

The first chapter sets the tone of the book with a quotation from the Book of Proverbs, and in early editions cites also The Vicar of Wakefield with:[23]

The modest virgin, the prudent wife, and the careful matron, are much more serviceable in life than petticoated philosophers, blustering heroines, or virago queens. She who makes her husband and her children happy, who reclaims the one from vice and trains up the other to virtue[23][24]

The book thus advocates early rising, cleanliness, frugality, good temper, and the wisdom of interviewing servants rather than relying on written references.[23]

Cookery is introduced with words about "the progress of mankind from barbarism to civilization", with a mention of man "in his primitive state, [living] upon roots and the fruits of the earth", rising to become in turn "a hunter and a fisher"; then a "herdsman" and finally "the comfortable condition of a farmer." It is granted that "the fruits of the earth, the fowls of the air, the beasts of the field, and the fish of the sea, are still the only food of mankind", but that:[25]

[T]hese are so prepared, improved, and dressed by skill and ingenuity, that they are the means of immeasurably extending the boundaries of human enjoyments.

The text then swiftly passes to a description of simple measures like a table-spoonful, and the duties of servants.[25]

The whole rest of the book is taken up with instructions for cooking, with an introduction in each chapter to the type of food it describes. The first of these, on soups, begins "Lean, juicy beef, mutton, and veal form the basis of all good soups; therefore it is advisable to procure those pieces which afford the richest succulence, and such as are fresh-killed." The account of how to make soup consists of a single essay, divided into general advice and numbered steps for making any kind of (meat-based) soup. This is followed in early editions by a separate chapter of recipes for soups of different kinds.[26]

Each recipe is structured into a title, a list of ingredients (with quantities, either natural – as a number of eggs or vegetables, a number of slices of ham – or measured in Imperial units – ounces of salt, quarts of water. The actual instructions are headed "Mode", as "Cut up the veal, and put it with the bones and trimmings of poultry". A separate section gives the overall preparation time, and the average cost as, for example, "9d. per quart".[a] Many recipes state in separate brief sections when a recipe is "seasonable and for how many persons it is "sufficient". Finally, a "note" gives any required advice, such as "When stronger stock is desired, double the quantity of veal, or put in an old fowl." This highly structured presentation was the book's main innovation.[27]

Oddities

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(The tomato's) flavour stimulates the appetite and is almost universally approved. The Tomato is a wholesome fruit, and digests easily. ... it has been found to contain a particular acid, a volatile oil, a brown, very fragrant extracto-resinous matter, a vegeto-mineral matter, muco-saccharine, some salts, and, in all probability, an alkaloid. The whole plant has a disagreeable odour, and its juice, subjected to the action of the fire, emits a vapour so powerful as to cause vertigo and vomiting.

Book of Household Management sections 1158–1159. The conflicting opinions on the tomato occurring on the same page have been noted as seemingly careless editing.[28]

Despite professing to be a guide of reliable information about every aspect of running a house for the aspirant middle classes, the original edition devotes 23 pages to household management, then discusses cooking for almost all of the other 900. Even with the emphasis on food, some of her cooking advice is so odd as to suggest that she had little experience preparing meals. For example, the book recommends boiling pasta for an hour and forty-five minutes. Like many other British people of her social class and generation, Mrs. Beeton adopted a distaste for unfamiliar foods, saying that mangoes tasted like turpentine, lobsters were indigestible, garlic was offensive, potatoes were "suspicious; a great many are narcotic, and many are deleterious", cheese could only be consumed by sedentary people, and tomatoes were either good or bad for a range of reasons.[28]

Unlike earlier cookbook authors, such as Hannah Glasse, the book offered an "emphasis on thrift and economy".[1] It also discarded the style of previous writers who employed "daunting paragraph[s] of text with ingredients and method jumbled up together" for what is a recognisably modern "user-friendly formula listing ingredients, method, timings and even the estimated cost of each recipe".[1][29]

