The Viceroy of Liangguang, fully in Chinese as the Governor-General of Two Guang Provinces and Other Local Areas, in Charge of Military Affairs, Food and Wages and Governor Affairs, was one of eight regional Viceroys during the Ming and Qing dynasties of China. The Viceroy of Liangguang had jurisdiction of military, civil, and political affairs over then Guangdong Province and then Guangxi Province (approx. nowadays Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hong Kong, and Macau).
| Viceroy of Liangguang | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese name | |||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 兩廣總督 | ||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 两广总督 | ||||||
| |||||||
| Governor-General of Two Guang Provinces and Other Local Areas, in Charge of Military Affairs, Food and Wages and Governor Affairs (full title) | |||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 總督兩廣等處地方提督軍務、糧饟兼巡撫事 | ||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 总督两广等处地方提督军务、粮饷兼巡抚事 | ||||||
| |||||||
| Manchu name | |||||||
| Manchu script | ᡤᡠᠸᠠᠩᡩᡠᠩ ᡤᡠᠸᠠᠩᠰᡳ ᡠᡥᡝᡵᡳ ᡴᠠᡩᠠᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠠᠮᠪᠠᠨ | ||||||
| Romanization | guwangdung guwangsi uheri kadalara amban | ||||||
History
editMing dynasty
editThe office of the Viceroy of Liangguang originated in 1452 during the Ming dynasty. The Jingtai Emperor accepted Yu Qian's proposal to create the office and appointed Wang Ao (王翱) as the first viceroy.
In 1465, the Chenghua Emperor appointed Han Yong (韓雍) as Left Censor-in-Chief and Viceroy of Liangguang. The office was formalised in 1469, with the administrative headquarters fixed in Wuzhou, Guangxi.
In 1536, during the reign of the Jiajing Emperor, the viceroy Qian Rujing (錢如京) created a separate administrative branch in Zhaoqing, Guangdong. In 1564, the headquarters shifted from Wuzhou to Zhaoqing after Wu Guifang (吳桂芳) sought approval from the Jiajing Emperor.
Qing dynasty
edit
The office was recreated in 1644 during the reign of the Shunzhi Emperor in the Qing dynasty. It was called "Viceroy of Guangdong" (廣東總督) even though its jurisdiction included Guangxi. The headquarters were in Guangzhou, Guangdong. In 1655, the headquarters shifted back to Wuzhou.
In 1663, during the reign of the Kangxi Emperor, the office was split into two: Viceroy of Guangdong and Viceroy of Guangxi. The headquarters of the Viceroy of Guangdong moved to Lianzhou (廉州; present-day Hepu County, Guangxi). A year later, the Viceroy of Guangxi was merged with the Viceroy of Guangdong, and the headquarters shifted back to Zhaoqing.
In 1723, during the reign of the Yongzheng Emperor, the office was divided into Guangdong and Guangxi again, but were merged again within the following year. In 1729, in response to a rebellion by the Miao people, the Yongzheng Emperor placed Guangxi under the jurisdiction of the Viceroy of Yun-Gui to facilitate the coordination of military operations. In 1734, Guangdong and Guangxi were merged under a single office, Viceroy of Liangjiang, and had remained like this until 1905.
In 1746, during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor, the headquarters of the Viceroy of Liangguang shifted to Guangzhou and remained there permanently.
In 1905, during the reign of the Guangxu Emperor, the Viceroy of Liangguang concurrently held the position of Provincial Governor of Guangdong.
