A coalition of the Conservative and Liberal Unionist parties took power in the United Kingdom shortly before the 1895 general election. Conservative leader Lord Salisbury was appointed Prime Minister and his nephew, Arthur Balfour, became Leader of the House of Commons, but various major posts went to the Liberal Unionists, most notably the Leader of the House of Lords, the Liberal Unionist Duke of Devonshire, who was made Lord President, and his colleague in the Commons, Joseph Chamberlain, who became Colonial Secretary. It was this government which would conduct the Second Boer War from 1899–1902, which helped them to win a landslide victory at the 1900 general election.
The government consisted of three ministries, the first two led by Salisbury (from 1895–1902) and the third by Balfour (from 1902 onwards).
The office of Prime Minister
edit
Lord Salisbury was the second and last person to be head of government while not simultaneously holding the title of First Lord of the Treasury. It was said that there were some attempts to distinguish between the two offices, but in the century or more since, they have remained one and the same.
Trade reform
editBalfour succeeded Salisbury as Prime Minister in 1902. Eventually, the Unionist government would falter after Chamberlain proposed his scheme for tariff reform, whose partial embrace by Balfour led to the resignation of the more orthodox free traders in the Cabinet.
Chinese miners in South Africa
edit
After the conclusion of the Boer War, the British Government sought to rebuild the South African economy which had been devastated by the war. An important part of the rebuilding effort was to get the gold mines of the Witwatersrand, the richest in history and a major cause of the war, back in production as soon as possible. Because the government decreed that White labour was too expensive and Black labourers were reluctant to return to the mines,[1] the government decided to import over 60,000 contracted workers from China.[2]
This was deeply unpopular at the time, as popular opinion in much of the Western world, including Britain; was hostile to Chinese immigration. It also happened at a time when poverty and unemployment amongst working-class British people was at very high levels.[3] On 26 March 1904, a demonstration against Chinese immigration to South Africa was held in Hyde Park and was attended by 80,000 people. The Parliamentary Committee of the Trade Union Congress then passed a resolution declaring that:
That this meeting consisting of all classes of citizens of London, emphatically protests against the action of the Government in granting permission to import into South Africa indentured Chinese labour under conditions of slavery, and calls upon them to protect this new colony from the greed of capitalists and the Empire from degradation.
— Yap & Leong Man (1996, p. 107)
Fall from power
editWith his majority greatly reduced and defeat in the next election seeming inevitable, Balfour resigned as Prime Minister in December 1905, leading to the appointment of a minority Liberal government under Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman. In the general election which followed in 1906, all but three members of Balfour's Cabinet lost their seats, including Balfour himself.
Cabinets
editSalisbury ministry
editSalisbury ministries | |
|---|---|
 Unionist coalition of the United Kingdom | |
| |
 Salisbury (1897) | |
| Date formed |
|
| Date dissolved |
|
| People and organisations | |
| Monarch |
|
| Prime Minister | Lord Salisbury |
| Prime Minister's history | 1895–1902 |
| Member parties |
|
| Status in legislature |
|
| Opposition party | Liberal Party |
| Opposition leaders |
|
| History | |
| Elections | |
| Legislature terms | |
| Predecessor | Rosebery ministry |
| Successor | Balfour ministry |
June 1895 to November 1900
editNovember 1900 to July 1902
editIn November 1900, the Cabinet was reformed for the first time.
