The Tigris (/ˈtaɪɡrɪs/ TY-griss; see below) is the eastern of the two great rivers that define Mesopotamia, the other being the Euphrates. The river flows south from the mountains of the Armenian Highlands through the Syrian and Arabian Deserts, before merging with the Euphrates and reaching to the Persian Gulf.
| Tigris | |
|---|---|
 Tigris river in Baghdad | |
 Map of the Tigris–Euphrates river system | |
| Location | |
| Country | Turkey, Syria, Iraq |
| Source region | Armenian Highlands[1] |
| Cities | Elazığ, Diyarbakır, Mosul, Baghdad |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Source | Lake Hazar[2] |
| • location | Gölardı, Turkey |
| • coordinates | 38°29′0″N 39°25′0″E / 38.48333°N 39.41667°E |
| • elevation | 1,150 m (3,770 ft) |
| Mouth | Shatt al-Arab |
• location | Al-Qurnah, Iraq |
• coordinates | 31°0′18″N 47°26′31″E / 31.00500°N 47.44194°E |
• elevation | 1 m (3.3 ft) |
| Length | 1,900 km (1,200 mi) |
| Basin size | 375,000 km2 (145,000 sq mi) |
| Discharge | |
| • location | Baghdad |
| • average | 1,014 m3/s (35,800 cu ft/s) |
| • minimum | 337 m3/s (11,900 cu ft/s) |
| • maximum | 2,779 m3/s (98,100 cu ft/s) |
| Basin features | |
| Progression | Shatt al-Arab → Persian Gulf |
| River system | Tigris–Euphrates river system |
| Tributaries | |
| • left | Garzan, Botan, Khabur, Greater Zab, Lesser Zab, 'Adhaim, Cizre, Diyala |
| • right | Wadi Tharthar |
[3][4] | |
The Tigris passes through historical cities like Mosul, Tikrit, Samarra, and Baghdad. It is also home to archaeological sites and ancient religious communities, including the Mandaeans, who use it for baptism. In ancient times, the Tigris nurtured the Assyrian Empire, with remnants like the relief of King Tiglath-Pileser.
Today, the Tigris faces modern threats from geopolitical instability, dam projects, poor water management, and climate change, leading to concerns about its sustainability. Efforts to protect and preserve the river's legacy are ongoing, with local archaeologists and activists working to safeguard its future.
Etymology
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The Ancient Greek form Tigris (Τίγρις) is an alternative form of Tígrēs (Τίγρης), which was adapted from Old Persian 𐎫𐎡𐎥𐎼𐎠 (Tigrā), itself from Elamite Tigra, itself from Sumerian 𒀀𒇉𒈦𒄘𒃼 (Idigna or Idigina, probably derived from *id (i)gina "running water").[5] The Sumerian term, which can be interpreted as "the swift river", contrasts the Tigris to its neighbour, the Euphrates, whose leisurely pace caused it to deposit more silt and build up a higher bed than the Tigris. The Sumerian form was borrowed into Akkadian as Idiqlat and from there into the other Semitic languages (compare Hebrew: חִדֶּקֶל, romanized: Ḥîddéqel; Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: דיגלת, דיקגלת, romanized: diqlāṯ or diglāṯ; Classical Syriac: ܕܩܠܬ, romanized: Deqlāṯ, Arabic: دِجلَة, romanized: Dijlah).[6][7]
Another name for the Tigris used in Middle Persian was Arvand Rud, literally "swift river". Today, however, Arvand Rud (Persian: اروندرود) refers to the confluence of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers, known in Arabic as the Šaṭṭ al-ʿArab. In Kurdish languages, it is known as Ava Mezin, "the Great Water".[8]
The name of the Tigris in languages that have been important in the region:
| Language | Name for Tigris |
|---|---|
| Akkadian | 𒁇𒄘𒃼, Idiqlat |
| Arabic | دِجلَة, Dijlah; حُدَاقِل, Ḥudāqil |
| Aramaic | דיגלת, Diglath |
| Armenian | Տիգրիս, Tigris, Դգլաթ, Dglatʿ |
| Greek | ἡ Τίγρης, -ητος, hē Tígrēs, -ētos;
ἡ, ὁ Τίγρις, -ιδος, hē, ho Tígris, -idos |
| Hebrew | חידקל, Ḥîddéqel, biblical חִדֶּקֶל, Ḥiddeqel[9] |
| Hurrian | Aranzah[10] |
| Persian | Old Persian: 𐎫𐎡𐎥𐎼𐎠 Tigrā; Middle Persian: Tigr; Persian: دجله Dejle |
| Sumerian | 𒁇𒄘𒃼 Idigna/Idigina 
|
| Syriac | ܕܸܩܠܵܬܼ Deqlaṯ |
| Turkish | Dicle |
| Kurdish | Dîcle, Dijlê, دیجلە |
Geography
editThe Tigris is 1,750 km (1,090 mi) long, rising in the Taurus Mountains of eastern Turkey about 25 km (16 mi) southeast of the city of Elazığ and about 30 km (19 mi) from the headwaters of the Euphrates. The river then flows for 400 km (250 mi) through Southeastern Turkey before forming part of the Syria-Turkey border. This stretch of 44 km (27 mi) is the only part of the river that is located in Syria.[3] Some of its affluences are Garzan, Anbarçayi, Batman, and the Great and the Little Zab.[11]