List of Viceroys of Liangguang
editMing dynasty
edit
Southern Ming dynasty
edit| # | Name | Portrait | Start of term | End of term | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 46 | Ding Kuichu 丁魁楚 |
1644 | 1644 | Concurrently Right Vice Secretary of Defence | |
| 47 | Wang Huacheng 王化澄 |
1646 | 1646 | Concurrently Provincial Governor of Guangdong | |
| 48 | Lin Jiading 林佳鼎 |
February 1646 | 1647 | ||
| 49 | Zhu Zhijian 朱治澗 |
1647 | 1647 | Concurrently Vice Secretary of Defence | |
| 50 | Li Chengdong 李成棟 |
1648 | April 1649 | ||
| 51 | Li Qipeng 李棲鵬 |
April 1649 | April 1649 | ||
| 52 | Yan Keyi 閻可義 |
August 1649 | August 1649 | Died of illness in office | |
| 53 | Li Jianjie 李建捷 |
September 1649 | September 1649 | ||
| 54 | Luo Chengyao 羅承耀 |
September 1649 | September 1649 | ||
| 55 | Du Yunhe 杜允和 |
October 1649 | 1650 | Retreated from Guangzhou after the city fell to Qing forces led by Shang Kexi and Geng Jimao | |
| 56 | Lian Chengbi 連城璧 |
1650 | 1659 |
Qing dynasty
edit| # | Name | Portrait | Start of term | End of term | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Viceroy of Guangdong (including Guangxi) (1644–1661) | ||||||
| 1644 | 15 June 1647 | Vacant | ||||
| 1 | Tong Yangjia 佟養甲 |
15 June 1647 | 1651 | |||
| 1651 | 12 July 1653 | Vacant | ||||
| 2 | Li Shuaitai 李率泰 |
 |
12 July 1653 | 16 March 1656 | ||
| 3 | Wang Guoguang 王國光 |
16 March 1656 | 10 July 1658 | |||
| 4 | Li Qifeng 李棲鳳 |
10 July 1658 | 2 November 1661 | |||
| Viceroy of Guangdong (1661–1665) | ||||||
| 5 | Li Qifeng 李棲鳳 |
2 November 1661 | 2 April 1665 | |||
| 6 | Lu Xingzu 盧興祖 |
2 April 1665 | 4 July 1665 | |||
| Viceroy of Guangxi (1661–1665) | ||||||
| Yu Shiyue 于時躍 |
1661 | 1663 | ||||
| Qu Jinmei 屈盡美 |
1663 | 1665 | ||||
| Viceroy of Liangguang (1665–1723) | ||||||
| 7 | Lu Xingzu 盧興祖 |
4 July 1665 | 30 December 1667 | |||
| 8 | Zhou Youde 周有德 |
 |
30 January 1668 | 6 February 1670 | ||
| 9 | Jin Guangzu[citation needed] 金光祖 |
6 March 1668 | 1 February 1682 | |||
| 10 | Wu Xingzuo 吳興祚 |
1 February 1682 | 8 August 1689 | |||
| 11 | Shi Lin 石琳 |
19 August 1682 | 17 December 1702 | |||
| 12 | Guo Shilong 郭世隆 |
17 December 1702 | 23 January 1707 | |||
| 13 | Zhao Hongcan 趙弘燦 |
30 January 1707 | 19 November 1716 | |||
| 14 | Yang Lin 楊琳 |
25 November 1716 | 9 September 1723 | |||
| Viceroy of Guangdong (1723–1724) | ||||||
| 15 | Yang Lin 楊琳 |
9 September 1723 | 26 April 1724 | |||
| Viceroy of Guangxi (1723–1724) | ||||||
| Kong Yuxun 孔毓珣 |
1723 | 1724 | ||||
| Viceroy of Liangguang (1724–1728) | ||||||
| 16 | Kong Yuxun 孔毓珣 |
26 April 1724 | 11 November 1728 | |||
| Viceroy of Guangdong (Guangxi was under the Viceroy of Yun-Gui) (1728–1734) | ||||||
| 17 | Kong Yuxun 孔毓珣 |
11 November 1728 | 29 March 1729 | |||
| 18 | Hao Yulin 郝玉麟 |
29 March 1729 | 21 March 1732 | |||
| Zhang Pu 張溥 |
14 October 1731 | 25 February 1732 | Acting Viceroy | |||
| Omida 鄂彌達 |
21 March 1732 | 17 October 1732 | Acting Viceroy | |||
| 19 | Omida 鄂彌達 |
21 March 1732 | 5 January 1735 | |||
| Viceroy of Liangguang (1734–1905) | ||||||
| 20 | Omida 鄂彌達 |
