Wikipedia

The King of Comedy (film)

(Redirected from The King of Comedy (1982 film))
For the 1999 Hong Kong film, see King of Comedy (film).

The King of Comedy is a 1982[3] American satirical black comedy film directed by Martin Scorsese and starring Robert De Niro (in his fifth collaboration with Scorsese), Jerry Lewis and Sandra Bernhard.[4] Written by Paul D. Zimmerman, the film focuses on themes such as celebrity worship and American media culture. 20th Century-Fox released the film on February 18, 1983, in the United States,[5] though the film was released two months earlier in Iceland.[6]

The King of Comedy
Theatrical release poster
Directed byMartin Scorsese
Written byPaul D. Zimmerman
Produced byArnon Milchan
Starring
CinematographyFred Schuler
Edited byThelma Schoonmaker
Music byRobbie Robertson
Production
company
Distributed by20th Century-Fox
Release dates
  • December 18, 1982 (1982-12-18) (Iceland)
  • February 18, 1983 (1983-02-18) (United States)
Running time
109 minutes
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Budget$19 million[1]
Box office$2.5 million[2]

In the film, an aspiring stand-up comedian is increasingly obsessed with a successful comedian whom he met by chance.

Production began in New York on June 1, 1981, to avoid clashing with a forthcoming writers' strike,[7] and opened at the Cannes Film Festival in 1983.[8][9] The film received mostly positive reviews from critics but was a flop at the box office, grossing only $2.5 million against its $19 million budget. It is the first production of Embassy International Pictures, later Regency Enterprises.

Plot

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Rupert Pupkin is an aspiring yet delusional stand-up comedian trying to launch his career. After meeting Jerry Langford, a successful comedian and talk-show host, Rupert believes his "big break" has finally come. He attempts to book a spot on Langford's show, but is continually rebuffed by his staff, particularly Cathy Long, and finally by Langford himself. Along the way, Rupert indulges in elaborate and obsessive fantasies in which he and Langford are colleagues and friends.

Hoping to impress a bartender named Rita, Rupert invites her to accompany him when he arrives uninvited at Langford's country home. When Langford returns home to find Rupert and Rita settling in, he angrily tells them to leave. Rupert continues brushing off Langford's dismissals and Rita's urging until Langford finally retorts that he had only told Rupert he could call him so Langford would get rid of him. Bitterly vowing to work "50 times harder", Rupert finally leaves.

Exhausted with rejection, Rupert hatches a kidnapping plot with the help of Masha, a fellow stalker similarly obsessed with Langford. As ransom, Rupert demands that he be given the opening spot on that evening's episode of Langford's show (guest hosted by Tony Randall) and that the show be broadcast in normal fashion. The network's bosses, lawyers and the FBI agree to his demands, with the understanding that Langford will be released once the show airs. Between the taping of the show and the broadcast, Masha has her "dream date" with Langford, who is taped to a chair in her parents' Manhattan townhouse. Langford convinces her to untie him under the guise of seduction, at which time he seizes the gun, only to find it is a toy gun loaded with faulty pellets. He slaps Masha to subdue her and flees downtown, where he angrily sees Rupert's full stand-up routine on a series of television display sets.

Meanwhile, Rupert's act is well received by the studio audience. In his act, he describes his troubled upbringing while simultaneously laughing at his circumstances. Rupert then closes his act by confessing to the audience that he kidnapped Langford to break into show business. As the audience still laughs (thinking it is still a part of his act), Rupert responds by saying: "Tomorrow, you'll know I wasn't kidding and you'll all think I'm crazy. But I figure it this way: better to be king for a night than schmuck for a lifetime." Having shown the broadcast to Rita at her bar, he proudly submits to his arrest as the FBI agents profess distaste for his jokes.

The film ends with a news report of Rupert's crime which results in six years' imprisonment (he earns parole after two years), set to a montage of storefronts stocking his "long-awaited" autobiography, King for a Night, which states that Rupert still considers Langford his friend and mentor and that he is currently weighing several "attractive offers," including comedy tours and a film adaptation of his memoirs. Rupert later takes the stage for a television special with a live audience, where an announcer enthusiastically introduces him as the King of Comedy, while Rupert himself prepares to address his audience. The announcer repeats "Ladies and gentlemen, Rupert Pupkin", or similar variations seven times while the audience claps continuously and Rupert smiles, waves and bows at them.