| Portfolio | Minister | Took office | Left office | Party | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
The 3rd Marquess of Salisbury (head of ministry) | 25 June 1895 | 11 July 1902 | Conservative | ||
Arthur Balfour | 25 June 1895 | 4 December 1905 | Conservative | ||
| Lord Chancellor | The Earl of Halsbury | 29 June 1895 | 4 December 1905 | Conservative | |
| Lord President of the Council | The Duke of Devonshire | 29 June 1895 | 19 October 1903 | Liberal Unionist | |
| Secretary of State for the Home Department | 12 November 1900 | 12 July 1902 | Conservative | ||
| Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs | 12 November 1900 | 4 December 1905 | Liberal Unionist | ||
| Secretary of State for the Colonies | Joseph Chamberlain | 29 June 1895 | 16 September 1903 | Liberal Unionist | |
| Secretary of State for War | 12 November 1900 | 6 October 1903 | Conservative | ||
| Secretary of State for India | Lord George Hamilton | 4 July 1895 | 9 October 1903 | Conservative | |
| First Lord of the Admiralty | 1900 | 1905 | Liberal Unionist | ||
| Chancellor of the Exchequer | Sir Michael Hicks Beach | 29 June 1895 | 11 August 1902 | Conservative | |
| President of the Board of Trade | 12 November 1900 | 12 March 1905 | Conservative | ||
| President of the Local Government Board | 1900 | 1905 | Conservative | ||
| Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster | The Lord James of Hereford | 4 July 1895 | 11 August 1902 | Liberal Unionist | |
| First Commissioner of Works | Aretas Akers-Douglas | 4 July 1895 | 11 August 1902 | Conservative | |
| Lord Lieutenant of Ireland | The Earl Cadogan | 29 June 1895 | 11 August 1902 | Conservative | |
| Lord Chancellor of Ireland | The Lord Ashbourne | 29 June 1895 | 1905 | Conservative | |
| Secretary for Scotland | 29 June 1895 | 9 October 1903 | Conservative | ||
| President of the Board of Agriculture | 16 November 1900 | 28 April 1903 | Conservative | ||
Balfour ministry
editBalfour ministry | |
|---|---|
| | |
| 1902–1905 | |
 Arthur Balfour | |
| Date formed | 12 July 1902 |
| Date dissolved | 4 December 1905 |
| People and organisations | |
| Monarch | Edward VII |
| Prime Minister | Arthur Balfour |
| Member parties | |
| Status in legislature | Majority (coalition) |
| Opposition party | Liberal Party |
| Opposition leaders |
|
| History | |
| Legislature terms | 27th UK Parliament |
| Predecessor | Fourth Salisbury ministry |
| Successor | Campbell-Bannerman ministry |
| Portfolio | Minister | Took office | Left office | Party | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (head of ministry) | 12 July 1902 | 4 December 1905 | Conservative | ||
| Lord Chancellor | 29 June 1895 | 4 December 1905 | Conservative | ||
| 29 June 1895 | 19 October 1903 | Liberal Unionist | |||
| Lord President of the Council | 19 October 1903 | 11 December 1905 | Conservative | ||
| Leader of the House of Lords | 13 October 1903 | 4 December 1905 | Liberal Unionist | ||
| Secretary of State for the Home Department | 12 July 1902 | 5 December 1905 | Conservative | ||
| Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs | The Marquess of Lansdowne | 12 November 1900 | 4 December 1905 | Liberal Unionist | |
| Secretary of State for the Colonies | 29 June 1895 | 16 September 1903 | Liberal Unionist | ||
| 11 October 1903 | 4 December 1905 | Liberal Unionist | |||
| Secretary of State for War | 12 November 1900 | 6 October 1903 | Conservative | ||
| 6 October 1903 | 4 December 1905 | Liberal Unionist | |||
| Secretary of State for India | 4 July 1895 | 9 October 1903 | Conservative | ||
St John Brodrick | 9 October 1903 | 4 December 1905 | Conservative | ||
| First Lord of the Admiralty | 1900 | 1905 | Liberal Unionist | ||
| Chancellor of the Exchequer | 11 August 1902 | 9 October 1903 | Conservative | ||
| 9 October 1903 | 4 December 1905 | Liberal Unionist | |||
| President of the Board of Trade | 12 November 1900 | 12 March 1905 | Conservative | ||
| 12 March 1905 | 4 December 1905 | Conservative | |||
| Secretary for Scotland | 29 June 1895 | 9 October 1903 | Conservative | ||
| 9 October 1903 | 2 February 1905 | Conservative | |||
| 2 February 1905 | 4 December 1905 | Conservative | |||
| Chief Secretary for Ireland | 9 November 1900 | 12 March 1905 | Conservative | ||
| 12 March 1905 | 4 December 1905 | Conservative | |||
| President of the Local Government Board | Walter Long | 1900 | 1905 | Conservative | |
Gerald Balfour | 1905 | 11 December 1905 | Conservative | ||
| President of the Board of Agriculture | 16 November 1900 | 28 April 1903 | Conservative | ||
| President of the Board of Education | The Marquess of Londonderry | 11 August 1902 | 4 December 1905 | Conservative | |
| Lord Chancellor of Ireland | 29 June 1895 | 1905 | Conservative | ||
| First Commissioner of Works | 11 August 1902 | 4 December 1905 | Conservative | ||
| Postmaster General | Austen Chamberlain | 11 August 1902 | 9 October 1903 | Liberal Unionist | |
Changes
edit- May 1903 – Lord Onslow succeeds Robert William Hanbury at the Board of Agriculture.