5 January 1735 | 30 August 1738 | |||
| 21 | Martai 馬爾泰 |
30 August 1738 | 10 August 1744 | |||
| Qingfu 慶復 |
28 May 1741 | 28 January 1743 | Acting Viceroy | |||
| Ts'ereng 策楞 |
28 January 1743 | 17 July 1743 | Acting Viceroy | |||
| 22 | Nasutu 那蘇圖 |
10 August 1744 | 14 May 1745 | |||
| 23 | Ts'ereng 策楞 |
14 May 1745 | 28 October 1748 | |||
| 24 | Yengišan 尹繼善 |
 |
28 October 1748 | 24 November 1748 | ||
| 25 | Šose 碩色 |
24 November 1748 | 9 February 1750 | |||
| 26 | Chen Dashou 陳大受 |
9 February 1750 | 14 November 1751 | |||
| 27 | Arigun 阿里袞 |
 |
14 November 1751 | 24 February 1753 | ||
| Bandi 班第 |
 |
16 October 1753 | 3 May 1754 | Acting Viceroy | ||
| 28 | Ts'ereng 策楞 |
16 October 1753 | 3 May 1754 | |||
| 29 | Yang Yingju 楊應琚 |
3 May 1754 | 31 August 1757 | |||
| 30 | Henian 鶴年 |
31 August 1757 | 14 January 1758 | |||
| Li Shiyao 李侍堯 |
 |
Acting Viceroy | ||||
| 31 | Chen Hongmou 陳弘謀 |
 |
14 January 1758 | 27 May 1758 | ||
| 32 | Li Shiyao 李侍堯 |
|
27 May 1758 | 27 May 1761 | ||
| 33 | Suchang 蘇昌 |
27 May 1761 | 22 July 1764 | |||
| 34 | Li Shiyao 李侍堯 |
|
22 July 1764 | 25 February 1777 | ||
| Yang Tingzhang 楊廷璋 |
22 July 1765 | 24 April 1767 | Acting Viceroy | |||
| 35 | Yang Jingsu 楊景素 |
25 February 1777 | 19 March 1778 | |||
| 36 | Guilin 桂林 |
19 March 1778 | 11 January 1780 | |||
| 37 | Bayansan 巴延三 |
11 January 1780 | 20 February 1784 | |||
| 38 | Shuchang 舒常 |
20 February 1784 | 26 February 1785 | |||
| Sun Shiyi 孫士毅 |
 |
26 February 1785 | 1 September 1785 | Acting Viceroy | ||
| 39 | Fulehun 富勒渾 |
1 September 1785 | 23 May 1786 | |||
| 40 | Sun Shiyi 孫士毅 |
|
23 May 1786 | 19 February 1789 | ||
| 41 | Fuk'anggan 福康安 |
 |
19 February 1789 | 14 September 1793 | ||
| 42 | Changlin 長麟 |
14 September 1793 | 5 July 1796 | |||
| 43 | Zhu Gui 朱珪 |
 |
5 July 1796 | 29 September 1796 | ||
| 44 | Jiqing 吉慶 |
29 September 1796 | 17 December 1802 | |||
| 45 | Changlin 長麟 |
17 December 1802 | 26 January 1803 | |||
| Hutuli 瑚圖禮 |
Acting Viceroy | |||||
| 46 | Wesibu 倭什布 |
26 January 1803 | 30 January 1805 | |||
| 47 | Nayancheng 那彥成 |
30 January 1805 | 12 December 1805 | |||
| 48 | Wu Xiongguang 吳熊光 |
12 December 1805 | 6 January 1809 | |||
| 49 | Yongbao 永保 |
6 January 1809 | 20 February 1809 | |||
| 50 | Bailing 百齡 |
20 February 1809 | 16 February 1811 | |||
| 51 | Songyun 松筠 |
16 February 1811 | 5 November 1811 | |||
| 52 | Jiang Youxian 蔣攸銛 |
5 November 1811 | 22 October 1817 | |||
| 53 | Ruan Yuan 阮元 |
 |
22 October 1817 | 22 June 1826 | ||
| 54 | Li Hongbin 李鴻賓 |
22 June 1826 | 14 September 1832 | |||
| 55 | Lu Kun 盧坤 |
14 September 1832 | 15 October 1835 | |||
| 56 | Deng Tingzhen 鄧廷楨 |
 |
15 October 1835 | 21 January 1840 | ||
| 57 | Lin Zexu 林則徐 |
 |
21 January 1840 | 3 October 1840 | ||
| Yiliang 怡良 |
28 September 1840 | 4 December 1840 | Acting Viceroy | |||
| 58 | Qishan 琦善 |
4 December 1840 | 26 February 1841 | |||
| 59 | Qi Gong 祁𡎴 |
26 February 1841 | 19 March 1844 | |||
| 60 | Qiying 耆英 |
 |
19 March 1844 | 4 July 1848 | ||
| Xu Guangjin 徐廣縉 |
3 February 1848 | 4 July 1848 | Acting Viceroy | |||
| 61 | Xu Guangjin 徐廣縉 |