Cast

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Principal cast

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Supporting cast

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Cameo appearances

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The Clash—members Mick Jones, Joe Strummer, Paul Simonon, their manager Kosmo Vinyl—and the musicians Ellen Foley and Don Letts appeared as Street Scum.[10] Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio played an extra in a crowd scene and was not listed in the credits of the film.

Production

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After Raging Bull was completed, Scorsese had thought about retiring from feature films to make documentaries instead because he felt "unsatisfied" and had not found his "inner peace" yet.[11] However, he was keen to do a pet project of his, The Last Temptation of Christ, and wanted De Niro to play Jesus Christ. De Niro was not interested and preferred their next collaboration to be a comedy. He had purchased the rights to a script by film critic Paul D. Zimmerman.[12] Michael Cimino was announced as the director for The King of Comedy on March 7, 1979, but was replaced by Martin Scorsese on November 10, due to production being stalled by Cimino's focus on the editing process of Heaven's Gate.[13][14]

Bob Fosse briefly considered directing the film and suggested Andy Kaufman as Rupert Pupkin, Sandra Bernhard as Masha and Sammy Davis Jr. as Jerry Langford. In the original draft that Fosse read, the Langford character was to be a self-absorbed, hypocritical host of 24-hour TV telethons for charity much like Jerry Lewis's own yearly telethons. Ultimately, Fosse passed on the film in favor of directing Star 80 instead, and the Langford character was switched from a telethon host to a late-night talk show host. Scorsese pondered whether he could face shooting another film, particularly with a looming strike by the Writers Guild of America. Producer Arnon Milchan aimed to keep the project away from Hollywood interference by filming entirely on location in New York, and felt he could deliver it on time with the involvement of a smaller film company.[12]

After a strong critical appreciation for the way in which he had shot Raging Bull, Scorsese felt that The King of Comedy needed a rawer cinematic style which would take its cues from early silent cinema, using more static camera shots and fewer dramatic close-ups. Scorsese has noted that Edwin S. Porter's 1903 film Life of an American Fireman greatly influenced The King of Comedy's visual style.[15] Scorsese shot scenes multiple times, spending a fortnight reshooting to perfect one scene, resulting in a large amount of footage which had to be edited down.[16]

De Niro prepared for the role of Rupert Pupkin by developing a "role reversal" technique, consisting of chasing down his own autograph-hunters, stalking them and asking them many questions. As Scorsese remembered, he even agreed to meet and talk with one of his longtime stalkers:

The guy was waiting for him with his wife, a shy suburban woman who was rather embarrassed by the situation. He wanted to take him to dinner at their house, a two-hour drive from New York. After he had persuaded him to stay in Manhattan, [De Niro] asked him, 'Why are you stalking me? What do you want?' He replied, 'To have dinner with you, have a drink, chat. My mom asked me to say hi.'[17]

De Niro also spent months watching stand-up comedians at work to get the rhythm and timing of their performances right. Fully in phase with his character, he went as far as declining an invitation to dinner from Lewis because he was "supposed to be at his throat and ready to kill him for [his] chance".[18]

In the biography/overview of his work, Scorsese on Scorsese, the director had high praise for Jerry Lewis, stating that during their first conversation before shooting, Lewis was extremely professional and assured him before shooting that there would be no ego clashes or difficulties. Scorsese said he felt Lewis' performance in the film was vastly underrated and deserved more acclaim.[19] In an interview with People magazine, Lewis claimed that Scorsese and De Niro employed method acting tricks during the filming, such as using antisemitic epithets to "pump up Lewis's anger".[20] Lewis described making the film as a pleasurable experience and noted that he got along well with both Scorsese and De Niro. Lewis said he was invited to collaborate on certain aspects of the script dealing with celebrity life. He suggested an ending in which Rupert Pupkin kills Jerry, but was turned down. As a result, Lewis thought that the film, while good, did not have a "finish".[21]

In an interview for the DVD, Scorsese stated that Lewis proposed the brief scene in which Langford, having acquiesced to an old lady's request for an autograph, refuses to speak on the phone to her relative, prompting her to scream at him, "You should only get cancer!" The scene was based on a real incident from Lewis's life, and he directed the actress playing the old lady to get the timing right.[22]

Writing

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At the time he wrote his script, Paul D. Zimmerman was inspired by a David Susskind show on autograph hunters and an Esquire article on a fanatical Johnny Carson follower.[23] Scorsese first became aware of Zimmerman's script after it was brought to him by Robert De Niro in 1974, but declined the project citing that he felt no personal connection with it.[24] Michael Cimino was attached to direct but his involvement with the script fell through when he left the project to direct Heaven's Gate. Prompted by the alienation he felt from his growing celebrity status,[25] and De Niro's insistence that the film could be made "real fast", and that it would be a "New York movie"[26] Scorsese's interest in the project was rekindled.

