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The Swimmer (short story)

"The Swimmer" is a short story by American author John Cheever. It was originally published in The New Yorker on July 18, 1964, and later in the short-fiction collections The Brigadier and the Golf Widow (1964) and The Stories of John Cheever (1978).[1] Considered one of the author's most outstanding works, "The Swimmer" has received exhaustive analysis from critics and biographers.[2][3][4][5]

"The Swimmer"
Short story by John Cheever
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Publication
Published inThe New Yorker
Publication dateJuly 10, 1964

In 1968, "The Swimmer" was adapted into a film of the same name, starring Burt Lancaster.[6] This is the only literary work by Cheever that has appeared on screen.[7][8] "The Swimmer" is also a crucial plot reference in Nanni Moretti's 2023 movie A Brighter Tomorrow (Il sol dell'avvenire).

Plot

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The story is told from a third-person limited point-of-view, in which the focal character is Neddy Merrill, a resident of suburban Westchester County, New York.

Neddy Merrill is lounging poolside at the residence of his well-to-do neighbors, the Westerhazys. He is entering middle age, and though in the twilight of his youth, appears to possess a supreme optimism. On a whim, he conceives of returning to his home, located eight miles on the other side of the county, by way of the swimming pools at the homes of fourteen suburbanite couples, all friends or acquaintances of his. Styling himself a new-age "explorer,” he dubs the series of pools the "Lucinda River" in honor of his wife.

Initially, the journey progresses splendidly. He is greeted warmly by friends and associates, male and female. He imbibes alcoholic beverages along the way. Despite the ever-present afternoon light, it becomes unclear how much time has passed; at the beginning of the story it is clearly midsummer, but eventually all natural signs point to the season being autumn. The story's tone gradually becomes sinister and surreal. Threatening storm clouds gather.

Midway through his aquatic journey, some of Neddy's friends mention his serious financial misfortunes although he seems unaware of these. He meets with undisguised hostility at the poolside party of the Biswangers, a couple whom Neddy and his wife Lucinda have persistently snubbed socially. At the home of Eric Sachs, one of Neddy's closest friends, he is informed by Sachs's wife that Eric survived a life-threatening operation three years previous: Neddy has absolutely no recollection of Eric's illness. At the pool of Neddy's discarded mistress, Shirley Adams, she informs him she won't lend him any more money or serve him a drink, and dismisses him. Neddy proceeds on his increasingly grim odyssey.

Neddy's physical strength declines precipitously, and it becomes painful for him to swim the length of each pool. Neddy is further disoriented when he feels a chill in the air, and notices, in the darkening skies, the constellations of autumn rather than summer. The normally stoic swimmer begins to weep.

Finally, Neddy staggers to his home only to discover that the doors are locked: The house is empty and long deserted.[9][10][11][12][13]

Background

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Some scholars believe the story, originally conceived as a novel and pared down from over 150 pages of notes, is Cheever's most famous and frequently anthologized.[14] As published, the story is highly praised for its blend of realism and surrealism; the thematic exploration of suburban America, especially the relationship between wealth and happiness; and his use of myth and symbolism.[14]

According to critic Scott Donaldson, the composition of "The Swimmer" was a protracted struggle which occupied Cheever for two months.[15] He described the "terribly difficult" ordeal in an interview with Alexandra Grant:[16]

I couldn't ever show my hand. Night was falling, the year was dying. It wasn't a question of technical problems, but one of imponderables. When he finds it dark and cold, it has to have happened. And by God, it did happen. I felt dark and cold for some time after I finished that story.[17]

Donaldson reports that "it was the last story he wrote for a long time."[18]

Critical assessment

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"The Swimmer" is widely regarded as one of Cheever's "genuine masterpieces" and perhaps the finest piece of short fiction in his oeuvre.[19][20] The work is frequently found in anthologies.[21][22][23] Biographer Scott Donaldson writes that "The Swimmer" has received "as much critical attention as anything Cheever wrote, and deservedly so, since it is beautifully crafted and carries a powerful emotional charge."[24][25]