4 July 1848 | 7 September 1852 | |||
| 62 | Ye Mingchen 葉名琛 |
 |
7 September 1852 | 26 January 1858 | [1] | |
| 63 | Huang Zonghan 黃宗漢 |
26 January 1858 | 4 May 1859 | |||
| 64 | Wang Qingyun 王慶雲 |
4 May 1859 | 7 October 1859 | |||
| Bogui 柏貴 |
4 May 1859 | 21 May 1859 | Acting Viceroy | |||
| Lao Chongguang 勞崇光 |
 |
21 May 1859 | 7 October 1859 | Acting Viceroy | ||
| 65 | Lao Chongguang 勞崇光 |
|
7 October 1859 | 17 October 1862 | ||
| 66 | Liu Changyou 劉長佑 |
17 October 1862 | 14 February 1863 | |||
| Yan Duanshu 晏端書 |
14 February 1863 | 6 July 1863 | Acting Viceroy | |||
| 67 | Mao Hongbin 毛鴻賓 |
6 July 1863 | 7 March 1865 | |||
| Wu Tang 吳棠 |
7 March 1865 | 13 March 1865 | Acting Viceroy | |||
| 68 | Ruilin 瑞麟 |
 |
13 March 1865 | 17 October 1874 | ||
| Ruilin 瑞麟 |
|
13 March 1865 | 25 September 1866 | Acting Viceroy | ||
| 69 | Yinghan 英翰 |
17 October 1874 | 2 September 1875 | |||
| Zhang Zhaodong 張兆棟 |
17 October 1874 | 31 March 1875 | Acting Viceroy | |||
| 70 | Liu Kunyi 劉坤一 |
 |
2 September 1875 | 27 December 1879 | ||
| Yukuan 裕寬 |
18 December 1878 | 27 December 1879 | Acting Viceroy | |||
| 71 | Zhang Shusheng 張樹聲 |
27 December 1879 | 19 April 1882 | |||
| Yukuan 裕寬 |
27 December 1879 | 20 May 1880 | Acting Viceroy | |||
| Yukuan 裕寬 |
19 April 1882 | 6 May 1882 | Acting Viceroy | |||
| 72 | Zeng Guoquan 曾國荃 |
 |
6 May 1882 | 13 July 1883 | ||
| 73 | Zhang Shusheng 張樹聲 |
13 July 1883 | 22 May 1884 | |||
| 74 | Zhang Zhidong 張之洞 |
 |
22 May 1884 | 8 August 1889 | ||
| 75 | Li Hanzhang 李瀚章 |
8 August 1889 | 13 April 1895 | |||
| 76 | Tan Zhonglin 譚鍾麟 |
16 April 1895 | 19 December 1899 | The office was renamed to "Viceroy of Liangguang and Provincial Governor of Guangdong" between 30 August and 1 November 1898. | ||
| Deshou 德壽 |
19 December 1899 | 24 May 1900 | Acting Viceroy | |||
| 77 | Li Hongzhang 李鴻章 |
 |
24 May 1900 | 9 July 1900 | ||
| Deshou 德壽 |
9 July 1900 | 16 September 1900 | Acting Viceroy | |||
| 78 | Lu Chuanlin 鹿傳霖 |
 |
16 September 1900 | 26 September 1900 | ||
| 79 | Tao Mo 陶模 |
26 September 1900 | 2 July 1902 | |||
| Deshou 德壽 |
3 July 1902 | 18 April 1903 | ||||
| 80 | Cen Chunxuan 岑春煊 |
 |
18 April 1903 | 23 July 1905 | ||
| Viceroy of Liangguang and Provincial Governor of Guangdong (1905–1911) | ||||||
| 81 | Cen Chunxuan 岑春煊 |
|
23 July 1905 | 11 September 1906 | ||
| 82 | Zhou Fu 周馥 |
 |
11 September 1906 | 28 May 1907 | ||
| 83 | Cen Chunxuan 岑春煊 |
|
28 May 1907 | 12 August 1907 | ||
| 84 | Zhang Renjun 張人駿 |
 |
12 August 1907 | 28 June 1909 | ||
| Yuan Shuxun 袁樹勛 |
28 June 1909 | 29 October 1910 | Acting Viceroy | |||
| Zengqi 增祺 |
29 October 1910 | 14 April 1911 | Acting Viceroy | |||
| 85 | Zhang Mingqi 張鳴岐 |
 |
4 April 1911 | 8 November 1911 | ||
| 86 | Li Zhun 李準 |
 |
26 November 1911 | Never assumed office | ||
| Lu Rongting 陸榮廷 |
 |
July 1917 | July 1917 | During the Manchu Restoration attempt | ||
References
editCitations
edit- ^ Wong, J.Y. (1976). Yeh Ming-ch'en: Viceroy of Liang Kuang 1852-8. CUP Archive. ISBN 978-0-521-21023-2.
Sources
edit- Zhao, Erxun (1928). 清史稿 [Draft History of Qing] (in Chinese). Vol. 197–199.