Casting

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Scorsese's first choice for talk show host Jerry Langford was Johnny Carson. Carson refused the role, saying "you know that one take is enough for me".[27] Joey Bishop, Orson Welles and Dick Cavett were also considered.[28] The entire Rat Pack was also considered—specifically Frank Sinatra and Dean Martin—before a decision was made to select Martin's old partner, Jerry Lewis.[27][29]

Principal photography

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Arnon Milchan suggested shooting begin a month earlier than scheduled to avoid possible work stoppage from the DGA strike. Furthermore, Scorsese was not in good health. The film was shot beginning on June 1, 1981, and lasting over a twenty-week period, with Scorsese shooting from 4 pm to 7 pm every day.[30][31]

Scorsese's health

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Scorsese had suffered from poor health both before and during the film's production. He had previously worked on three films close together and not long after, found himself hospitalized due to exhaustion and pneumonia. He had not recovered when shooting began.[32] The intensive filming schedule meant Scorsese could spend the remainder of his time recuperating.[30]

Music

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Robbie Robertson produced the music for the film's soundtrack and contributed his first original work after leaving The Band entitled "Between Trains".[33] This song, a tribute to a member of the production staff who had suddenly died, is on the soundtrack album but not in the movie itself. The King of Comedy soundtrack is a mix of popular music and thematic orchestral scoring by composer Bob James.[34] The soundtrack includes songs from artists such as B.B. King, Van Morrison and Ray Charles. This kind of hybridization of pop and scored music would later be used in Gangs of New York, The Aviator and The Departed.

Soundtrack album

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A soundtrack album was released on vinyl and cassette by Warner Bros. Records in 1983. The soundtrack was finally released on compact disc by Wounded Bird Records in 2016.

  1. The Pretenders – "Back on the Chain Gang" (3:51)
  2. B.B. King – "Ain't Nobody's Business" (3:33)
  3. Talking Heads – "Swamp" (5:13)
  4. Bob James – "King of Comedy" (4:23)
  5. Rickie Lee Jones – "Rainbow Sleeves" (3:39)
  6. Robbie Robertson – "Between Trains" (3:25)
  7. Ric Ocasek – "Steal the Night" (3:42)
  8. Ray Charles – "Come Rain or Come Shine" (3:40)
  9. David Sanborn – "The Finer Things" (4:27)
  10. Van Morrison – "Wonderful Remark" (3:57)

Home media

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The King of Comedy was released on Region 1 DVD on December 12, 2002, and on Region 2 on April 19, 2004.

A digital restoration of the movie was presented on April 27, 2013, as the closing film of De Niro's Tribeca Film Festival. This latest version was produced from the film's original camera negatives and features a restored soundtrack.[35] While the restored film was scheduled to be released onto Blu-ray on October 29, 2013,[36] the 30th Anniversary home media release was ultimately delayed for a release date of March 25, 2014.[37]

Stage musical

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In 2015, it was announced a stage musical for Broadway was to be made with Stephen Trask writing the music and lyrics, and a book by Chris D'Arienzo.[38]

Reception and legacy

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Although the film was well received by critics, it bombed at the box office. De Niro said that the film "maybe wasn't so well received because it gave off an aura of something that people didn't want to look at or know".[39] As of October 2023, 89% of critics have given the film a positive review on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes based on 70 critic reviews, with an average rating of 8.30/10. The site's critics consensus states, "Largely misunderstood upon its release, The King of Comedy today looks eerily prescient, and features a fine performance by Robert De Niro as a strangely sympathetic psychopath."[40] Metacritic gives it a weighted average score of 73 out of 100 based on 13 critic reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[41]

Time Out called it "Creepiest movie of the year in every sense, and one of the best".[42] Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film three out of four stars, writing, "The King of Comedy is one of the most arid, painful, wounded movies I've ever seen. It's hard to believe Scorsese made it". He also wrote, "Scorsese doesn't want laughs in this movie, and he also doesn't want release. The whole movie is about the inability of the characters to get any kind of a positive response to their bids for recognition." He concluded the film "is not, you may already have guessed, a fun movie. It is also not a bad movie. It is frustrating to watch, unpleasant to remember, and, in its own way, quite effective."[43] Fellow critic Gene Siskel recommended it on his list as part of their "Buried Treasures" in a 1986 episode of At the Movies.[44]

