The United Kingdom (UK) was a member of the European Economic Area (EEA) from 1 January 1994 to 31 December 2020, following the coming into force of the 1992 EEA Agreement (as adjusted by a 1993 protocol). Membership of the EEA is a consequence of membership of the European Union (EU). The UK ceased to be a Contracting Party to the EEA Agreement after its withdrawal from the EU on 31 January 2020, as it was a member of the EEA by virtue of its EU membership, but retained EEA rights during the Brexit transition period, based on Article 126 of the withdrawal agreement between the EU and the UK.[1] During the transition period, which ended on 31 December 2020,[2] the UK and EU negotiated their future relationship.
The EFTA members of the EEA and the UK signed a Separation Agreement on 28 January 2020. The Separation Agreement mirrors the relevant parts of the EU–UK Withdrawal Agreement.[3]
Following the completion of its withdrawal from the EU, the UK could have sought to continue to be a member of the EEA through mechanisms available to members of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA). Theresa May, then Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, stated in 2017 that the British government would not seek permanent membership of the European Single Market.[4]
Current status
editThe United Kingdom was a member of the European Economic Area as a member of the European Union. Questions have been raised as to whether a state that withdraws from the EU automatically withdraws from the EEA, or whether such a withdrawal requires notice under Article 127 of the EEA Agreement[5] – and, if the courts so decide, whether such notice given by the UK would require an Act of Parliament.[6]
The EEA still applied to the UK during the Brexit transition period, based on Article 126 of the withdrawal agreement between the EU and the UK.[1]
EFTA membership
editWere the UK to join the EEA as an EFTA member, it would sign up to existing EU internal market legislation that is part of the EEA Agreement. However, if the United Kingdom were to re-join EFTA, it would not automatically become party to the EEA Agreement, as each EFTA State decides on its own whether it applies to be party to the EEA Agreement or not. According to Article 128 of the EEA Agreement, “any European State becoming a member of the Community shall, and the Swiss Confederation or any European State becoming a member of EFTA may, apply to become a party to this Agreement. It shall address its application to the EEA Council.” EFTA does not envisage political integration. It does not issue legislation, nor does it establish a customs union. Schengen is not a part of the EEA Agreement. However, all of the four EFTA States participate in Schengen and Dublin through bilateral agreements. They all apply the provisions of the relevant Acquis.[7] Changes to the internal market would be incorporated into the EEA Agreement subject to the consent of the UK at the EEA Joint Committee; once in the EEA Agreement, the UK would have to incorporate these into UK law. The EU is also required to conduct extensive consultations with EEA EFTA members beforehand via its many committees and cooperative bodies.[8][9] Some EU law originates from various international bodies on which non-EU EEA countries have a seat.
The EEA Agreement (EU and EFTA members except Switzerland) does not cover Common Agriculture and Fisheries Policies, the EU Customs Union, the Common Trade Policy, the Common Foreign and Security Policy, direct and indirect taxation, and Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters, leaving EFTA members free to set their own policies in these areas;[10] however, EEA countries are required to contribute to the EU Budget in exchange for access to the internal market.[11][12]
A 2013 research paper presented to the Parliament of the United Kingdom proposed a number of alternatives to EU membership which would continue to allow it access to the EU's internal market, including continuing EEA membership as an EFTA member state, or the Swiss model of a number of bilateral treaties covering the provisions of the single market.[13]
EFTA views
editThe UK was a co-founder of EFTA in 1960, but ceased to be a member in 1973 upon joining the EC, which became the EU.