- September to October 1903 –
- Lord Londonderry succeeds the Duke of Devonshire as Lord President. Londonderry remains President of the Board of Education.
- Lord Lansdowne succeeds Devonshire as Leader of the House of Lords. Lansdowne remains Foreign Secretary.
- Lord Salisbury succeeds Arthur Balfour as Lord Privy Seal.
- Austen Chamberlain succeeds Charles Ritchie at the Exchequer. Chamberlain's successor as Postmaster General is not in the Cabinet.
- Alfred Lyttelton succeeds Joseph Chamberlain as Colonial Secretary.
- St John Brodrick succeeds Lord George Hamilton as Secretary for India.
- H. O. Arnold-Forster succeeds Brodrick as Secretary for War.
- Andrew Graham-Murray succeeds Lord Balfour of Burleigh as Secretary for Scotland.
- March 1905 –
- Walter Hume Long succeeds George Wyndham as Irish Secretary.
- Gerald Balfour succeeds Long at the Local Government Board.
- Lord Salisbury succeeds Balfour at the Board of Trade. Salisbury remains Lord Privy Seal.
- Lord Cawdor succeeds Lord Selborne at the Admiralty.
- Ailwyn Fellowes succeeds Lord Onslow at the Board of Agriculture.
List of ministers
edit
Notes
edit- ^ The position of Prime Minister was not a formal ministerial office.
- ^ a b c Also served as Leader of the House of Lords.
- ^ Halsbury was created the 1st Earl of Halsbury on 19 January 1898.
- ^ Devonshire also served as Leader of the House of Lords from 12 July 1902 to 13 October 1903.
- ^ Lansdowne also served as Leader of the House of Lords from 13 October 1903 to 4 December 1905
- ^ Cranborne succeeded as the 4th Marquess of Salisbury on 22 August 1903.
- ^ Londonderry entered the Cabinet on 7 November 1900.
- ^ Office abolished on 8 August 1902 and replaced by that of Secretary to the Board of Education.
- ^ Carmarthen succeeded as the 10th Duke of Leeds on 23 December 1895.
- ^ Office abolished in 1900.
References
edit- ^ Yap & Leong Man 1996, p. 104.
- ^ Yap & Leong Man 1996, p. 103.
- ^ Yap & Leong Man 1996, p. 107.
- ^ a b Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, p. 412.
Sources
edit- Cook, Chris; Keith, Brendan (1975). British Historical Facts: 1830–1900 (first ed.). Palgrave Macmillan UK. ISBN 978-1-349-01348-7.
- Butler, David; Butler, Gareth (2010). British Political Facts (tenth ed.). Palgrave Macmillan UK. ISBN 978-0-230-29318-2.
- Englefield, Dermot; Seaton, Janet; et al. (1995). Facts About the British Prime Ministers. Mansell. ISBN 978-0-7201-2306-7.
- Tout, T. F. (1910). An Advanced History of Great Britain from the Earliest Times to the Death of Edward Vii. New York: Longmans, Green. pp. 740–741. OL 13991885M.
- Yap, Melanie; Leong Man, Dainne (1996). Colour, Confusion and Concessions: The History of the Chinese in South Africa. Hong Kong University Press. ISBN 978-962-209-424-6.