Dave Kehr of the Chicago Reader gave the film a favorable review, calling it "clearly an extension of Taxi Driver" and the "uncenteredness of the film is irritating, though it's irritating in an ambitious, risk-taking way".[45] Joyce Millman of Salon called it "Martin Scorsese's second-least popular movie, after The Last Temptation of Christ. Which is a shame, because it's Scorsese's second-greatest film, after Taxi Driver".[46] However, not all critics gave the film positive reviews. Adam Smith of Empire called it "Neither funny enough to be an effective black comedy nor scary enough to capitalise on its thriller/horror elements".[47]

David Ehrenstein, author of The Scorsese Picture, noted the mixed response of the film in his 1983 review. He stated that The King of Comedy "cuts too close to the bone for either large-scale mass audience approval or unanimous mainstream critical acclaim". He believed that the film presented a very critical portrayal of the Reagan administration in contrast to other films made during the administration's early years (although the script was written well before Reagan's election, and shooting began less than five months after Reagan took office). "At a time when the film world piles on simple-minded sentiment in thick gooey gobs, a picture like The King of Comedy appears a frontal assault. The triumph of the 'little guy' is revealed to be nothing more than lumpen neo-Fascist blood lust."[48]

Pauline Kael of The New Yorker was one of the critics who disliked the film, describing the character of Rupert Pupkin as "Jake LaMotta without fists". She went on to write that "De Niro in disguise denies his characters a soul. De Niro's 'bravura' acting in Mean Streets, Taxi Driver and New York, New York collapsed into 'anti-acting' after he started turning himself into repugnant flesh effigies of soulless characters ... Pupkin is a nothing." Scorsese says that "people were confused with King of Comedy and saw Bob as some sort of mannequin". Scorsese has called De Niro's role as Rupert Pupkin his favorite of all their collaborations.[49]

The Japanese filmmaker Akira Kurosawa cited The King of Comedy as one of his favorite films.[50][51] German director Wim Wenders numbered it among his 15 favorite films.[52] In a 2010 retrospective, Mark Kermode ranked the film among Scorsese's finest.[53]

Sandra Bernhard, who plays Masha in the film, indicated in a 2013 interview that Jack Black was interested in a remake. However, she dismissed the idea, saying it was "too late" to do it.[54] Actor Steve Carell and director Bennett Miller, both black comedy fans, cited The King of Comedy as a personal favorite[55] and inspiration to shape the sociopath character of John E. du Pont in Foxcatcher.[56] The screenplay for the 2019 film Joker, which also featured De Niro and written by director Todd Phillips and co-writer Scott Silver, is frequently cited by Phillips as drawing inspiration from both The King of Comedy and Scorsese's 1976 film Taxi Driver.[57][58][59]

Debate about ending

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The film provides no definitive answer as to whether the ending is reality or fantasy.[60]

In his commentary on The Criterion Collection DVD of Black Narcissus, Scorsese stated that Michael Powell's films influenced The King of Comedy in its conception of fantasy. Scorsese said that Powell always treated fantasy as no different from reality, and so made fantasy sequences as realistic as possible. Scorsese suggests that Rupert Pupkin's character fails to differentiate between his fantasies and reality in much the same way. Scorsese sought to achieve the same with the film so that, in his words, the "fantasy is more real than reality".

Taxi Driver connection

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Rupert Pupkin has been compared to Travis Bickle in Taxi Driver: both characters have serious issues with reality testing that is drawing the line between outer objective and inner subjective reality.[61] In her review, entertainment columnist Marilyn Beck approved Johnny Carson's refusal to participate in The King of Comedy, supposedly because he feared the film could inspire psychopaths like John Hinckley. Beck considered The King of Comedy even more dangerous than Taxi Driver due to its lack of blood and gore, as well as the fact that viewers could easily identify with De Niro.[62] In a documentary featured in the first DVD release of the film, Scorsese himself acknowledged the connection between the two characters: "Taxi Driver. Travis. Rupert. The isolated person. Is Rupert more violent than Travis? Maybe."[22]

Critic's lists

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Awards and nominations

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Year Association Category Nominated work Result Ref.
1983 Cannes Film Festival Palme d'Or Martin Scorsese Nominated
1983 BAFTA Awards Best Direction Nominated
Best Actor Robert De Niro Nominated
Best Supporting Actor Jerry Lewis Nominated
Best Original Screenplay Paul D. Zimmerman Won
Best Film Editing Thelma Schoonmaker Nominated
1984 London Film Critics' Circle Best Film of the Year The King of Comedy Won
1984 National Society of Film Critics Best Supporting Actress Sandra Bernhard Won