Close to its confluence with the Euphrates, the Tigris splits into several channels. First, the artificial Shatt al-Hayy branches off, to join the Euphrates near Nasiriyah. Second, the Shatt al-Muminah and Majar al-Kabir branch off to feed the Central Marshes. Further downstream, two other distributary channels branch off (the Al-Musharrah and Al-Kahla), to feed the Hawizeh Marshes. The main channel continues southwards and is joined by the Al-Kassarah, which drains the Hawizeh Marshes. Finally, the Tigris joins the Euphrates near al-Qurnah to form the Shatt-al-Arab. According to Pliny and other ancient historians, the Euphrates originally had its outlet into the sea separate from that of the Tigris.[12]
Baghdad, the capital of Iraq, stands on the banks of the Tigris. The port city of Basra straddles the Shatt al-Arab. In ancient times, many of the great cities of Mesopotamia stood on or near the Tigris, drawing water from it to irrigate the civilization of the Sumerians. Notable Tigris-side cities included Nineveh, Ctesiphon, and Seleucia, while the city of Lagash was irrigated by the Tigris via a canal dug around 2900 B.C.
Navigation
editThe Tigris has long been an important transport route in a largely desert country. Shallow-draft vessels can go as far as Baghdad, but rafts have historically been needed for transport downstream from Mosul.[13][14][15]
Management and water quality
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The Tigris is heavily dammed in Iraq and Turkey to provide water for irrigating the arid and semi-desert regions bordering the river valley. Damming has also been important for averting floods in Iraq, to which the Tigris has historically been notoriously prone following April melting of snow in the Turkish mountains. Mosul Dam is the largest dam in Iraq.
Recent Turkish damming of the river has been the subject of some controversy, for both its environmental effects within Turkey and its potential to reduce the flow of water downstream.
Water from both rivers is used as a means of pressure during conflicts.[16]
In 2014 a major breakthrough in developing consensus between multiple stakeholder representatives of Iraq and Turkey on a Plan of Action for promoting exchange and calibration of data and standards pertaining to Tigris river flows was achieved. The consensus, known as the "Geneva Consensus On Tigris River", was reached at a meeting organized in Geneva by the think tank Strategic Foresight Group.[17]
In February 2016, the United States Embassy in Iraq as well as the Prime Minister of Iraq Haider al-Abadi issued warnings that Mosul Dam could collapse.[18] The United States warned people to evacuate the floodplain of the Tigris because between 500,000 and 1.5 million people were at risk of drowning due to flash flood if the dam collapses, and that the major Iraqi cities of Mosul, Tikrit, Samarra, and Baghdad were at risk.[19]
Religion and mythology
editIn Sumerian mythology, the Tigris was created by the god Enki, who filled the river with flowing water.[20]
In Hittite and Hurrian mythology, Aranzah (or Aranzahas in the Hittite nominative form) is the Hurrian name of the Tigris River, which was deified. He was the son of Kumarbi and the brother of Teshub and Tašmišu, one of the three gods spat out of Kumarbi's mouth onto Mount Kanzuras. Later he colluded with Anu and the Teshub to destroy Kumarbi (The Kumarbi Cycle).
The Tigris appears twice in the Old Testament. First, in the Book of Genesis, it is the third of the four rivers branching off the river issuing out of the Garden of Eden.[9] The second mention is in the Book of Daniel, wherein Daniel states he received one of his visions "when I was by that great river the Tigris".[21]
The Tigris River is also mentioned in Islam in Sunan Abi Daud 4306.[22] The tomb of Imam Ahmad Bin Hanbal and Syed Abdul Razzaq Jilani is in Baghdad and the flow of Tigris restricts the number of visitors.