Plagiarism

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In a critical letter, Mrs. Beeton's acquaintance Mrs. Henrietta Mary Pourtois English advised her that "Cookery is a Science that is only learnt by Long Experience[b] and years of study which of course you have not had. Therefore my advice would be to compile a book from recipes from a Variety of the Best Books published on Cookery and Heaven knows there is a great variety for you to choose from."[30] The recipes were largely copied from the most successful cookery books of the day, the copying in several cases unacknowledged in the text. The "variety" included Eliza Acton's Modern Cookery for Private Families[31] and her The English Bread–Book,[c] Elizabeth Raffald's The Experienced English Housekeeper, Marie-Antoine Carême's Le Pâtissier royal Parisien,[33] Louis Eustache Ude's The French Cook,[d] Alexis Soyer's The Modern Housewife or, Ménagère and The Pantropheon, Hannah Glasse's The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy, Maria Eliza Rundell's A New System of Domestic Cookery, and the works of Charles Elmé Francatelli.[34][35][36]

In modern times Mrs. Beeton's practice has been criticised as plagiarism; Beeton's modern biographer Kathryn Hughes talks of her "lifting" and "brazenly copying" recipes from others, and says that this was "the way that cookery books had been put together from time immemorial ...".[37] The New York Times said, "Isabella [Beeton] plagiarised only the best".[38] This led to the comment that "Mrs Beeton couldn't cook but she could copy".[39] Hughes recounts that Beeton's "first recipe for Victoria sponge was so inept that she left out the eggs" and that her work was "brazenly copied ... almost word for word, from books as far back as the Restoration".[39] The influential 20th-century food writer Elizabeth David dismissed her as "a plagiarist"[40] and later wrote: "I wonder if I would have ever learned to cook at all if I had been given a routine Mrs. Beeton to learn from".[41]

Illustrations

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The 1907 edition runs to some 30 full-page colour plates and over 100 full-page illustrations in monochrome. These include photographs, such as of the housekeeper standing with hands behind her back in her kitchen (pictured), facing the first page of Chapter two, "The Housekeeper". An idea of the amount of detail may be gained from the fact that there are eleven illustrations of types of fish (one pictured), such as "steamed sole" and "soused mackerel", and another of "fish entrées".[42]

One full-page colour plate (pictured) illustrated a range of puddings, showing jelly, raspberry cream, a centre dish piled high with fruits, a trifle, and an ornamental flowerpot containing a strawberry plant.[42]

Another full-page colour plate (pictured) showed a variety of fruits including apricots, white and black cherries, white, red, and black currants, a melon, strawberries, and varieties of plums, all piled high on circular dishes or fruit stands.[42]

  •  
    Kitchen with a housekeeper, 1907
  •  
    Kitchen equipment, 1907
  •  
    Full-page colour plate of puddings
  •  
    Full-page colour plate of fruits
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    Roast meats, 1901

Influence and legacy

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Contemporary

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The preface of Wilhelmina Rawson's Queensland Cookery and Poultry Book (1878), published in Australia, observes that: "Mrs. Lance Rawson's Cookery Book ... is written entirely for the Colonies, and for the middle classes, and for those people who cannot afford to buy a Mrs. Beeton or a Warne, but who can afford the three shillings for this."[43][44]

The Oxford English Dictionary recognised that, by the 1890s, Beeton's name "was adopted as a term for an authority on all things domestic and culinary".[45] The Robert Mondavi Institute for Wine and Food Science observed that "it was probably found in more homes than any other cookery book, and [was probably] the most often consulted, in the years 1875 to 1914".[8]

A chapter of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's novel A Duet, with an Occasional Chorus (1899) is entitled, "Concerning Mrs. Beeton"; a character declares: "Mrs. Beeton must have been the finest housekeeper in the world, therefore Mr. Beeton must have been the happiest and most comfortable man".[46][47]

Modern

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Mrs. Beeton has been described as "the grandmother of modern domestic goddesses", like Nigella Lawson and Delia Smith, who saw, as Beeton did, the need to provide reassuring advice on culinary matters for the British middle classes.[1] However, while Lawson and Smith "insist that cooking can be easy, fun and uncomplicated", Beeton "acknowledges the labour and skill required to cook well".[1]

The book is referenced repeatedly in The Wind in the Willows (TV series) episode "The Masterchef". Mr. Toad attempts to make an apricot souffle, but the wind blows the pages to a "mustard and linseed poultice" remedy from the medical preparations section midway through. He fails to notice. Luckily, the linseed oil ignites in the oven and destroys the dish before he can serve it to his friends.