References

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  1. ^ Aubrey Solomon, Twentieth Century Fox: A Corporate and Financial History, Scarecrow Press, 1989 p260
  2. ^ "The King of Comedy (1983) - Box Office Mojo". www.boxofficemojo.com. Archived from the original on October 6, 2018. Retrieved October 13, 2019.
  3. ^ DVD of the Week: The King of Comedy|The New Yorker
  4. ^ The Jerry Lewis Films by James L. Neibaur and Ted Okuda. Jefferson, SC: McFarland, 1994, ISBN 0-89950-961-4.
  5. ^ Canby, Vincent (February 18, 1983). "Scorsese's 'King Of Comedy'". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 30, 2017. Retrieved February 13, 2017.
  6. ^ "Morgunblaðið, 18 December 1982". Timarit.is. Archived from the original on October 29, 2017. Retrieved February 6, 2017.
  7. ^ Thompson, David and Christie, Ian. Scorsese on Scorsese, p.87.
  8. ^ "Jerry Lewis Is The King At Cannes Film Festival". The New York Times. May 9, 1983. Archived from the original on December 25, 2013. Retrieved February 13, 2017.
  9. ^ "Latest Movie Features Best & Worst Lists". gb: Empireonline.com. Archived from the original on December 14, 2013. Retrieved February 6, 2017.
  10. ^ "That time the Clash appeared in Martin Scorsese's 'The King of Comedy'". Dangerous Minds. dangerousminds.net. May 24, 2016. Archived from the original on October 26, 2017. Retrieved October 14, 2019.
  11. ^ Jousse, Thierry; Saada, Nicolas (March 1996). "De Niro et moi". Les Cahiers du cinéma. 500.
  12. ^ a b Baxter, John De Niro A Biography pp. 219/20.
  13. ^ Medved & Medved 1984, p. 185.
  14. ^ Grist, Leighton (2013). The Films of Martin Scorsese, 1978–99: Authorship and Context II. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 69. ISBN 978-1-4039-2035-5.
  15. ^ Thompson, David Thompson, ed. (1991). Scorsese on Scorsese (Repr. ed.). London u.a.: Faber and Faber. p. 88. ISBN 0-571-15243-0.
  16. ^ Nicholson, Tom (February 18, 2023). "40 Years on, It's Clear: Martin Scorsese's 'The King of Comedy' Predicted the Future". Esquire. Retrieved June 17, 2023.
  17. ^ Levy, Shawn (2014). De Niro: A Life. New York: Crown Archetype. ISBN 978-0-307-71678-1.
  18. ^ Dougan, Andy (2011). Untouchable: Robert De Niro: Unauthorised. London: Random House. p. [page needed]. ISBN 978-0-7535-0407-9.
  19. ^ Thompson, David Thompson, ed. (1991). Scorsese on Scorsese (Repr. ed.). London u.a.: Faber and Faber. p. 90. ISBN 0-571-15243-0.
  20. ^ People, February 7, 1983, page 44.
  21. ^ Bogdanovich, Peter. Who The Hell's In It, p.196.
  22. ^ a b Martin Scorsese, Sandra Bernhard (2002). A Shot at the Top: The Making of The King of Comedy (DVD). 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment.
  23. ^ Bailey, Jason (June 23, 2016). "How Scorsese's 'King of Comedy' Influenced a Generation of Film, Television, and Stand-Up". Flavorwire. Archived from the original on August 1, 2016. Retrieved August 15, 2016.
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  26. ^ UK, Leighton Grist, University of Winchester (2013). The films of Martin Scorsese, 1978–99 : authorship and context II (1. publ. ed.). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-4039-2035-5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  27. ^ a b Christie and Thompson, Ian and David. Scorsese on Scorsese, p.89.
  28. ^ Scorsese, Martin (October 7, 2004). "'We didn't get one break from anybody'". The Guardian. Retrieved May 3, 2023.
  29. ^ Schoell, William. Martini Man: The Life of Dean Martin. Dallas, Texas: Taylor Publishing 1999. ISBN 0-87833-231-6.
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  31. ^ "AFI|Catalog".
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  33. ^ "Biography | Robbie-Robertson.com". Archived from the original on July 15, 2019. Retrieved October 13, 2019.
  34. ^ Ashby, Arved (2013). Popular Music and the New Auteur: Visionary Filmmakers after MTV. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-19-982733-6.
  35. ^ Itzkoff, Dave (March 28, 2013). "A Restored 'King of Comedy' Will Close Tribeca Film Festival". The New York Times. Arts Beat (blog). Archived from the original on March 30, 2013. Retrieved March 28, 2013.