Baháʼu'lláh, the founder of the Baháʼí Faith, also wrote The Hidden Words around 1858 while he walked along the banks of the Tigris river during his exile in Baghdad.
The river featured on the coat of arms of Iraq from 1932 to 1959.
See also
edit- Assyria
- Cradle of civilization
- Ilisu Dam Campaign campaign against a dam on Tigris in Turkey
- List of places in Iraq
- Mountains of Ararat
- Geography of Iraq
- Zagros Mountains
References
edit- ^ Stone, Michael E.; Topchyan, Aram (2022). Jews in Ancient and Medieval Armenia: First Century BCE to Fourteenth Century CE. Oxford University Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-19-758207-7.
- ^ Nicoll, Kathleen. "Geomorphic Evolution of the Upper Basin of the Tigris River, Turkey". University of Utah. Archived from the original on 2023-10-25. Retrieved 2021-09-05.
- ^ a b Isaev, V.A.; Mikhailova, M.V. (2009). "The hydrology, evolution, and hydrological regime of the mouth area of the Shatt al-Arab River". Water Resources. 36 (4): 380–395. doi:10.1134/S0097807809040022. S2CID 129706440.
- ^ Kolars, J.F.; Mitchell, W.A. (1991). The Euphrates River and the Southeast Anatolia Development Project. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. pp. 6–8. ISBN 0-8093-1572-6.
- ^ F. Delitzsch, Sumerisches Glossar, Leipzig (1914), IV, 6, 21.
- ^ Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica. "Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica". iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 2024-07-10.
- ^ "Tigris Meaning - Bible Definition and References". Bible Study Tools. Retrieved 2024-07-10.
- ^ Guo, Rongxing (7 July 2020). "2.1.3 Comparing the Euphrates and Tigris". Wadier: A New History of Civilizations (PDF). Vol. I: What do the Ancestral Voices and Glyphs Say?. pp. 100–104. Retrieved 11 June 2024.
- ^ a b Genesis 2:14
- ^ E. Laroche, Glossaire de la langue Hourrite, Paris (1980), p. 55.
- ^ "Diyarbakir". europeanwalledtowns. Archived from the original on 2023-10-25. Retrieved 2019-11-10.
- ^ Pliny: Natural History, VI, XXVI, 128-131
- ^ Namio Egami, "The Report of The Japan Mission For The Survey of Under-Water Antiquities At Qurnah: The First Season," (1971-72), 1-45, https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/orient1960/8/0/8_0_1/_pdf Archived 2018-10-31 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Larsen, M.T., The Conquest of Assyria: Excavations in an Antique Land Archived 2023-03-26 at the Wayback Machine, Routledge, 2014, pp 344-49
- ^ "Mesopotamia, Tigris-Euphrates, 1914-1917, despatches, killed and died, medals". naval-history.net. Archived from the original on 19 November 2015. Retrieved 28 November 2015.
- ^ Vidal, John. "Water supply key to the outcome of conflicts in Iraq and Syria, experts warn", The Guardian, 2 July 2014. Archived 2016-12-04 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Sümer, Vakur (1 December 2014). "Analysis & Water Agenda". ORSAM. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2015-11-28.
- ^ Borger, Julian (29 February 2016). "Iraqi PM and US issue warnings over threat of Mosul dam collapse". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 29 February 2016. Retrieved 29 February 2016.
- ^ "US warns of Mosul dam collapse in northern Iraq". BBC News. 29 February 2016. Archived from the original on 29 February 2016. Retrieved 29 February 2016.
- ^ Jeremy A. Black, The Literature of Ancient Sumer, Oxford University Press, 2004, ISBN 0-19-926311-6, p. 220–221.
- ^ Daniel 10:4
- ^ "Sunan Abi Dawud 4306 – Battles (Kitab Al-Malahim) – كتاب الملاحم – Sunnah.com – River of Dajal(Tigris)". sunnah.com. Archived from the original on 2021-04-13. Retrieved 2021-02-10.
External links
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- Livius.org: Tigris
- Hausleiter, A.; M. Roaf; St J. Simpson; R. Wenke; P. Flensted Jensen; R. Talbert; T. Elliott; S. Gillies (27 December 2020). "Places: 912964 (Tigris/Diglitus fl.)". Pleiades. Retrieved March 9, 2012.
- Managing the Tigris and Euphrates Watershed
- Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law Peace Palace Library
- Outline of WWI Battles involving the Tigris River
- Old maps of the Tigris, Eran Laor Cartographic Collection, The National Library of Israel