W. B. Gooderham of The New York Times writes: "Cheever's greatest short story transcends its influences and any autobiographical frisson to emerge as a quietly devastating journey into one man's heart of darkness. And as a piece of prose it is as near-miraculous as the journey it describes…"[26]

Theme

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Cheever's conception for the story was originally a straightforward and unambiguous invocation of the Greek myth of Narcissus.[27]

Cheever recalled:

When I began, the story was to have been a simple one about Narcissus. I started with the image of that boy looking into the water. Then I thought...it's absurd to limit him to a tight mythological plot - being trapped in his own image, in a single pool. This man loves swimming! So in my first version I let him out, and he swam in an immense number of pools- thirty of them! But then I began to narrow it down, and narrow it down, and something began happening. It was growing cold and quiet. It was turning into winter.[28]

Cheever deepened the metaphoric and mythic elements. Biographer Patrick Meanor identifies several layers of ancient myth and legend in Cheever's story. Among these are Arthurian quest for the Holy Grail and the Fisher King, the Homeric tale of Odysseus, and a Dante-like descent into the netherworld.[29]

Meanor also notes "an ethnic arrangement" for the names of the couples Neddy Merrill encounters on his fateful trek, beginning with Scots and English surnames of WASPs, then to surnames associated with "German to the Jewish to the Irish." Meanor also detects a highly crafted "water metaphor" in the ontological roots of these names.[30]

“The countless drinks along the way are part of a larger pattern of willful oblivion, repressing problems so troubling that they cannot be raised to the surface of consciousness. We now see that like Chekhovian characters…Neddy Merrill has in fact chosen to lose touch with the truth rather than suffer under its crushing weight.”—Literary critic James E. O’Hara in John Cheever: A Study of the Short Fiction (1989).[31]

Literary critic Lynne Waldeland notes that the significance of Neddy Merrill's "Lucinda River" is no mere juvenile escapade, and Cheever makes this explicit in the story's narrative: "He was not a practical joker nor was he a fool but he was determinedly an original and he had a vague and modest idea of himself as a legendary figure." Waldeland concludes that "the real point of the story is the celebratory motive of Neddy's act with the social realities that emerge as the story progresses, realities that have to do with the role wealth and social status play in the world which Neddy wishes to invest with legendary beauty and meaning...Whatever "happened" we have seen a brightly lit, intelligible, comfortable world suddenly become dark and cold. The story, like a nightmare, leaves the reader with a residual uneasiness."[32]

Literary critic Samuel Coale observes that "The Swimmer" confronts both his protagonist and the reader with a shocking epiphany:

...the stunning truth of these disasters at the end of the story undercuts totally Neddy's own self-gratifying celebration of the suburban existence…Cheever carefully laid the trail toward the deserted house, so that when the reader arrives there, he is stunned by the transformation that takes place between his first impressions of Neddy Merrill and his final understanding.[33]

