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Ukonvasara, or Ukonkirves, is the symbol and magical weapon of the Finnish thunder god Ukko, similar to Thor's Mjölnir. Ukonvasara means 'hammer of Ukko'; similarly, Ukonkirves means 'axe of Ukko'. It was said that Ukko created lightning with Ukonvasara.
Ukko's hammer was probably originally a boat-shaped stone axe. When stone tools were abandoned with the advent of metalworking, the origins of stone weapons became a mystery. Stone axes, so-called thunderstones (ukonvaaja in Finnish), were found in the ground, especially after drenching rains washed away dirt. They were believed to be weapons of Ukko, stone heads of the striking lightning. Shamans collected and held stone-axes because they were believed to hold the power to both heal and damage.[citation needed]
Followers of modern Finnish paganism sometimes carry hammer or axe pendants around their necks, much like Christians sometimes wear crosses.[citation needed]
Etymology
editAccording to Asko Parpola, the Proto-West-Uralic *vaśara, originally referred to the axe or mace of the Sejma-Turbino warriors, but later, under Nordic influence, gained the meaning "hammer" from Thor's hammer. The Proto-West-Uralic *vaśara, is an early loanword from the Proto-Indo-Aryan *vaj’ra- but not from Proto-Iranian, because its palatalized sibilant is not consistent with the depalatalization which occurred in Proto-Iranian. The related Sanskrit vajra- and its Avestan cognate vazra- are possibly derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *weg'- which means "to be(come) powerful", state Parpola and Carpelan.[1][2]
Indo-European influence
editUnto Salo believes that Ilmari, another Finnic sky god, is the origin of Ukko, but that as Ukko Ilmari experienced very significant, although far from total, influence from the Indo-European sky god especially in the form of Thor.[3][4] Others believe that Ukko's original name was Baltic Perkūnas.[5]
Perkūnas is pictured as middle-aged, armed with an axe and arrows, riding a two-wheeled chariot harnessed with goats, like Thor.[6] The name Thor descends from the Proto-Germanic theonym *Þun(a)raz ('Thunder').[7] According to scholar Peter Jackson, those theonyms may have originally emerged as the result of the fossilization of an original epithet (or epiclesis) of the Proto-Indo-European thunder-god *Perkwunos.[8] from which Perkunas also descended from [9]
Indra is described as using the vajra to kill sinners and ignorant persons.[10] Indra's mythology parallels Perun, Perkūnas, Taranis, and Thor, suggesting a common origin in Proto-Indo-European mythology.[11][12][13]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Parpola & Carpelan 2005, p. 118.
- ^ Parpola 2015, pp. 63–66, 114.
- ^ Salo, Unto (1990). "Agricola's Ukko in the light of archeology. A chronological and interpretative study of ancient Finnish religion". In Tore Ahlbäck (ed.). Old Norse and Finnish religions and cultic place-names. Turku: Donner Institute for Research in Religious and Cultural History. ISBN 951-649-695-4.
- ^ Salo, Unto (2006). Ukko: The God of Thunder of the Ancient Finns And His Indo-european Family. Inst for the Study of Man. ISBN 978-0941694940.
- ^ Siikala, Anna-Leena (2013). Itämerensuomalaisten mytologia. Helsinki: SKS.
- ^ "Gintaras Beresnevičius, Lithuanian Mythology". Crvp.org. Archived from the original on 2012-09-02. Retrieved 2012-09-03.
- ^ Orel 2003, p. 429, Delamarre 2003, p. 290
- ^ Jackson, Peter (2002). "Light from Distant Asterisks. Towards a Description of the Indo-European Religious Heritage". Numen. 49 (1): 61–102. doi:10.1163/15685270252772777. ISSN 0029-5973. JSTOR 3270472.
- ^ Dowden, Mr Ken; Dowden, Ken (4 January 2002). European Paganism: The Realities of Cult from Antiquity to the Middle Ages - Mr Ken Dowden - Google Böcker. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9780203011775. Retrieved 2012-09-03.
- ^ Rigveda 2.12
- ^ Thomas Berry (1996). Religions of India: Hinduism, Yoga, Buddhism. Columbia University Press. pp. 20–21. ISBN 978-0-231-10781-5.
- ^ T. N. Madan (2003). The Hinduism Omnibus. Oxford University Press. p. 81. ISBN 978-0-19-566411-9.
- ^ Sukumari Bhattacharji (2015). The Indian Theogony. Cambridge University Press. pp. 280–281.
Sources
edit- Delamarre, Xavier (2003). Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: Une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental. Errance. ISBN 9782877723695.
- Orel, Vladimir E. (2003). A Handbook of Germanic Etymology. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-12875-0.
- Parpola, Asko; Carpelan, Christian (2005). Edwin Francis Bryant; Laurie L. Patton (eds.). The Indo-Aryan Controversy: Evidence and Inference in Indian History. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7007-1463-6.
- Parpola, Asko (2015). The Roots of Hinduism: The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-022691-6.
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