Tourtière (French: [tuʁtjɛʁ], Quebec French: [tuʁt͡sjaɛ̯ʁ]) is a French Canadian meat pie dish originating from the province of Quebec, usually made with minced pork, veal or beef and potatoes. Wild game is sometimes used.[1] It is a traditional part of the Christmas réveillon and New Year's Eve meal in Quebec.[2][3] It is also popular in New Brunswick, and is sold in grocery stores across the rest of Canada all year long. It gets its name from the tourte, which is what it was originally made from. Though the name "tourtière" is derived from its filling, the tourte—the French name for the passenger pigeon that is now extinct in North America—was historically used as its filling before the 20th century.[4]
 Tourtière du Lac-Saint-Jean, ready to be put into the oven for baking | |
| Type | Meat pie |
|---|---|
| Course | Main Dish |
| Place of origin | Quebec, Canada |
| Region or state | Quebec, Acadia, Eastern Ontario, Northeastern Ontario, French Manitoba, and New England (US) |
| Serving temperature | Hot |
| Main ingredients | pork, veal, beef, or fish; game meat; potatoes |
| Other information | Eaten: New Year's Eve, Christmas, Christmas Eve, Thanksgiving |
Tourtière is not exclusive to Quebec. It is a traditional French-Canadian dish served throughout Canada and the bordering areas of the United States. In the New England region of the U.S., especially in Maine, Rhode Island, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Massachusetts (e.g., Chicopee and Attleboro), late 19th and early 20th century, immigrants from Quebec introduced the dish.[5]
There is no one correct filling; the meat depends on what is regionally available. In coastal areas, fish such as salmon is commonly used, whereas pork, beef, rabbit and game are often included inland. The name derives from the vessel in which it was originally cooked, a tourtière.[6][7][8]: 63
Tourtière du Lac-Saint-Jean has become the traditional and iconic dish of the region of Saguenay, Quebec, since the Second World War, and it has undergone several metamorphoses.
During the 18th century, "sea pie" became popular among French and British colonists, and it seems to be "the direct forerunner of the tourtière of Lac-Saint-Jean".[9]
Tourtière has been called "an example of 'the cuisine of the occupied,' food that is French by way of the British, who took Quebec in 1759."[10]
Types of tourtière
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Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean and Eastern Quebec
editThe tourtières of the Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean area and Eastern Quebec are slow-cooked deep-dish meat pies made with potatoes and various meats (often including wild game or turkey) cut into small cubes.[11]
Elsewhere in Quebec and the rest of Canada, this variety of tourtière is sometimes referred to, in French and in English, as Tourtière du Lac-Saint-Jean or tourtière saguenéenne to distinguish it from the varieties of tourtière with ground meat. In the Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean area, however, the varieties of tourtière with ground meat are typically referred to as "pâté à la viande" ("meat pie"), while the name "tourtière" is reserved exclusively for their local variety.
Montreal
editTourtière in Montreal is made with finely ground pork only (which can be hard to find as the meat is often ground too coarsely elsewhere). Water is added to the meat after browning, and cinnamon and cloves give it a distinctive flavour. Many people use ketchup as a condiment, though the tourtière is also often eaten with maple syrup or molasses, or cranberry preserves.
Although it is less popular than the original tourtière and the tourtière du Lac-Saint-Jean, this version can also be commonly found throughout Canada and its surrounding areas.
Manitoba
editTourtière is an integral part of holiday-time meals for French Canadians in the Winnipeg neighbourhoods of St. Boniface and St. Norbert, as well as in Manitoba's rural Francophone areas. Browned meat is seasoned with varying combinations of savory, nutmeg, cloves, cinnamon, celery salt, dry mustard, salt and pepper.
Acadia
editAcadian tourtière, or pâté à la viande (pâté is casserole or pie), is a pork pie that may also contain chicken, hare and beef.[12] Pâté à la viande varies from region to region in New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island. In Petit-Rocher and Campbellton the dish is prepared in small pie plates and known as petits cochons (little pigs).[12]
See also
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References
edit- ^ Geis, D.R. (2019). Read My Plate: The Literature of Food. Lexington Books. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-4985-7444-0. Retrieved June 9, 2019.
- ^ Waverman, Lucy (2011-12-20). "Tourtière". Globe and Mail.
- ^ Clark, Edie (January 2010). "Best Cook: Meat Pie French Canadian meat pies are a family legacy". Yankee Magazine.
- ^ "Pleins feux sur... la tourte voyageuse, une espèce disparue, et la tourtière, un mets bien connu!". Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs (in French). Retrieved 2023-09-14.
- ^ Dojny, Brooke (1999). New England Home Cooking: 350 recipes from town and country, land and sea, hearth and home. Boston: Harvard Common Press. p. 186. ISBN 9781558327573.
- ^ "Tourtière". Cook's Info. 2010-03-12. Retrieved 11 September 2012.
- ^ Casselman, William G. "Tourtiere & Omelette: Foods Named After Their Cooking Utensils". Bill Casselman's Canadian Word of the Day. Archived from the original on 29 January 2013. Retrieved 10 November 2012.
- ^ Julian, Armstrong (2014). Made in Quebec: A Culinary Journey. Toronto: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-1-44342-531-5.
- ^ Jean-Pierre Lemasson in Cooke, Nathalie, editor. What's to Eat?: Entrées in Canadian Food History. McGill-Queen's University Press, 2009, p. 109
- ^ Sifton, Sam (Dec 7, 2016). "A French-Canadian Christmas Carol". The New York Times Magazine. Retrieved June 27, 2020.
- ^ Jorghnasse, Ms. C, An Authentic Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean Tourtière Recipe
- ^ a b "What are the traditional Acadian dishes?". Acadian Museum of Prince Edward Island. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
External links
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- "The tourtière debate" at the CBC archive (audio)
- Tourtière Recipe Recipe for traditional tourtière