Footnotes

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  1. ^ Kuiper 2011.
  2. ^ Leithauser, 2012: "The Swimmer" : "...what may be his greatest story…"
  3. ^ Yardley, 2004: "The Brigadier and the Golf Widow" (1964), which includes his most famous short story, 'The Swimmer.'"
  4. ^ Donaldson, 1988 p. 204: "...his magnificent story, "The Swimmer"..." And p. 212: See here attention the story received from literary critics.
  5. ^ Waldeland, 1979 p. 94: "The most famous story in The Brigadier and the Golf Widow, and the best example of Cheever's use of mysterious transformations is "The Swimmer."
  6. ^ Bailey, 2009 (2) p. 381-383
  7. ^ Waldeland, 1979 p. 94: "The only story ever made into a movie."
  8. ^ Meanor, 1995 p. 21: "As soon as "The Swimmer" appeared in The New Yorker, Cheever was contacted by film director Frank Perry, who promptly proposed a film version."
  9. ^ O'Hara, 1989 p. 67-70
  10. ^ Waldeland, 1979 p. 94-95
  11. ^ Meanor, 1995 p. 144-122
  12. ^ Coale, 1977 pp. 43-45: Plot summary
  13. ^ Donaldson, 1988 p. 211: Plot summary here
  14. ^ a b Wilson 1997.
  15. ^ Donaldson, 1988 p. 211-212: "...150 pages of notes for 15 pages of story…"
  16. ^ O'Hara, 1989 p. 68
  17. ^ O'Hara, 1989 p. 68
  18. ^ Donaldson, 1988 p. 212
  19. ^ Meanor, 1995 p. 20: Among Cheever's "genuine masterpieces."
  20. ^ Leithauser, 2012: "The Swimmer" : "...what may be his greatest story…"
  21. ^ Meanor, 1995 p. 106: Among Cheever's "most frequently anthologized stories." And p. 107: Meanor quoting William Peden on "The Swimmer" and its frequent inclusion in anthologies.
  22. ^ Coale, 1977 p. 1
  23. ^ Yardley, 2004: "...his most famous short story, 'The Swimmer.'"
  24. ^ Donaldson, 1988 p. 212:
  25. ^ Meanor, 1995 p. 110: An "ingeniously wrought" story. And p. 114: "...what many critics consider his greatest story, "The Swimmer"...the story as much critical attention as just about any of his novels or other stories."
  26. ^ Gooderham, 2015
  27. ^ Meanor, 1995 p. 114: "...a blatantly mythological figure" in its first drafts." And: "No Cheever story ever projected its hero so deeply into the frightening waters of the unconscious."
  28. ^ Meanor, 1995 p. 114: From an interview with Eleanor Munroe. See footnote no. 5 p. 193.
  29. ^ Meanor, 1995 p. 114-121
  30. ^ Meanor, 1995 p. 115: For "ethnic arrangement" see here. And p. 115-116: For "water metaphor" see here.
  31. ^ O’Hara, 1989 p. 70
  32. ^ Waldeland, 1979 p. 94: Waldeland includes this passage from the story.
  33. ^ Coale, 1977 p. 47: Composite quote.

Sources

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  • Bailey, Blake. 2009 (1). Notes on Text in John Cheever: Collected Stories and Other Writing. The Library of America. Pp.1025-1028 ISBN 978-1-59853-034-6
  • Bailey, Blake. 2009 (2). Cheever: A Life. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. 770 pp. ISBN 978-1-4000-4394-1
  • Coale, Samuel. 1977. John Cheever. Frederick Ungar Publishing Company, New York. ISBN 0-8044-6081-7
  • Donaldson, Scott. 1988. John Cheever: A Biography. Random House, New York. ISBN 0-394-54921-X
  • Gooderham, WB (October 31, 2015). "The Swimmer by John Cheever – into a suburban darkness". The Guardian. Retrieved November 2, 2022.
  • Leithauser, Brad (May 30, 2012). "Cheever's Art of the Devantating Phrase". The New Yorker. Retrieved September 4, 2022.
  • Meanor, Patrick. 1995. John Cheever Revisited. Twayne Publishers, New York. ISBN 0-8057-3999-8
  • O'Hara, James E. 1989. John Cheever: A Study of the Short Fiction. Twayne Publishers, Boston Massachusetts. Twayne Studies in Short Fiction no 9. ISBN 0-8057-8310-5
  • Waldeland, Lynne. 1979. John Cheever. Twayne Publishers, G. K. Hall & Company, Boston, Massachusetts. ISBN 0-8057-7251-0
  • Yardley, Jonathan (July 20, 2004). "John Cheever's 'Housebreaker,' Welcome as Ever". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 2, 2022.

Bibliography

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  • Cheever, John (1964). "The Swimmer". The New Yorker.
  • Kuiper, Kathleen (2011). "The Swimmer: story by Cheever". Encyclopaedia Britannica.
  • Wilson, Kathleen (1997). Short Stories for Students. Gale. pp. 278–94.
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