The thornback cowfish (Lactoria fornasini),[4] is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Ostraciidae, the boxfishes. This species is found throughout the tropical Indo-Pacific from East Africa to the Bass Islands (French Polynesia). It can grow to a maximum length of 23 cm (9 in).[4] It is an uncommon fish that feeds on small invertebrates that it picks up off the sea bed.
| Thornback cowfish | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Tetraodontiformes |
| Family: | Ostraciidae |
| Genus: | Lactoria |
| Species: | L. fornasini
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| Binomial name | |
| Lactoria fornasini | |
| Synonyms[3] | |
Taxonomy
editThe longhorn cowfish was first formally described as Ostracion fornasini in 1846 by the Italian zoologist Giovanni Giuseppe Bianconi with its type locality given as Mozambique.[5] The 5th edition of Fishes of the World classifies the genus Lactoria within the family Ostraciidae in the suborder Ostracioidea within the order Tetraodontiformes.[6]
Etymology
editThe thornback cowfish is classified within the genus Lactoria, an name that means a "milkcow", a reference to the large spines above the eyes resembling the horns of a cow. The fishes in this genus are known as cowfishes, as are some related species. The specific epithet fornasini is in honour of Italian amateur naturalist Carlo Antonio Fornasini, who worked in Mozambique.[2][7]
Description
editThe thornback cowfish, like other members of the family Ostraciidae, has hexagonal, plate-like scales which are fused together to form a solid, box-like carapace, from which the eyes, mouth, fins and tail protrude.[8] The mouth is small and has protruding lips, the upper profile of the snout is straight, the back is somewhat convex, the flanks are concave and the belly rounded, causing the fish to resemble a purse.[9] There are small pre-ocular spines on either side of the head, a large spine projects from the dorsal ridge and a further moderate-sized spine projects from each of the pelvic ridges near the anal fin. Neither the dorsal fin nor the anal fin has any spines but both have nine soft rays, while the caudal fin is fan-shaped and has ten rays. A typical length for this fish is 15 cm (6 in); the colour is variable, and changes to match the fish's surroundings; generally pale tan with spots or wiggly markings in yellow, mauve or blue. In some regions, this fish is toxic.[4][8][10]
Distribution and habitat
editThe thornback cowfish is native to the tropical Indo-Pacific region between 32°N and 32°S. Its range extends from the east coast of Africa between Tanzania and South Africa and the island of Madagascar, to Japan, Indonesia, Australia, Hawaii and Rapa Island. It occurs in areas of sand, rubble, corals and algae both in lagoons and on the seaward side of reefs. It can be found as deep as 132 m (433 ft) but a more normal depth range is between about 6 and 30 m (20 and 100 ft).[4]
Ecology
editThe thornback cowfish is usually solitary but the males are territorial in the breeding season.[4] The diet consists of small invertebrates, which are exposed by jets of water from the mouth blowing away sand, and picked up by suction from the sea bed. It is an uncommon species.[10]
Toxicity
editThe thornback cowfish, like other boxfishes, has the ability to release a soap-like toxin called pahutoxin through their skin when stressed. This poison can incapacitate, or even kill, potential predators.[11]
References
edit- ^ Stiefel, K.M. & Williams, J.T. (2024). "Lactoria fornasini". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024: e.T193823A2283279. Retrieved 9 October 2024.
- ^ a b c Bianconi, G. Giuseppe (1846). "Lettera del Professore G. Giuseppe Bianconi al Nobil Uomo Signor Conte Camillo Salina". Nuovi Annali delle Scienze Naturali. 2 (in Italian). 5. Bologna: 113.
- ^ a b Bailly, Nicolas (2018). "Lactoria fornasini (Bianconi, 1846)". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
- ^ a b c d e Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Lactoria fornasini". FishBase. August 2014 version.
- ^ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Species in the genus Lavtioria". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 9 October 2024.
- ^ Nelson, J.S.; Grande, T.C.; Wilson, M.V.H. (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 518–526. doi:10.1002/9781119174844. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6. LCCN 2015037522. OCLC 951899884. OL 25909650M.
- ^ Christopher Scharpf (21 August 2024). "Order TETRAODONTIFORMES: Families MOLIDAE, BALISTIDAE, MONACANTHIDAE, ARACANIDAE and OSTRACIIDAE". Christopher Scharpf. Retrieved 9 October 2024.
- ^ a b The Fishes of the Indo-australian Arcehipelago Xi. Brill Archive. pp. 345–349.
- ^ Cara Giaimo, "How the World's Squarest Fish Gets Around", in The New York Times, 15 Apr. 2020.
- ^ a b King, Dennis (2014). The Reef Guide: fishes, corals, nudibranchs & other vertebrates East & South Coasts of Southern Africa. Penguin Random House South Africa. pp. 638–639. ISBN 978-1-77584-138-8.
- ^ Justin. "Cowfish: The Mutant Superheroes of the Ocean". Nature's poisons. Retrieved 9 October 2024.
External links
edit- Photos of Thornback cowfish on Sealife Collection