- This article is about the ancient peoples of Europe; for Celts of the present day, see Modern Celts; for the archaeological artefact, see Celt (tool).
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Celts (/ˈkɛlts/ or /ˈsɛlts/, see Names of the Celts) is a modern term used to describe any of the European peoples who spoke, or speak, a Celtic language.[1] The term is also used in a wider sense to describe the modern descendants of those peoples, notably those who participate in a Celtic culture.
The historical Celts were a diverse group of tribal societies in Iron Age Europe. Proto-Celtic culture formed in the Early Iron Age in Central Europe (Hallstatt period, named for the site in present-day Austria). By the later Iron Age (La Tène period), Celts had expanded over wide range of lands: as far west as Ireland and the Iberian Peninsula, as far east as Galatia (central Anatolia), and as far north as Scotland.[2]
The earliest direct attestation of a Celtic language are the Lepontic inscriptions, beginning from the 6th century BC. Continental Celtic languages are attested only in inscriptions and place names. Insular Celtic is attested from about the 4th century AD in ogham inscriptions. Literary tradition begins with Old Irish from about the 8th century. Coherent texts of Early Irish literature, such as the Táin Bó Cúailnge, survive in 12th century recensions.
By the early centuries AD, following the expansion of the Roman Empire and the Great Migrations of Germanic peoples, Celtic culture had become restricted to the British Isles (Insular Celtic), with the Continental Celtic languages extinct by the mid-1st millennium AD. "Celtic Europe" today refers to the lands surrounding the Irish Sea, as well as Cornwall and Brittany on either side of the English Channel.
- ^ Koch, John (2005). Celtic Culture : A Historical Encyclopedia. ABL-CIO. pp. xx. ISBN 978-1851094400.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ Britannica (Turkey) People and Culture