The food writer and chef Gerard Baker tested and revised 220 of Beeton's recipes, and published the result as Mrs. Beeton: How To Cook (2011).[48]

For the book's 150th anniversary in 2011, the Royal Society of Chemistry planned to feature one of Beeton's recipes. Due to the financial climate at the time in wake of the Great Recession, the Society selected Beeton's toast sandwich, a dish that Beeton included to cater to the less well-off.[49]

In 2012, the food economist for the British television period drama Downton Abbey described Beeton's book as an "important guide" for the food served in the series.[50]

During Season 1 Episode 2 from 2019 of Good Omens, a Victorian style hardback book is used as a prop by the archangel Gabriel (played by Jon Hamm) as he visits the angel Aziraphale (played by Michael Sheen) at his book shop, and the binding is displayed at 1:17 into the episode. While the title of the episode is referring to a different book, the close-up shot of the binding and the width make it clear to the viewer that Jon Hamm's character is holding the 2,000-page full text, with "Modern Edition" added below the title on the spine.[51]

Editions

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The book has appeared in many editions, including:[52]

Notes

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  1. ^ "d" means a penny, 1/240 of a pound sterling.
  2. ^ Emphasis in the original.
  3. ^ Acton is acknowledged with "The following observations are extracted from a valuable work on Bread-making,† and will be found very useful to our readers ... [Footnote: †'The English Bread–Book.' By Eliza Acton. London: Longman.]".[32]
  4. ^ Ude is however acknowledged in chapters 6, 17, 21, 23 and 27.