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  37. ^ "The King of Comedy 30th Anniversary Blu-ray Edition". Blu-ray.com. February 5, 2014. Archived from the original on February 7, 2014. Retrieved February 5, 2014.
  38. ^ "Stephen Trask Developing 'King of Comedy' as Broadway Musical". The Hollywood Reporter. July 22, 2015. Archived from the original on July 5, 2018. Retrieved October 13, 2019.
  39. ^ Friedman Lawrence S. The Films of Martin Scorsese 1997, p.133.
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  41. ^ "The King of Comedy Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved October 1, 2019.
  42. ^ "The King of Comedy movie review - Film - Time Out London". November 2, 2007. Archived from the original on November 2, 2007. Retrieved October 13, 2019.
  43. ^ "The King of Comedy". rogerebert.suntimes.com. May 15, 1983. Archived from the original on October 16, 2010. Retrieved April 22, 2011.
  44. ^ Buried Treasures, 1986 - Siskel and Ebert Movie Reviews
  45. ^ "The King of Comedy". Chicago Reader. April 19, 1985. Archived from the original on December 13, 2011. Retrieved April 22, 2011.
  46. ^ Millman, Joyce (March 21, 1997). "The King of Comedy". Salon. Archived from the original on February 15, 2015. Retrieved March 21, 2013.
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  52. ^ "The Official Site". Wim Wenders. Archived from the original on June 18, 2002. Retrieved March 3, 2010.
  53. ^ Kermode, Mark (November 19, 2010). "Best Martin Scorsese film? The King of Comedy, any day". The Guardian. Archived from the original on February 8, 2017. Retrieved March 23, 2024.
  54. ^ Frank DiGiacomo (April 19, 2013). "Sandra Bernhard Says 'It's Too Late' To Remake 'The King of Comedy'". Movieline. Archived from the original on January 26, 2015. Retrieved January 21, 2015.
  55. ^ Toma Clarac (January 21, 2015). "Steve Carell : 52 ans. Toujours plus haut (French)". GQ. Archived from the original on February 20, 2015. Retrieved January 21, 2015.
  56. ^ Tim Robey (January 9, 2015). "Bennett Miller interview: 'Foxcatcher is a film about fathers'". London: The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on January 12, 2015. Retrieved January 21, 2015.
  57. ^ Kohn, Eric (April 3, 2019). "'Joker': Robert De Niro Addresses the Connection Between His Character and 'King of Comedy'". IndieWire. Archived from the original on April 3, 2019. Retrieved August 28, 2019.
  58. ^ Fleming, Mike Jr. (August 22, 2017). "The Joker Origin Story On Deck: Todd Phillips, Scott Silver, Martin Scorsese Aboard WB/DC Film". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on August 23, 2017. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
  59. ^ "The Making of Joker". Closer Magazine Movie Special Edition. 19 (65). American Media, Inc.: 8–19. 2019. ISSN 1537-663X.
  60. ^ Bordwell (2003). The McGraw-Hill film viewers guide. Boston: McGraw-Hill. p. 30.
  61. ^ Wernblad, Annette (2011). The Passion of Martin Scorsese: A Critical Study of the Films. Jefferson, USA: McFarland & Company. p. 92. ISBN 978-0-7864-4946-0.
  62. ^ Beck, Marilyn (February 2, 1983). "The King of Comedy". New York Daily News.
  63. ^ McGilligan, Patrick; Rowland, Mark. "The American Film Critics Poll: The 80s". American Film (November 1989).
  64. ^ Halliwells Top 1000. Harper Collins Entertainmentlocation=USA. 2005.
  65. ^ "Jonathan Rosenbaum's 1000 Essential Films". Mubi. Archived from the original on February 18, 2015. Retrieved February 17, 2015.
  66. ^ "The Best 1,000 Movies Ever Made". New York Times. April 29, 2003. Archived from the original on February 11, 2015. Retrieved February 13, 2017.
  67. ^ "The 500 Greatest Movies Of All Time". Empire Online. Archived from the original on October 16, 2012. Retrieved February 17, 2015.

Works cited

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Further reading

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  • Baxter, John (2006). De Niro: A Biography.
  • Christie and Thompson, Ian and David (2004). Scorsese on Scorsese.
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