Valerie Aurelia Hart (March 13, 1933 – February 26, 2021) was a Guyanese indigenous political leader from the Wapishana ethnic group and a member of Guyana's Amerindian Party, opposed to the Forbes Burnham government; she ran for the 1968 general elections, although she was not elected. She was exiled after participating in the Rupununi uprising.[1][2][non-primary source needed]
Valerie Hart | |
|---|---|
| President of the Essequibo Free State | |
| In office 28 December 1963 – 4 February 1969 | |
| Preceded by | Position created |
| Succeeded by | Position dissolved |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Valerie Paul Hart March 13, 1933 Georgetown, British Guiana |
| Died | February 26, 2021 (aged 87) Vero Beach, Florida, U.S. |
| Political party | Guyana's Amerindian Party (1967–1969) |
| Spouse | Harry Jim Hart |
| Occupation | Politician |
Separatist movement
editBeing a member of Guyana's Amerindian Party along with her husband's family, she was present at the First Conference of Amerindians Leaders, named the Cabacaburi Congress, that presented several demands to the Prime Minister Forbes Burnham representing the community of around 40,000 indigenous people of the region.[3]
In the 1968 Guyanese general election, Hart ran for a seat in the National Assembly of Guyana under The United Force party.[4]
On the morning of 2 January 1969, there was a peasant uprising against the authorities of the district and took public buildings, airports, and hostages. Valerie was named First President of the Essequibo Free State that immediately requested protection from the Venezuelan government of Raúl Leoni. That night, the rebellion was violently suppressed by Guyanese Defense Forces, resulting in the destruction of several indigenous homes, around 100 fatalities and the escape of many indigenous to Brasil and Venezuela.[5][better source needed]
Exile
editThat same night, Valerie Hart fled with her family to Ciudad Bolívar, before going to Caracas to request military aid from the Venezuelan government; according to her, her goal was, on behalf of the rebels, to create an independent region of Guyana.[6]
Nosotros, los habitantes del Rupununi de la Guayana Esequiba y en consecuencia venezolanos por nacimiento, según el articulo 35 de la Constitución Nacional, hacemos un llamado al gobierno, al pueblo y a las Fuerzas Armadas de Venezuela para que nos ayuden e impidan que las hordas del Primer Ministro de Guyana nos masacren. |
We, the inhabitants of the Rupununi of the Guayana Esequiba and in consequence Venezuelans by birth, according to article 35 of the National Constitution, make a call upon the government, to the people and to the Armed Forces of Venezuela to help us and prevent the hordes of the Prime Minister of Guyana from massacring us.[6] |
| —Valerie Hart, Caracas, 1969 |
Valerie Hart had private meetings with Venezuelan Interior and Foreign Ministers, Reinaldo Leandro Mora and Ignacio Iribarren Borges, respectively, in search of help, as well as expressing interest in requesting an interview with the President Raúl Leoni and with the winning candidate of the last elections and next president Rafael Caldera. From the interviews conducted with the Venezuelan Foreign and Interior ministers, she said that they had not made any offer, since they told her that they were very sensitive international political issues.[2] Minutes after, questioned by journalists after leaving his office, the Minister declared that "Venezuela is not considering aiding the Guyana rebels". Interior Affairs Minister Reinaldo Leandro Mora declared that "the movement would not have failed if Venezuela had intervened". In a press conference nearby, in the Antímano Lounge of El Conde hotel, Valerie Hart declared indignate that: "I want it to be well understood that if the Venezuelan government, by pressure of the United States, does not lend any help to the Rupununi people, it would be equal to support the Burnham government".[7]
Personal life
editAccording to David Granger, “She was not an indigenous woman but a coastlander of Chinese extraction. She grew up in a village on the West Coast of Demerara with her parents and several siblings, one of whom, Mrs. Wong was visiting when the uprising began.” Hart owned a ranch at Moreru.[8]
Valerie Hart got her last name from her husband, Harry Hart, who was a pilot with whom she had five children. Hart's husband’s family moved to Guyana from North Dakota in 1914. He had six brothers, American citizens who were educated in the United States.[9] Both Valerie and her husband participated in the celebrations of the Independence of Guyana in 1966 in an aerobatic display.[10][better source needed]
Hart became an Evangelical Christian later in life. She died in Vero Beach, Florida on February 26, 2021, at the age of 87.[11]
References
edit- ^ Sierra, Manuel Felipe (14 January 2011). "La tristeza de Valerie". ABC de la Semana (in European Spanish). Retrieved 12 November 2017.
- ^ a b Ramírez Colina, Oswaldo (13 September 2007). "La insurrección de Rupununi". monografías.com (in European Spanish). Retrieved 12 November 2017.
- ^ Amerindian News Georgetown: vol 2, No 3, May 15thy 1968.
- ^ Manley, Robert H. (1979). Guyana Emergent: the post-independence struggle for nondependent development. G. K. Hall. p. 130. ISBN 9780816190010.
- ^ Márquez, Oscar J. (29 December 2008). "La Guyana Esequiba y la Primera Conferencia de Jefes Amerindios en Cabacaburi. Parte II". La Guayana Esequiba (in European Spanish). Retrieved 12 November 2017.
- ^ a b GONZÁLEZ, Pedro. La Reclamación de la Guayana Esequiba. Caracas: Miguel A. García e hijo S.R.L. 1991.
- ^ "Guyana: De Rupununi a La Haya". En El Tapete (in Spanish). 4 July 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2021.
- ^ David A. Granger (18 January 2009). "The Rupununi Rebellion, 1969". Stabroek News. Retrieved 7 December 2021.
- ^ "Guyana Reports End of Uprising, Says Venezuela Aided Rebels". The New York Times. 6 January 1969. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
- ^ Márquez, Oscar J. (8 March 2009). "La Templanza y Fortaleza de Valerie Paul Hart". La Guayana Esequiba (in European Spanish). Retrieved 12 November 2017.
- ^ "Valerie Hart Obituary - Death Notice and Service Information". Legacy.com. 8 March 2021. Archived from the original on 8 December 2023.