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Russell, Polly (2010-12-03). "Mrs Beeton, the first domestic goddess". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 2015-12-08. Retrieved 2013-09-10.
  2. ^ a b c d Beeton. Preface.
  3. ^ "The Home Page". The Advocate. Burnie, Tasmania: National Library of Australia. 20 June 1936. p. 12 Edition: Daily. Retrieved 10 September 2013.
  4. ^ Johannsen, Albert (1950). "Beeton, Samuel Orchart.". The House of Beadle & Adams and its Dime and Nickel Novels: The Story of a Vanished Literature. Vol. II. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 32–33. Archived from the original on 2021-01-03. Retrieved 2016-03-01.
  5. ^ a b "Mrs Beeton (1836–1865)". BBC. 2014. Archived from the original on 3 January 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2018.
  6. ^ a b Stark, Monica (July 2001). "Domesticity for Victorian Dummies". January Magazine. Archived from the original on 3 January 2021. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
  7. ^ Miller, Judith (2010-03-21). "Cookery Books". Millers' Antiques Guide. Retrieved 2013-09-10.
  8. ^ a b "Beeton, Mrs Isabella Mary 14 March 1836–6 February 1865". UC Davis Robert Mondavi Institute for Wine and Food Science. Archived from the original on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 1 March 2016.
  9. ^ a b "Miscellaneous". The South Australian Advertiser. Adelaide: National Library of Australia. 18 March 1867. p. 4. Retrieved 10 September 2013.
  10. ^ "How successful was Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management?". Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper. No. 1257. 23 December 1866. Archived from the original on 18 June 2010.
  11. ^ Barnes, Julian (5 April 2003). "Mrs Beeton to the rescue". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 19 November 2015. Retrieved 1 March 2016.
  12. ^ "The Cookery Book". Western Mail. Perth: National Library of Australia. 25 August 1906. p. 38. Archived from the original on 3 January 2021. Retrieved 10 September 2013.
  13. ^ a b Beeton, 1907 edition.
  14. ^ Beeton, 1861 edition.
  15. ^ Beeton, 1907. Chapters 1 to 6
  16. ^ Beeton, 1907. Chapters 7 to 38
  17. ^ Beeton, 1907. Chapter 39
  18. ^ Beeton, 1907. Chapters 40 to 50
  19. ^ Beeton, 1907. Chapters 51 to 59
  20. ^ Beeton, 1907. Chapters 60 to 68
  21. ^ Beeton, 1907. Chapters 69 to 73
  22. ^ Beeton, 1907. Chapter 74
  23. ^ a b c Beeton. "The Mistress".
  24. ^ Goldsmith, Oliver (1766). The Vicar of Wakefield. R. Collins.
  25. ^ a b Beeton. "Cookery".
  26. ^ Beeton. "Stock and Soups".
  27. ^ Carpenter, Julie (17 November 2011). "Mrs Beeton's recipe of shame". The Daily Express. Retrieved 1 March 2016.
  28. ^ a b Bryson, Bill (2011). At home: a short history of private life (1st Anchor Books ed.). New York: Anchor Books. ISBN 978-0-7679-1939-5.
  29. ^ Stringer, Helen (19 January 2000). "Mrs. Beeton Saved My Life". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 29 December 2013. Retrieved 10 September 2013.
  30. ^ Spain, Nancy (1948). Mrs Beeton and her Husband. Collins. p. 115. OCLC 3178766.
  31. ^ Hardy, Sheila (2011). The Real Mrs. Beeton: The Story of Eliza Acton. History Press. p. 203. ISBN 978-0-7524-6680-4.
  32. ^ Mrs Beeton (1861). Mrs. Beeton's Book of Household Management, Chapter 34: General Observations On Bread, Biscuits, and Cakes, section 1692. Archived from the original on 2021-01-03. Retrieved 2016-03-13. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  33. ^ Broomfield, Andrea (Summer 2008). "Rushing Dinner to the Table: The Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine and Industrialization's Effects on Middle-Class Food and Cooking, 1852–1860". Victorian Periodicals Review. 41 (2): 101–23. doi:10.1353/vpr.0.0032. JSTOR 20084239. S2CID 161900658.
  34. ^ Hughes, Kathryn (2006). The Short Life and Long Times of Mrs Beeton. HarperCollins. pp. 198–201, 206–10. ISBN 978-0-7524-6122-9.
  35. ^ Hughes, Kathryn. "Mrs Beeton and the art of household management". The British Library. Archived from the original on 6 January 2016. Retrieved 13 March 2016. Published under Creative Commons Attribution Licence
  36. ^ Brown, Mark (2 June 2006). "Mrs Beeton couldn't cook but she could copy, reveals historian". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015.
  37. ^ Bertelsen, Cynthia D. (23 August 2010). "Ladies of the Pen and the Cookpot: Isabella Beeton (Part I) – Cynthia D. Bertelsen's Gherkins & Tomatoes". Gherkinstomatoes.com. Archived from the original on 13 March 2016. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
  38. ^ Shapiro, Laura (28 May 2006). "'The Short Life and Long Times of Mrs. Beeton,' by Kathryn Hughes: Domestic Goddess". New York Times. Archived from the original on 3 January 2021. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
  39. ^ a b Brown, Mark (2006-06-02). "Mrs Beeton couldn't cook but she could copy, reveals historian". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2015-12-08. Retrieved 2013-09-10.
  40. ^ Leith, Prue (14 August 2005). "The original domestic goddess". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 3 January 2021. Retrieved 10 September 2013.
  41. ^ Cooper, Artemis (2000). Writing at the Kitchen Table – The Authorized Biography of Elizabeth David. Michael Joseph. p. 45. ISBN 0-7181-4224-1.
  42. ^ a b c Beeton, 1907. Illustrations
  43. ^ "The Queensland Cookery and Poultry Book.*". The Queenslander. Brisbane: National Library of Australia. 5 March 1887. p. 391. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
  44. ^ "Advertising". The Morning Bulletin. Rockhampton, Qld.: National Library of Australia. 30 December 1886. p. 3. Archived from the original on 3 January 2021. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
  45. ^ Etty, Claire. "The language of cooking: from 'Forme of Cury' to 'Pukka Tucker'". Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2013-09-10.
  46. ^ Wikisource:A Duet, with an Occasional Chorus/Chapter XI
  47. ^ "BOOKS, PUBLICATIONS, ETC". Australian Town and Country Journal. NSW: National Library of Australia. 25 July 1906. p. 34. Retrieved 10 September 2013.
  48. ^ Sitwell, William (2012-04-18). "What Mrs. Beeton did to us". The Spectator. Archived from the original on 2013-12-29. Retrieved 2013-09-10.
  49. ^ "RSC press release: Mrs. Beeton's toast sandwich". www.rsc.org. 15 November 2011. Archived from the original on 2015-10-16. Retrieved 2015-11-09.
  50. ^ Krystal, Becky (2012-12-31). "On 'Downton Abbey,' aspic matters". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2013-10-29. Retrieved 2013-09-10.
  51. ^ https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1869454/episodes?season=1&ref_=tt_eps_sn_1
  52. ^ Book of Household management. WorldCat. OCLC 78724054.
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