In the first meeting since the Brexit vote, EFTA reacted by stating that it was open to the prospect of the UK rejoining the association, but that the UK has many issues to work through. The president of Switzerland Johann Schneider-Ammann stated that the UK's return would strengthen the association.[14] However, in August 2016 the Norwegian Government expressed reservations. Norway's European affairs minister, Elisabeth Vik Aspaker, told the Aftenposten newspaper: "It's not certain that it would be a good idea to let a big country into this organisation. It would shift the balance, which is not necessarily in Norway's interests".[15]
Scottish membership of EFTA
editGiven Scotland's vote in the 2016 referendum to remain in the EU, contrasted with that of the UK as a whole, the Scottish Government has looked into methods of retaining access to or membership of the EEA.[16] However, other EFTA states have stated that only sovereign states are eligible for membership, so Scotland could only join if it became independent from the UK.[17]
UK Government view
editIn January 2017, Theresa May announced a 12-point plan of negotiating objectives and confirmed that the British government would not seek continued permanent membership in the European Single Market,[4] leaving open an option of retaining EEA membership for a-one year transition period after EU exit day (originally 29 March 2019, postponed to 12 April and then to 31 October, before finally occurring on 31 January 2020).
Role of the European Court of Justice
editUnder the EEA Agreement, the UK would not necessarily be subject to European Court of Justice rulings but possibly also the EFTA Court, which resolves disputes under the EEA Agreement regarding EFTA Member States.[18] The Court also resolves disputes between EEA persons and the EFTA Surveillance Authority.
Separation agreement
editThe separation agreement is the Agreement on arrangements between Iceland, the Principality of Liechtenstein, the Kingdom of Norway and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland following the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union, the EEA Agreement and other agreements applicable between the United Kingdom and the EEA EFTA States by virtue of the United Kingdom’s membership of the European Union.[19]
It defines the relationship between the United Kingdom and the EFTA during the transition period.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b "Frequently asked questions on EFTA, the EEA, EFTA membership and Brexit". EFTA. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- ^ Asa Bennett (27 January 2020). "How will the Brexit transition period work?". Telegraph.
- ^ "Frequently asked questions on EFTA, the EEA, EFTA membership and Brexit | European Free Trade Association". www.efta.int. Retrieved 2020-02-01.
- ^ a b Wilkinson, Michael (17 January 2017). "Theresa May confirms Britain will leave Single Market as she sets out 12-point Brexit plan". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 18 January 2017.
- ^ "EEA Agreement, Article 127" (PDF). Retrieved 24 February 2017.
- ^ Landale, James (28 November 2016). "'Brexit: Legal battle over UK's single market membership". BBC News. Retrieved 29 November 2016.
If the courts say Article 127 does need to be triggered, there is the question of whether an act of parliament would be needed for it to be authorised.
- ^ "Frequently asked questions on EFTA, the EEA, EFTA membership and Brexit | European Free Trade Association".
- ^ "EFTA Bulletin Decision Shaping in the European Economic Area" (PDF). European Free Trade Association. March 2009. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
- ^ Jonathan Lindsell (12 August 2013). "Fax democracy? Norway has more clout than you know". civitas.org.uk.
- ^ "The Basic Features of the EEA Agreement". European Free Trade Association. Retrieved 8 August 2013.
- ^ Glencross, Andrew (March 2015). "Why a British referendum on EU membership will not solve the Europe question" (PDF). International Affairs. 91 (2): 303–17. doi:10.1111/1468-2346.12236.
- ^ "EEA EFTA Budget". EFTA. Retrieved 14 February 2016.
- ^ "Leaving the EU – RESEARCH PAPER 13/42". House of Commons Library. 2013-07-01. Retrieved 2015-05-19.
- ^ "The Latest: Lithuania says UK must say if decision is final". CNBC. 2016-06-27. Archived from the original on 2016-07-03. Retrieved 2016-09-18 – via Associated Press.
- ^ Patrick Wintour (2016-08-09). "Norway may block UK return to European Free Trade Association | World news". The Guardian. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
- ^ "Sturgeon hints the Scottish Government could seek Norway-style EU relationship". 2016-11-17. Retrieved 2016-11-17.
- ^ "Iceland: Scotland could not start applying for EFTA until after independence". The Daily Telegraph. 2017-03-16. Retrieved 2017-03-24.
- ^ ""A&O Legal Opinion on EEA membership"" (PDF).
- ^ "Agreement on arrangements between Iceland, the Principality of Liechtenstein, the Kingdom of Norway and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland following the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union, the EEA Agreement and other agreements applicable between the United Kingdom and the EEA EFTA States by virtue of the United Kingdom's membership of the European Union". gov.uk.