{{tl:Redirect|Help:Sources|information regarding how to cite sources|Wikipedia:Citing sources}} {{tl:Wikipedia how-to|H:FIND|WP:FIND}} {{tl:HelpTOC}} {{tl:nutshell|About finding sources to support a specific Wikipedia article. For finding a source you have already identified, see en:Wikipedia:Find your source.}} __NOTOC__ Independent and reliable sources are vital for creating encyclopedia articles. Reliable sources allow editors to verify that claims in an article are accurate. The higher the quality of the source for the statement it backs up, the more likely that statement is to be accurate. Independent sources help editors to write neutrally and to prove that the subject has received note. Wherever possible, editors should aim to use sources that are independent and highly reliable for the subjects they write about.
Many of the best sources are not available online, or are only available under subscription. For example, many books are not available online at all, and subscription to academic databases such as en:JSTOR can be fairly expensive. However, it is possible to use the open web to find many good sources to use in writing encyclopedia articles. Examples of such sources are news stories from newspapers with a reputation for accuracy, books which have previews on digital libraries, and academic papers which are available en:open access in en:open archives.
Types of sources
editMany types of sources are available, although some are appropriate only in certain situations.
- Scholarly articles: short papers published in academic journals. They may present original research or review the research of others. Many undergo a process of en:peer review before publication. Watch two short videos on traditional peer review and a comparison to open peer review.
- en:Books and en:monographs: longer academic or popular works.
- en:Textbooks: an instructional or educational manual covering a particular subject area.
- en:Dictionaries and en:encyclopedias: reference works containing multiple entries for different words or topics. Wikipedia is an example of an encyclopedia.
- Archival and other en:primary sources: historic documents. This page outlines appropriate use of primary sources.
- en:Magazine articles: short papers in popular or trade publications.
- en:Newspaper articles or en:news reports: writing or multimedia that discusses current events or editorial analysis. This page assesses the reliability of news content.
- Reports and other en:grey literature: a broad category that includes most government documents, conference proceedings, and other writings not provided by traditional publishers.
- en:Statistics: data, particularly en:census data, and analysis
- Theses and en:dissertations: works created as a requirement for the completion of an advanced postsecondary degree. This page describes some of the considerations in using these types of sources.
- Websites, blogs and other user-generated sources: online content from a variety of authors/publishers. Reliability depends on the editorial control of the website. This page discusses issues with user-generated content.
Where to look for sources
edit- en:DuckDuckGo or other general en:search engines are effective for finding online sources in particular, but can also be used for some other kinds of sources depending on the topic area. This video outlines the fundamentals of "advanced search" techniques.
- en:User:Syced/Wikipedia Reference Search provides a en:Google Custom Search that can be used to efficiently find sources on certain websites that some Wikipedia editors have determined are generally reliable, overall. Some hits (such as opinion pages) may not necessarily comply with en:WP:RS, so judgment is still needed. Because this search only includes returns from a pre-determined list of candidates it could miss many others possible sources. Nonetheless, this tool can sometimes be a good starting point.
- Several general search engines exist for more academic material, particularly scholarly articles, although some content will be behind a paywall: examples are en:Google Scholar, BASE and the en:Internet Archive's https://scholar.archive.org/ . This longer video outlines the use of some Google Scholar features.
- en:Internet Archive and en:Google Books index millions of books, both academic and popular; however, not all will be available in full text. This video introduces the use of Internet Archive for research.
- Installing the en:Unpaywall extension on your browser helps you find the full text of the articles wherever you found them.
- Public or research libraries have both books and research databases, covering a wide variety of subject areas. Find yours.
- en:Wikipedia:Free English newspaper sources (WP:FENS) provides a list of text-searchable, free (no-pay, non-subscription/-membership/-login) online English newspaper sources.
- See if any free resources cover the topic area
- The Wikipedia Library is an initiative to help Wikipedians get access to subscription or paid sources to improve Wikipedia articles. Editors can apply for access to databases, request specific sources, or request help with research.
- Bibliographies on a topic outline the main scholarly sources in a subject area and provide a good starting point, where they are available.
- Once you have found one good scholarly source, you can see what sources it cites and what cited it (citation chaining). This video describes citation chaining using Google Scholar.
Evaluating sources
editIssues to consider in deciding whether a source is reliable include:
- Who is the author? What are their qualifications and reputation? Do they have any identifiable biases?
- Who is the publisher? Is the work self-published? Does the publisher have a history of editorial reputation? Does the publisher have any biases?
- When was the source published? Is the information outdated?
- Does the source cite its own sources? Is it based on facts or opinions?
- Is the source primary, secondary, or tertiary?
- Are there any obvious errors or omissions?
{{tl:For|more information about how Wikipedia policy evaluates sources |Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources}}
テンプテート
edit典拠を探すためにウィキペディアンの皆さんは記事内の使用に適切な典拠にヒットしそうな典拠検索用のテンプレート類をいくつも作成してきました。中でもよく知られた {{find sources}} はインラインのテンプレートで、ほぼどんな記事にも置くことが可能です（ただし記事内に直接使わないでください。）このテンプレートの特徴は、主題に最適な対象を検出できるように編集者が検索子の単語か短文を微調整する点です。詳細はテンプレートの解説文書をご参照下さい。もっと自由度が高いものを好むなら、代替手段としてメタのテンプレート {{find sources multi}} を採用することもでき、こちらは検索エンジンを指定できます。
{{find sources}} の使用例：
- テンプレートを
{{tl:find sources|human disguise}}と記述すると、出力結果は：{{tl:find sources|human disguise}}
{{find sources multi}} の使用例：
- テンプレートを
{{tl:find sources multi|human disguise|link1=g|link2=gnews|link3=ddg}}と記述すると、出力結果は：{{tl:find sources multi|human disguise|link1=g|link2=gnews|link3=ddg}}
主題によっては名称あるいは綴りが複数ある場合、検索を複数回、繰り返した方が良いかもしれません。と言ってもわりあいに簡単で、{{find sources}} のテンプレートを複数回、走らせると良いのです。
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